Life #4 Genetics Notebook

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1 Life #4 Genetics Notebook Life #4 Learning Targets Life #4 Vocabulary:

2 Eye Color what color are your eyes? Brown, Green, Hazel Dominant Blue Recessive Freckles do you have freckles? Say yes only if you have LOTS of freckles all over your nose and cheeks. Sun freckles do not count. Freckles Dominant No Freckles Recessive Tongue Rolling - can you roll your tongue into a tube? Roller Dominant Non-roller - Recessive Dimples do you have dimples on your cheeks? Dimples Dominant No Dimples Recessive Me 1: brown hazel green blue Freckles no freckles Roller Non-roller Dimples no Dimples brown hazel green blue Freckles no freckles Roller Non-roller Dimples no Dimples 2: brown hazel green blue Freckles no freckles Roller Non-roller Dimples no Dimples Widow s Peak do you have a widow s peak (hairline has a V)? Widow s peak Dominant No Widow s peak - Recessive Widow s Peak no Widow s Peak Widow s Peak no Widow s Peak Widow s Peak no Widow s Peak Interlaced Fingers when you clasp your hands together, which thumb is on top? Left thumb over right Dominant Right thumb over left Recessive left on top right on top left on top right on top left on top right on top Hair on Fingers Do you have hair on the middle section of your fingers? Mid-digital hair Dominant No hair Recessive hair no hair hair no hair hair no hair

3 Your traits Let s look at a few common traits and classify them as Inherited or Acquired. Genetics What did Gregor Mendel notice?

4 Why Don t We All Look the Same? Hair Line Widow s Peak Straight Hair Line or or

5 o o Hair Line Little Finger Widow's Peak Straight Hair Line Bent Little Finger Straight Little Finger Let s look at a few common traits and their alleles. Eye Color Hair Color Ear Lobes Freckles Chin letter b w

6 Look at the traits and their alleles, and determine what letters will represent them. Eye Color Hair Color Ear Lobes Freckles Chin w W Homozygous Heterozygous

7 Dad Mom Dad Mom Offspring Offspring Dad Mom Offspring

8 Genotype & Phenotypes G Ph Let s look at the genotypes from above and describe their phenotypes. Hair Line Little Finger

9 And let s put it all together Trait Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Homozygous Dominant Genotype Homozygous Dominant Phenotype Homozygous Recessive Genotype Homozygous Recessive Phenotype Heterozygous Genotype Heterozygous Phenotype Eye Color Hair Line Ear Lobes Brown ( B ) Widow s Peak ( ) Free ( ) Blue ( b ) Straight Hair Line ( ) Attached ( ) BB Brown bb Blue Bb Brown.

10 How can we tell what the offspring might look like?.

11 Directions for using a Punnett Square Suppose you crossed a Widow s Peak (Homozygous Dominant, WW) with a Straight Hair Line (Homozygous Recessive, ww)

12 Suppose you crossed a Widow s Peak (Heterozygous, Ww) with a Straight Hair Line (Homozygous Recessive, ww) Suppose you crossed a Widow s Peak (Heterozygous, Ww) with a Widow s Peak (Heterozygous, Ww). Let s Analyze the DATA! w w W W How many different genotypes are possible for the offspring of this cross? What is the genotype(s) of this cross? Is this genotype Homozygous or Heterozygous? What is the phenotype of the offspring? What is the probable ratio of Widow s Peak to Straight Hair Line? :

13 w W w w How many different genotypes are possible for the offspring of this cross? What are the possible genotypes of this cross? What is Homozygous genotype? What is Heterozygous genotype? What is the phenotype of the Homozygous offspring? What is the phenotype of the Heterozygous offspring? What is the probable ratio of Widow s Peak to Straight Hair Line? : W w W w How many different genotypes are possible for the offspring of this cross? What are the possible genotypes of this cross? What are the Homozygous genotypes? What is Heterozygous genotype? What is the phenotype of the Homozygous Dominant offspring? What is the phenotype of the Homozygous Recessive offspring? What is the phenotype of the Heterozygous offspring? What is the probable ratio of Widow s Peak to Straight Hair Line? :

14 You re the Scientist #2 Mice Genetics You are a mouse breeder who is performing the following genetic cross: you are crossing a male black-eyed (BB) mouse with a female red-eyed (bb) mouse. You will then cross two 1 st generation offspring to create a 2 nd generation offspring. Examine Mom & Dad What is the Mom s genotype? What is the Mom s phenotype? Color Mom s eyes the correct color. What is the Dad s genotype? What is the Dad s phenotype? Color Dad s eyes the correct color. Mom (bb) Dad (BB) PREDICTION for 1 st Generation Mice I PREDICT % of the 1 st generation offspring s eyes will be black in color. Now complete the Punnett Square to see the phenotypes and genotypes of the predicted offspring. Dad: Black eyes (BB) Red eyes (bb) For the 1 st generation of offspring, what is the possible genotype? For the 1 st generation of offspring, what is the possible phenotype? Color in the Offspring s correct eye color (phenotype) and write in his genotype. genotype There is a % chance that the 1 st generation will be homozygous dominant ( ) with black eyes. genotype There is a % chance that the 1 st generation will be homozygous recessive ( ) with red eyes. genotype There is a % chance that the 1 st generation will be heterozygous ( ) with black eyes. genotype

15 ACTUAL RESULTS Try it The mom and the dad create your 1 st generation offspring. Take one gene from the mom (literally un-velcro it) and take one gene from dad and Velcro them on the baby mouse. Now find the 1 st generation offspring s genotype label and stick it on your baby mouse. What is the genotype for your 1 st generation offspring? What is the phenotype for your 1 st generation offspring? Color in the Offspring s correct eye color (phenotype) and write in his genotype. Look back at your prediction of what percentage of 1 st generation mice would have black eyes. Were you correct? PREDICTION for 2 nd Generation Mice Now you are going to cross (breed) two 1 st generation offspring. I PREDICT % of the 2 nd generation offspring s eyes will be black in color. genotype Using a Punnett Square, predict the possible outcomes. Another 1 st Generation Mouse (New Mom) eyes ( ) Black? Red? phenotype genotype Your 1 st Generation Mouse (New Dad) eyes ( ) Black? Red? phenotype genotype For the 2 nd generation of offspring, what are the possible genotypes? For the 2 nd generation of offspring, what are the possible phenotypes? There is a % chance that the 2 nd generation will be homozygous dominant ( ) with black eyes. There is a % chance that the 2 nd generation will be homozygous recessive ( ) with red eyes. There is a % chance that the 2 nd generation will be heterozygous ( ) with black eyes. Color in the eyes for the 2 nd generation mice phenotype possibilities. genotype genotype genotype % % ACTUAL RESULTS Try it phenotype phenotype Now, pick one gene that each of the new parents (1 st generation offspring) will pass on to the 2 nd generation. Flip a coin once for the mom s allele, and once for the dad s allele. If you flip heads, pick the dominant (B) allele. If you flip tails, pick the recessive (b) allele. Actual genotype, actual phenotype.

16 . Dd x Dd x x _

17 Where are my genes?

18

19

20 Materials: Procedure: Conclusions and Analysis TRY THIS AT HOME! Does strawberry DNA look like banana or peach DNA? your teacher a picture of your experiment!

21 Look at the two insects carefully. Notice the eight different characteristics between them. 1. Circle each insect s phenotype /genotypes in the charts below. Insect Mom Eye Color: Black (Bb) or White (bb) Rear End Color: Striped (Ss) or Plain (ss) Rear End Shape: Round (Rr) or Slender (rr) Stinger: Stinger (Tt) or No Stinger (tt) Leg Length: Long (Ll) or Short (ll) Antenna: Straight (Aa) or Curly (aa) Wing Pattern: Pattern (Pp) or Spotted (pp) Wing Size: Large (Ww) or Small (ww) Insect Dad Eye Color: Black (Bb) or White (bb) Rear End Color: Striped (Ss) or Plain (ss) Rear End Shape: Round (Rr) or Slender (rr) Stinger: Stinger (Tt) or No Stinger (tt) Leg Length: Long (Ll) or Short (ll) Antenna: Straight (Aa) or Curly (aa) Wing Pattern: Pattern (Pp) or Spotted (pp) Wing Size: Large (Ww) or Small (ww) 2. According to this model, every insect receives 16 alleles for these eight traits, one from each parent. a. How many different genes are we examining in the insects? b. How many alleles will this mother pass on to its offspring? c. How many alleles will this father pass on to its offspring? d. How many alleles will each offspring receive for each trait?

22 3. It is now time to use Punnett Squares to predict what the possible offspring of these two parents will look like. Using each parents genotype (that you circled in #1) make a Punnett Square for each trait. PUNNETT SQUARES For a cross between &. Eye Color Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Rear End Color Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Rear End Shape Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Stinger Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Probable Ratio of Phenotype Black to White : Probable Ratio of Phenotype Striped to Plain : Probable Ratio of Phenotype Round to Slender : Probable Ratio of Phenotype Stinger to No Stinger : Leg Length Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Antenna Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Wing Pattern Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Wing Size Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype Probable Ratio of Phenotype Long to Short : Probable Ratio of Phenotype Straight to Curly : Probable Ratio of Phenotype Pattern to Spotted : Probable Ratio of Phenotype Small to Large :

23 4. Now, let s find out what the offspring will actually look like, PHENOTYPE! Fill in the chart to show the listed information. The first trait has been done for you. When a parent s genotype is homozygous (bb) or (BB) then there is only one possible allele that parent can give to its offspring. When the parent s genotype is heterozygous (Bb), it is up to chance which allele the offspring will receive. So, flip a coin ONLY for heterozygous genotypes, it comes up heads, pick the dominant (B) allele, if it comes up tails, pick the recessive (b). TRAIT Alleles Eye Color Rear End Color Rear End Shape Stinger Leg Length Mom s Genotype Dad s Genotype ALLELE FROM MOTHER B= Black bb Bb b b= White S=striped s= plain R=round r=slender T=stinger t= no stinger (S had been used) L=long l= short ALLELE FROM FATHER 1 st Generation OFFSPRING s GENOTYPE 1 st Generation OFFSPRING s PHENOTYPE (flip a coin heads) B Bb Black Antenna Wing Pattern Wing Size A=straight a= curly P=pattern p=spotted W=large w=small (L had been used)

24 5. Circle the correct Phenotype / Genotype for the offspring. Eye Color: Black (Bb) or White (bb) Rear End Color: Striped (Ss) or Plain (ss) Rear End Shape: Round (Rr) or Slender (rr) Stinger: Stinger (Tt) or No Stinger (tt) Leg Length: Long (Ll) or Short (ll) Antenna: Straight (Aa) or Curly (aa) Wing Pattern: Pattern (Pp) or Spotted (pp) Wing Size: Large (Ww) or Small (ww) 6. Does the offspring have any homozygous dominant genotypes? If so, list each genotype. 7. Does the offspring have any homozygous recessive genotypes? If so, list each genotype. 8. Using the offspring s phenotypes to help you, draw the offspring below. Offspring s name (your last name)

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