EFFECT OF JAMUN SEED POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE BODY MASS INDEX AND FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
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1 EFFECT OF JAMUN SEED POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE BODY MASS INDEX AND FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS Sheba Jeyaraj Assistant Professor, Finy Susan Research Scholar, Department of Home Science, Women s Christian College, Chennai. Mail-ID: sangeethajeyaraj@gmail.com Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in the world, especially in India. India leads the world with the largest number of diabetic subjects which is responsible for the premature disability among Indian women. Objective: To determine the effect of Jamun seed powder supplementation(suppl n) on the Body mass index(bmi) and fasting plasma glucose(fpg) levels in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus(dm). Methods: This study included 30 women (30 45 yrs.) with type 2 DM and FPG levels greater than 126 mg/dl. They were equally divided into two groups as, Control group (n =15) without suppl n and Test group (n=15) with jamun seed powder suppl n. The study was conducted for a period of 60 days. The dosage of the jamun seed powder was 10gms per day. The biochemical parameter was estimated in a Clinical laboratory. Results: Statistically significant reductions were seen in the BMI of the women in both the groups. Significant reductions were seen in the BMI of the women in the Control group by 1.3% compared to 2.8% in the Test group. Regarding the FPG levels, a statistically significant reduction was seen in the test group by 10.6% compared to an increment of 9.9% in the Control group. Conclusion: Jamun seed powder can be advocated as an effective hypoglycemic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus, which is independently responsible for the increased incidence of CHD - a major killer among Indian women. Key words:jamun seed, Diabetes mellitus, CHD Introduction The International Diabetic Federation(IDF) has estimated that the total number of diabetic subjects was 50 million in India in the year 2010 and this was further set to rise to 87 million by the year According to the WHO, non-communicable diseases(ncd) accounted for 77 % of the global mortality and 85% of the global burden was from the low and middle income countries 2. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body from utilizing glucose completely or partially 3.Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or Type 2 diabetes mellitus(type 2 DM) is characterized by insulin resistance or inadequate insulin secretion 3.Nearly 90 to 95% of all the patients with diabetes belong to this category and it usually develops after the age of 40 years 3. A number of epidemiological and clinical studies have reported a higher prevalence of diabetes among Indian women than in men 4. The Multiple risk factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) has reported that women with a BMI greater than 30kg/m 2 carries a higher risk of developing diabetes 4. The probable reasons for the escalation of diabetes in Indians are increased insulin resistance,stronger genetic factors and environmental factors particularly associated with epidemiological transition due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and
2 demographic transition leading to increased income levels and all of which resulted in altered lifestyle today 5,6.The MRFIT,Framingham Heart study and several other clinical and observational studies have reported type 2 DM as an independent risk factor for the increased incidence of CHD mortality among Indian women 6. The need for hypoglycemic foods has gained importance in India with the increased incidence of diabetes among the Indian population. Jamun fruit (Eugenia jambolanum ) is used in ayurvedic medicine for its anti-diabetic properties 7. A study by Mehtalia(2007) on the effect of jamun seed powder supplementation in patients with type 2 DM has revealed that the rise in fasting plasma glucose(fpg) was completely reversed and resulted in a reduction in LDL-C, insulin resistance and an increase in HDL-C 9.Jamun seed is found to contain an alkaloid and glycoside jambolin which halts the conversion of starch into sugar 8. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of jamun seed powder supplementation on the body mass index(bmi) and fasting plasma glucose levels in women with type 2 DM. Methodology The study was designed to investigate the effect of jamun seed powder supplementation on the BMI and FPG levels in women with type 2 DM. It was a pre-test,post test experimental design with a control group without any supplementation.the subjects were selected based on simple random sampling technique. The sample size for the study was 30 type 2 diabetic women, who were equally divided into 2 groups Group I (Control group,n=15) and Group II(Test group,n=15).women in the age group of years with a FPG levels greater than 126mg/dl and consuming atleast 1 oral hypoglycemic drug were included in the study.the subjects were selected from private clinics in and around Nungambakkam,Chennai. The supplement consisted of a commercially available jamun seed powder marketed by Annai Aravindh Herbals Ltd.,Chennai.The subjects in the test group were instructed to consume 10 gms. of jamun seed powder,that is, 5 gms. in the morning, half an hour before breakfast and 5 gms. at night, half an hour before dinner. The subjects in the control group did not receive any supplementation. An interview schedule was used to elicit personal and dietary information/habits of the subjects. The FPG levels of all the subjects were analyzed on the 1 st day and after 60 days of the study/supplementation period in both the groups. The BMI of the subjects was calculated before and after the study/supplementation period. The details obtained from the interview schedule were subjected to descriptive analysis and details regarding the BMI and FPG were subjected to inferential statistical analysis. Results and discussion A major proportion of subjects in the control group (86.6%) and test group(80%) belonged to the very low income group. Sedentary activity which increases the risk associated with diabetes and its complications was reported by majority of subjects in both the groups. Majority of subjects in the control group (86.6%) and test group (60%) reported of regular physical activity. A major proportion of subjects in the control group(73.3%) and test group(53.3%) reported a family history of diabetes mellitus.
3 Regarding the dietary habits, all the subjects in both the groups were nonvegetarians. An equal percentage of subjects (93.3%) in both the groups used refined oil like sunflower oil, which is high in PUFA for cooking purposes. BMI of the control and test groups: The mean BMI of the diabetic women in the control and test groups is presented in table 1 and represented graphically in fig.1. Table 1 Mean Body Mass Index of the diabetic women in the control and test groups Group I (Control) II (Test) Mean BMI(kg/m 2 ) 1 st day 61 st day Percent reduction Level of significance _ _ p< _ _ p<0.001 A statistically significant reduction by 2.8% (p<0.001) was observed in the BMI of the subjects after 60 days of the jamun seed powder supplementation in the test group compared to a mild reduction by 1.3% observed in the BMI of the subjects in the control group. BMI (kg/m2) st day Fig.1: Mean BMI of the subjects in the cintroland test Control Test groups Fasting plasma glucose levels of the control and test groups: The mean FPG levels of the diabetic women in the control and test groups before and after the study/supplementation period is presented in table 2 and represented graphically in fig.2. Table 2 Mean fasting plasma glucose of the diabetic women in the control and test groups Group Mean fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) Percent increment/reduc Level of significance
4 1 st day 61 st day tion Control _ _ P<0.001 Test _ _ p<0.001 It can be observed from table 2, that the mean FPG levels of the diabetic subjects in the control group increased by 9.9 % after 60 days of the study period. Regarding the test group, statistically significant reduction (p<0.001) by 10.6 % was found in the mean FPG levels of the diabetic subjects after 60 days of jamun seed powder supplementation. The reduction in the fasting plasma glucose levels of the subjects in the test group is due to the effect of jamun seed powder containing glycoside jambolin,which has a beneficial effect in controlling the FPG leve ls.no side effects were reported by the subjects in the test group. The MRFIT,Framingham Heart study and the Nurses Health study have reported a 3 to 7 fold increase in CHD risk among diabetic women compared to a 2 to 3 fold rise CHD risk in diabetic men 10.According to the WHO, the relative risk of fatal CHD associated with diabetes is 50 % higher in women than in men 2. Mean FBG levels (mg/dl) Control Test Fig.2: Mean fasting blood glucose of the subjects 1st day Conclusion The results of the present study have significantly brought to light the hypoglycemic effect of jamun seed powder supplementation in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, jamun seed powder can be advocated as an effective hypoglycemic agent for controlling the FPG levels in women with diabetes mellitus, which is responsible for the increased incidence of CHD morbidity and mortality in the world and especially among Indian women. Bibliography 1. Unwin,N.,Whiting,Dand Gan,D.(2009) International Diabetic Federation Atlas,4 th edition,international diabetes Federation,Belgium. 2. World Health Organization (2008) World Health Report.
5 3. Davidson,S.S.and Passmore,R.(2003) Human Nutrition and Dietetics,8 th edition,elbs,great Britain. 4. Salmeron,J.and Willett,W.C.(2003) Dietary Fiber, glycemic load and risk of NIDDM in women. J.Am.Med.Assoc.277: Liese,A.D.,Schultz,M.and Wolever,T.M.(2004) Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load,carbohydrate and fiber intake and measures of insulin sensitivity in Insulin resistance.diabetes Care 28:76(23): Mohan,V.,Deepa,R. and Sandeep,S (2007)Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes:indian Scenario,Ind.J.Med.Res.125: Pradeepa,R. and Mohan,V (2002) The changing scenario of diabetes epidemic:implications for India.Ind.J.Med.Res.116: Mandal,S.,Barik,B. and Mallick,C(2008) Therapeutic effects of ferulic acid,an ethereal fraction of ethanolic extract of seed of Eugenia jambolanum against diabetes.j.clin.pharmacol.30(2): Mehtalia,S.D(2007) Oral hypoglycemic Agents as cited by Bhaskar,R.M., In Diabetes Mellitus, Research Society of Diabetes in India,New Delhi. 10. World Health Organization (2010) Report on the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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