Pathology of Neuromuscular Disease Part 1: muscle
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1 Pathology of Neuromuscular Disease Part 1: muscle Zarife Sahenk, MD. PhD. Research Institute at Nationwide Children s Hospital Center for gene therapy, Neuromuscular Program Experimental & Clinical Neuromuscular Laboratories
2 MUSCLE BIOPSY DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS, PROCEDURES & STAINS 2 blocks of skeletal muscle, frozen in isopentane cooled in liquid nitrogen. 12 μm thick sections are cut using a cryostat. The following routine stains are done : Basic histopathological stains: H & E and Gomori trichrome Special Stains:, oil red O, PAS, Congo red. Enzyme Histochemistry: NADH, SDH, COX, and ATPase, at ph 9.4, 4.6, 4.2. (Myophosphorylase, MAD, acid phosphatase if needed) Immune staining: carried out if needed CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68 cell markers, MAC dystrophin (dys 1, 2, 3), sarcoglycans (α, β, γ, δ), dystroglycans (α, β), dysferlin, caveolin 3, laminin alpha 2 (merosin), utrophin, spectrin, collagen VI specific antibodies for protein aggregates EM piece placed in glutaraldehyde for further processing A separate piece of muscle frozen for biochemical/genetic studies
3 H&E and Gomori Trichrome Hematoxylin & Eosin (Gill s) Give wide range of information: Necrosis Regeneration Fiber size atrophy/hypertrophy Inflammation Fibrosis Structural changes Organelle changes Modified Gomori Trichrome
4 Examples of tissue handling artifacts
5 Useful Histochemical Reactions of Skeletal Muscle Cells Reaction NADH-tetrazolium reductase Succinic dehydrogenase Cytochrome oxidase Cellular localization Source of Reaction Specificity Enzyme in Intermyofibrillar* mitochondria, perinuclear, Subsarcolemmal SR, T-tubules poor Enzyme in Intermyofibrillar* mitochondria excellent Enzyme in Intermyofibrillar* mitochondria excellent Myofibrillar ATPase Intermyofibrillar Myosin or actomyosin good NADH SDH COX ATPase, 9.4
6 Necrosis Factors triggering necrosis in muscle cells: Lengthening contractions dystrophic muscle particularly vulnerable Ischemia dermatomyositis Energy deprivation Glycolytic defects Toxic agents Cardiotoxin, neutoxin, statins In the course of necrosis: Plasma membrane becomes permeable -- Ca ++ entry, activation of phospholipases, proteases (calpains) Some DAG complex- lost early; by 24 hrs dys lost Activation of compliment cascade, diffuse cytoplasmic appearance of lytic C5-9 (MAC) within muscle Segmental Necrosis
7 Dermatomyositis-acute stage (Ischemic necrosis)
8 Phagocytosis Starts ~ 6 to 8 hrs after the fiber passed the point of no return -- sarcolemmal and myonuclear dissolution (earliest change), followed by gradual dissolution of contractile elements what is not destroyed: Basal Lamina & Satellite Cells In surviving stumps- T tubule dilatation Abundant MFs within endomysium Acid phosphatase
9 Patterns of inflammation H&E H&E H&E Perivascular inflammation Variation in muscle fiber size Small rounded fibers Perivascular & Perimysial inflammation Mononuclear cell Endomysial inflammation Often associated with focal invasion of muscle fibers
10 Temporal sequence of inflammatory and regenerative events following muscle injury: Ciciliot S., Curr. Pharmaceutical Design, 2010
11 Myofiber growth and embryonic MyHC expression in regenerating skeletal muscle Ciciliot S., Curr. Pharmaceutical Design, 2010
12 Satellite Cells Muscle specific stem cells located beneath the basal lamina of the myofiber Pax7-useful marker for quiescent SCs Prevalence = r S/M Major role in Natural growth Muscle maintenance, work hypertrophy Regeneration Proliferative/differentiating processes lead transformation into myoblast/myotubes in necrotic segments Limit of their mitotic cycles? Ciciliot S., Curr. Pharmaceutical Design, 2010
13 Model for satellite cell self-renewal and differentiation Activated satellite cells in necrotic fibers
14 Karpati, G; 2008
15 Histological Features of Regenerating Muscle Eosinophilic cytoplasm, reflecting high content of ribosomes Nuclei tend to be pale and large Relative excess of glycogen and mitochondria (early) Emb & Neo forms of mych Diffuse cytoplasmic desmin stain Satellite cell Desmin IF COX
16 Muscle Fiber Regeneration NADH
17 Muscle Fiber Regeneration *
18
19 Dystrophic process and Satellite cells LGMD2A: caused by mutations in the CAPN3, encoding Ca 2+ - activated cysteine protease role in sarcomere assembly, turnover and maintenance in Calpainopathy there Is a good correlation between age, duration of symptoms and degree of fibrosis microrna dysregulation leads to inability of Pax7-positive SCs to transit from proliferation to differentiation resulting in impaired regeneration and fibrosis in LGMD 2A
20 Satellite Cells in Dystrophic Process (calpainopathy)
21 Fiber Hypertrophy and Satellite Cells Number / mm Fiber Size Distribution WT-FT 12 wks-ft 36wks-FT Fiber Size (µm) Multinucleated hypertrophic cells following AAV1.CMV.follistatin gene therapy
22 Satellite Cells in Muscle Hypertrophy Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through: - SC proliferation, Mstn and Act inhibition - Overexpression in muscle lead to increased DNA & muscle protein content and increased fiber size - The nuclei are contributed to by satellite cells that the muscle fiber incorporates as it grows in size.
23 Immune stains: Dystrophinopathies Dys 3 Dys 1 Dys 2 DMD Exon duplication BMD Exon duplication
24 Structural abnormalities: vacuoles C Inclusion body myositis
25 Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) The term IBM coined in 1971 by Yunis & Samaha Histopathologic differentiation from PM by: vacuolated fibers Nuclear and cytoplasmic fibrillary inclusions, which are congophilic
26 Structural abnormalities: vacuoles C09-103, IBM, Congo red stain
27 Structural abnormalities: vacuoles C Adult onset acid maltase deficiency Acid phosphatase
28 Structural Abnormalities: Tubular Aggregates NADH SDH
29 Structural Abnormalities: Protein Aggregate Myopathy (PAM) Myofibrillar Myopathies - Desmin - αb-crystallin (HSP20) - Myotilin - ZASP (Z-band alternatively spliced PDZ) - Filamin (filamin C)
30 Structural Abnormalities: Protein Aggregate Myopathy (PAM) NADH SDH COX Myotilin
31 Organelle change: Mitochondria content and distribution C10-33 Mitochondrial myopathy
32 Organelle change: Mitochondria content and distribution NADH SDH C10-33 Mitochondrial myopathy
33 Organelle change: Mitochondria content and distribution * * * COX Oil Oil red red O O C10-33 Mitochondrial myopathy
34 Organelle Change : Mitochondria content and distribution C05-97 Thymidine Kinase 2 deficiency
35 Muscle Fiber Types Myofibrillar ATPase
36 Muscle Fiber Types PAS ORO SDH Type I STO I Type II FTG STO/type I (high lipid, mito.) FTO FTG/type IIA FTO/type IIB (high glycogen) ATPase 4.6
37 Fiber Types and Performance Endurance Athletes Weight lifters I 2b 2c 2a II ATPase, 4.6 ATPase, 4.2
38 Neurogenic Changes
39 Group atrophy and muscle fiber type grouping
40 Group atrophy and muscle fiber type groupings
41 DM1 DM2 (PROMM) > CTG 4-37 repeats in the terminal exon of DMPK gene > 104 to 176 bp CCTG repeats in intron 1 of exon of ZNF9 gene
42 Congenital Myopathies Centronuclear Myopathy: X-linked - Onset, infancy with severe hypotonia - Mutations in MTM1 - Protein expressed in sarcolemma, I band, T-tubule triads, associated with endosomes - Role in muscle fiber maturation Centronuclear Myopathy: Autosomal recessive - Onset, infancy, childhood, adult Centronuclear Myopathy: Autosomal Dominant - Onset, adolescence and adult - Mutations in DNM2 - Protein associated with MTs, binds to BIN1, implicated in endocytosis and cell motility
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