SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Transcription

1 Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 25.1 Using Figure 25.1, match the following: 1) Glomerulus. 2) Afferent arteriole. 3) Collecting duct. 4) Loop of Henle. 5) Peritubular capillaries. 6) Medulla of the kidney. 1

2 Figure 25.2 Using Figure 25.2, match the following: 7) Podocyte. 8) Is composed of simple squamous epithelium. MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 9) Proximal convoluted tubule. 10) Glomerulus. 11) Peritubular capillaries. 12) Collecting duct. A) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. B) Site of filtrate formation. C) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs. D) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule. 2

3 TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 13) The functional unit of the kidney is the renal column. 14) The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. 15) The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urethra. 16) The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. 17) The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron. 18) Urine is 95% water by volume. 19) The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding. 20) Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process. 21) In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water. 22) The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH. 23) The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle. 24) Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress. 25) Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. 26) Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water. 27) The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. 28) Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition. 29) An excessive urine output is called anuria. 30) Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood ph. 31) Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 32) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the: A) loop of Henle. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) glomerular filtration membrane. D) distal convoluted tubule. 3

4 33) Urine passes through the: A) hilus to urethra to bladder. B) kidney hilus to the bladder to the ureter. C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule. D) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra. 34) An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to: A) an increase in the production of aldosterone. B) a decrease in the production of ADH. C) a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma. D) an increase in the production of ADH. 35) The urinary bladder is composed of epithelium. A) simple squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) stratified squamous D) transitional 36) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin: A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated. B) when the ph of the urine decreases. C) when the specific gravity of urine rises above D) by a decrease in the blood pressure. 37) Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) thymus B) pancreas C) adrenal D) pituitary 38) The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it: A) has a basement membrane. B) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems. C) is drained by an efferent arteriole. D) is impermeable to most substances. 39) The renal corpuscle is made up of: A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. B) the renal papilla. C) the renal pyramid. D) the descending loop of Henle. 40) The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is: A) Bowman's capsule. B) the nephron. C) the loop of Henle. D) the basement membrane of the capillaries. 41) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is: A) the thickness of the capillary endothelium. B) the design and size of the podocytes. C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries. 4

5 42) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) The pressure of the fluid in the bladder opens a sphincter and allows the urine to flow by gravity down the urethra. B) Motor neurons control micturition. C) The sympathetic efferents are the predominant system controlling micturition. D) The stretching of the bladder wall serves as the trigger. 43) The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is: A) solvent drag. B) osmosis. C) active transport. D) cotransport with sodium ions. 44) Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) glucose B) K+ C) creatinine D) Na+ 45) The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of: A) electrolytes. B) glucose. C) hormones. D) plasma protein. 46) Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it: A) inhibits the release of ADH. B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration. C) increases secretion of ADH. D) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells. 47) The function of angiotensin II is to: A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure. B) decrease water absorption. C) decrease arterial blood pressure. D) decrease the production of aldosterone. 48) A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is: A) coma. B) diabetic acidosis. C) diabetes insipidus. D) diabetes mellitus. 49) Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 50) What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. B) Net filtration would increase above normal. C) Net filtration would decrease. D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that their filtration would not change. 51) Which statement is true about urine? A) Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid. B) Urine has a yellow color due to the presence of hemoglobin. C) Urine is usually slightly alkaline. D) Urine has an ammonialike odor when fresh. 5

6 52) While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is: A) 50%, or 90 L. B) 1%, or 1.8 L. C) 100 L. D) all of the 180 L. 53) Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because: A) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development. B) the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood. C) there are no functional nephrons until after birth. D) fetuses do not have any waste to excrete. 54) Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. B) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. C) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. 55) The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is: A) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure. B) the capsular hydrostatic pressure. C) the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. D) the myogenic mechanism. 56) If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid: A) will appear in the urine. B) will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells. C) will be actively secreted into the filtrate. D) will be reabsorbed by secondary active transport. 57) Excretion of dilute urine requires: A) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water. B) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water. C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle. D) the presence of ADH. 58) Which statement is correct? A) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the ph balance of the blood. SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 59) Abnormally low output of urine is called. 60) Urine crystals in the renal pelvis are called. 6

7 61) Explain the path of the blood vessels in the kidney. 62) Explain how filtration works in the glomerular capillaries. 63) List three substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities. 64) Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance. 65) Humans can survive for a period of time without water thanks to the ability of the kidneys to produce concentrated urine. Briefly explain what factors allow this to happen. 66) List and describe three pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure. 67) Freshly voided urine has very little smell, but shortly after voiding it can take a very strong smell, why? 7

8 Answer Key Testname: 25-URINARY.TST SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) E 5) D 6) E 7) B 8) A MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 9) C 10) B 11) A 12) D TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 13) FALSE 14) TRUE 15) TRUE 16) TRUE 17) TRUE 18) TRUE 19) TRUE 20) FALSE 21) TRUE 22) FALSE 23) TRUE 24) FALSE 25) TRUE 26) FALSE 27) FALSE 28) TRUE 29) FALSE 30) TRUE 31) TRUE MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 32) A 33) D 34) D 35) D 36) D 37) C 38) C 39) A 40) B 41) C 42) D 1

9 Answer Key Testname: 25-URINARY.TST 43) B 44) C 45) D 46) A 47) A 48) C 49) A 50) C 51) A 52) B 53) B 54) D 55) A 56) A 57) A 58) C SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 59) anuria 60) renal calculi 61) The renal artery divides into smaller segmental arteries, which in turn branch into lobar arteries. Lobar arteries branch and enter the columns as interlobar, then turn and follow the cortex-medulla boundary as arcuate arteries. Interlobular arteries travel up into the cortex and branch into afferent arterioles, which enter the Bowman's capsule as glomerular capillaries and exit as efferent arterioles branching further into peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta. These capillaries return via the interlobular, arcuate, interlobar, lobar, segmental, and renal veins. 62) The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated, allowing fairly large molecules to pass through. The substances must pass through the basement membrane, where they are further selected for size by the filtration slits of the podocytes. 63) Abnormal urinary constituents include the following (the clinical term for each is listed in parentheses): glucose (glycosuria), proteins (proteinuria or albuminuria), ketone bodies (ketonuria), hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), bile pigments (bilirubinuria), erythrocytes (hematuria), and leukocytes (pyuria). 64) Aldosterone targets the distal tubule and collecting duct and enhances sodium-ion reabsorption so that very little leaves the body in urine. Aldosterone also causes increased water reabsorption because, as sodium is reabsorbed, water follows it back into the blood. 65) Facultative water reabsorption depends on the presence of antidiuretic hormone. In the presence of ADH, the pores of the collecting tubule enlarge and the filtrate loses water by osmosis as it passes through the medullary regions of increasing osmolarity. Consequently, water is conserved and urine becomes concentrated. The water that passes through these regions is reabsorbed by the body in order to prevent dehydration. 66) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes across the filtration membrane. The higher the glomerular hydrostatic pressure, the more filtrate is pushed across the membrane. Colloid osmotic pressure of plasma proteins in the glomerular blood, and capsular hydrostatic pressure exerted by fluids in the glomerular capsule, drive fluids back into the glomerular capillaries. The net filtration pressure equals glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood plus capsular hydrostatic pressure. 67) Freshly voided urine is relatively sterile but if it is allowed to stand, bacteria begin to metabolize the urea solutes to release ammonia and other smells depending on the person's diet. A fruity smell generally means there is a diabetes problem. 2