The Impact of Cognitive Distortions, Stress, and Adherence on Metabolic Control in Youths With Type 1 Diabetes
|
|
- Maryann Higgins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2004;34: ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Impact of Cognitive Distortions, Stress, and Adherence on Metabolic Control in Youths With Type 1 Diabetes STEPHANIE P. FARRELL, Ph.D., ANTHONY A. HAINS, Ph.D., W. HOBART DAVIES, Ph.D., PHILIP SMITH, Ph.D., AND ELAINE PARTON, R.N., M.A., C.P.N.P. Purpose: To investigate the role of cognitive distortions in the relationship between adherence behavior, diabetes-specific stress, general stress, and metabolic control. Methods: Obtained questionnaire data, glucometer readings, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbgA 1c ) assays from 143 youths (11 18 years old) with type 1 diabetes. Examined path model of relationships between cognitive distortions, stress, adherence behavior, and metabolic control. Data were analyzed using path analysis. Results: Higher levels of negative cognitive distortions were associated with more stress (both diabetes-specific and general). Higher levels of general stress then led to less adherent behavior and subsequently poorer metabolic control (higher HbgA 1c ). More diabetes-specific stress also led to poorer metabolic control, as well as general stress. Conclusions: The findings indicate an indirect role of negative cognitive distortions in metabolic control. The current findings suggest that instead of the proposed direct link between cognitive distortions and adherence behavior, an indirect relationship may exist through stress. Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2004 KEY WORDS: Adherence Adolescents Cognitive distortions From the University of Wisconsin Children s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin (S.P.F.); University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (A.A.H., W.H.D., P.S.); Children s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (W.H.D.); and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (E.P.). Address correspondence to: Stephanie P. Farrell, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin Children s Hospital, 600 Highland Ave (mail code 2424), Madison, WI, sp.farrell@hosp.wisc.edu Manuscript accepted March 10, Diabetes-specific stress Insulin-dependent diabetes Type 1 diabetes Effective blood glucose control in youths with type 1 diabetes minimizes the risk of serious later complications, including renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and neuropathy. Research regarding the relationship of life stress to metabolic control has yielded inconsistent results [1,2]. Stress could directly affect glycemic control through physiological mechanisms and could affect control indirectly through adherence [1]. The management of this disease entails a complex treatment regimen of diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and insulin injections, as well as adjustment of the regimen with respect to exercise, stress, and infections [3]. Although adherence is presumed to be linked to metabolic control, measures of a youth s metabolic control may reflect the influence of other variables such as taking too much insulin or hormonal changes owing to puberty [4]. Methodological challenges have contributed to the lack of consistent findings regarding the relationship between adherence and metabolic control. There is an emerging consensus that adherence is multidimensional and appropriate assessment requires a combination of methods to measure the distinct behaviors involved in the regimen [1]. There is some evidence to suggest that cognitive processes may mediate the relationship between stress, adherence, and metabolic control. With increasing disease duration, youths view their type 1 Society for Adolescent Medicine, X/04/$ see front matter Published by Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY doi: /s x(03)
2 462 FARRELL ET AL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Vol. 34, No. 6 diabetes as more upsetting and the regimen, harder [5]. The role that cognitive appraisal processes play in adolescent adherence behavior has been examined [6]. Adolescents who have a negative perception of their bodies, perceive little internal control over their health, and have an external attributional style for negative events are at the greatest risk for poor adherence. Also, when their blood sugars are out of control, youths who perceive little internal control are more likely to respond by avoidance rather than developing a cognitive orientation toward mastery and using the information from meter readings to solve adherence problems [6]. Other research has suggested that youths who worry more about their diabetes tend to show poorer metabolic control [7]. In addition, youths who attribute the occurrence of negative events to something inherently stable about themselves revealed better glycemic control [8]. This research contrasts with findings that individuals with diabetes who attribute negative events to stable and internal causes may be susceptible to learned helplessness, which was significantly associated with poor metabolic control [9]. Cognitive-behavioral theory proposes that individuals respond primarily to cognitive representations of a situation, rather than to the situation itself [10]. Therefore, how one thinks about a situation affects one s emotions and behavior. If one s thinking is negative and distorted (e.g., overly maladaptive appraisals or interpretation of events), the feelings will likely also be negative, and the subsequent behavior will be affected accordingly. For instance, adolescents with type 1 diabetes become increasingly influenced by what they perceive and anticipate would be negative reactions or disapproval from peers in social situations that would require adherence behaviors [11]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive distortions in the relationship between adherence behavior, diabetes-specific stress, general stress, and metabolic control. The theoretical underpinnings of cognitive-behavioral theory suggest areas for exploratory analyses where path analysis is appropriate, and also suggest a likely temporal order of variables. Cognitive behavioral theory suggests that how individuals think (e.g., cognitive distortions) about events in their lives (e.g., diabetesspecific stress and general stress) may affect their behavioral choices (e.g., adherence). These changes in adherence could lead to changes in metabolic control. To our knowledge, there has been no identification of specific cognitive distortions that are Figure 1. Completely Identified Path Model. related to adherence problems in youths with diabetes, nor are we aware of any measures that examine cognitive distortions with this group. The application of the theory for the population of adolescents with type 1 diabetes is not yet well developed, suggesting only which variables to examine and a likely temporal order of these variables. However, we do not know how and to what extent the preceding variables in the model affect the following variables. There are no empirical data to justify eliminating any of the recursive paths, so all possible paths between the variables in the hypothesized direction were examined. Figure 1 displays the completely identified path model. Methods Participants After IRB approval, eligible participants were identified from the diabetes outpatient clinic schedule at a children s hospital in a large midwestern city. One hundred and fifty youths with type 1 diabetes of at least 1-year duration were recruited. One participant was excluded from analyses when it was discovered that her length of illness was less than a year. Six other youths did not return their completed instruments by mail. Therefore, the final sample was 143 youths. The participants ranged in age from years to years (mean 14.5 years; SD 1.67 years). There were 75 males (52.4%) and 68 females (47.6%). Eighty-seven percent of the sample was European American (n 125), with the remaining 13% composed of African-American (n 9), Latino (n 6), Asian American (n 2), and other (n 1).
3 June 2004 DIABETES 463 The length of time since diagnosis ranged from 1 year, 0 months to 16 years, 8 months (mean 5 years, 8 months; SD 3 years, 5 months). Measures Demographic information. The following demographic information was obtained from each youth s medical record: gender, age, ethnicity, and duration and age of onset of type 1 diabetes. Cognitive distortions. The Children s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ; [12]) is a 24-item self-report questionnaire that assesses various cognitive distortions as represented by selective abstraction, personalization, overgeneralization, and catastrophizing. The child is presented with vignettes that illustrate the distortions across athletic, social, and academic domains. Each situation is followed by a thought that the youth is instructed to rate on a 5-point Likert scale on how similar the thought is to the way he or she might think in the described situation. A total score is computed and ranges from 24 to 120, with higher scores indicative of more cognitive distortions. Although various types of cognitive distortions are represented in the instrument, efforts to find support of a multidimensional structure have not been found, suggesting a single, global construct of cognitive errors [13]. This total score was used in this study. A total score internal consistency of.89 and test-retest reliability of.65 have been reported [12]. Stress. Diabetes-specific stress was examined using the Diabetes Stress Questionnaire (DSQ; [14]). This instrument was designed to assess the daily stressors for adolescents that are related to diabetes. The DSQ is a self-report measure that requires the respondent to rate how stressful or how much of a hassle 65 situations are on a 4-point Likert scale. Scoring yields a composite scaled score, ranging from 0 to 195, with higher scores indicative of higher levels of stress. Internal consistency has been reported to be excellent with Cronbach alpha The measure has also been shown to have good concurrent validity [14]. The youth form of the Life Stressors and Social Resources Inventory (LISRES-Y; [15] was used to identify the level of current general stressors and their sources. The LISRES-Y is appropriate for youths between ages 12 and 18 years. However, one participant who was almost 12 was allowed to complete the instrument and participate in the study, given that norms were not used in the analyses. The respondent answers 208 items covering eight major areas of life experiences. This study included the nine scales that measure life stressors (Physical Health, School, Home and Money, Parents, Siblings, Extended Family, Boyfriend/Girlfriend, Friends, and Negative Life Events). Raw scores are converted to T scores with higher scores representing greater stress. Internal consistency reliabilities range from 0.66 to 0.92 for the Stressor scales. The mean of the 9 life stressor scales T scores was computed for each youth to obtain an average stressor score. For those participants who indicated Not Applicable on one or more of the scales (e.g., a youth without siblings or a boyfriend/girlfriend), the mean was computed using the applicable scales. Adherence behavior. A self-report measure of adherence was completed by the participants. The Diabetes Compliance Questionnaire (DCQ; [16]) requires respondents to rate 13 aspects of adherence to the diabetes self-care regimen on a 5-point Likert scale, anchored in the frequency of each behavior ranging from 1 (poor adherence) to 5 (excellent adherence). A total score is computed and ranges from 14 to 70, with higher scores representing better adherence. The internal consistency has been reported as Cronbach alpha 0.80 [16]. Frequency of checking one s blood sugar over the past week was used as an indicator of adherence as well. Youths are instructed to check their blood glucose levels several times a day. Both the blood glucose values and the number of checks are recorded. For this study, the number of checks in the previous 7 days was downloaded from the glucometer memory chip. Metabolic control. Metabolic control was measured by the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbgA 1c ). HbgA 1c levels reflect the average level of blood glucose over a 2- to 3-month period. HbgA 1c levels above 9.0% are indicative of poorer metabolic control. Procedure Once consent was obtained, the youths were asked to complete the four instruments at one session. The length of completion time was approximately 1 hour and 15 min. Each youth received $20 for participating.
4 464 FARRELL ET AL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Vol. 34, No. 6 Analyses Given the complexity of the relationships of variables examined, path analysis was used in this study. Cognitive behavioral theory guided the selection of variables examined, as well as the temporal order. That is, how youths think (i.e., cognitive distortions) about events in their lives (i.e., diabetes-specific stress and general stress) may affect their behavior (e.g., adherence), and subsequent metabolic control. Given the inconsistent and incomplete existing literature base on the roles of stress, adherence, and cognitive errors on metabolic control, path analysis will identify the viable causal relationship that exists in the data when all recursive paths among the variables in the hypothesized direction are examined. Thus, completely identified recursive models, with all possible paths between the variables, were run with the data for both measures of adherence (frequency of checking glucometer and total score on DCQ) for the entire sample (n 143). Standardized regression coefficients for each path (arrow) were used to estimate the strengths of relationships specified in the model. For a two-tailed test at the.05 level of significance, the critical value associated with the t-distribution with 60 degrees of freedom is 2.00 [17]. Those paths that were not significant (i.e., critical region, CR 2.00) were eliminated systematically. Beginning with the least significant path, one by one the nonsignificant paths were removed from the initial completely identified models. Each subsequent model was re-run and evaluated for goodness of fit using several criteria (Chi-squared/degree of freedom ratio, probability level, GFI, and AGFI). To determine whether gender should be a covariate in the path analyses, males and females were compared on HbgA 1c, cognitions, adherence, age, date of diagnosis, diabetes stress, general stress, and glucometer checks. To control for family-wise error a Bonferroni correction was made on the p value. Results Preliminary Analyses The means and standard deviations of the participant variables across gender and for the total sample are summarized in Table 1. HbgA 1c values ranged from 6.1 to 16.1 with a typical clinical cutoff of 9 and higher values indicative of poorer metabolic control. The average duration of diabetes was 5 years and 9 months (SD months). Higher scores on the CNCEQ, DSQ, and LISRES-Y are indicative of more cognitive distortions, diabetes-specific stress, and Table 1. Gender and Total Sample Means and Standard Deviations Across Variables Males Females Total sample Variable M SD M SD M SD Age a HbgA 1C CNCEQ c Disease duration a Glucometer freq. b DCQ d DSQ e Stress f a in months. b frequency of blood glucose checks per week. c Children s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire. d Diabetes Compliance Questionnaire. e Diabetes Stress Questionnaire. f mean life stressor T scores from Life Stressors and Social Resources Inventory (LISRES-Y). general stress, respectively; the means for the total sample across these instruments were not clinically significant. Higher scores on glucometer frequency and DCQ are indicative of better adherence. The mean number of blood glucose checks was approximately 21 times in a week or three times a day (SD 10.43). Most youths are encouraged to monitor their glucose levels between 3 and 5 times a day. Both an objective (frequency of glucometer use in the previous week) and a subjective (score on DCQ) measure of adherence were used in this study. These variables were significantly correlated (r.44, p.01), but the magnitude of correlation suggested they were not redundant, with less than 20% common variance. Although the objective glucometer reading is more reliable than the self-reported DCQ, it only taps one aspect of adherence, whereas the DCQ assesses 13 areas of adherence behavior. It was therefore deemed appropriate to run the model twice, using each measure of adherence to compare their explanatory power. Path Analyses The only significant gender difference was that females self-reported more diabetes-specific stress than males (F 16.59, p.001). Given this significant gender difference, comparative statistics were calculated for males and females for the models presented in Figures 2 and 3 for both frequency of glucometer checks as the measure of adherence ( , df 8, p.218) and total score on DCQ ( , df 16, and p.213). Owing to the lack of statistically significant differences between males
5 June 2004 DIABETES 465 Table 2. Chi-square/Degree of Freedom Ratios, Probability Levels, Goodness of Fit Indices, and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Indices Across the Modifications with Frequency of Glucometer Readings as Measure of Adherence in Model Modifications Chi-Square/df Probability GFI AGFI Step Step Step Step Step Step Step Step Note: GFI Goodness of Fit; AGFI Adjusted Goodness of Fit. Figure 2. Parsimony Model With Frequency of Glucometer Checks as the Measure of Adherence. and females, only the collapsed data (total sample) are presented here. A completely identified recursive model with frequency of glucometer checks as the measure of adherence was run. Figure 2 depicts the resulting parsimony model, which is comprised of the pathways that were significant and retained in the final model, along with their path coefficients. In the final model, cognitive distortions affected both diabetesspecific (C.R ) and general stress (C.R ), but not frequency of glucometer checks. The more cognitive distortions a youth had, the higher the level of reported stress. Diabetes stress then affected HbgA 1c (C.R ), and general stress Figure 3. Parsimony Model With Total Score on DCQ as the Measure of Adherence. affected frequency of glucometer checks (C.R ), which subsequently affected HbgA 1c levels (C.R ). Diabetes-specific stress appears to adversely affect metabolic control directly, whereas general stress may have an indirect influence on HbgA 1c levels, through its adverse effect on one aspect of adherence behavior. The more general stress reported, the less frequently youths checked their blood glucose levels and consequently the poorer their metabolic control. Lastly, a significant path between diabetes-specific stress and general stress was maintained in the final model (C.R ). The more diabetes stress reported, the more general stress was noted. Table 2 presents the Chisquare/degree of freedom ratios, probability levels, Goodness of Fit Indices, and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Indices across these modifications. The Chisquare, GFI, and AGFI values suggest a good datamodel fit. The parsimony model with total score on DCQ as the measure of adherence is depicted in Figure 3. The two parsimony models with different measures of adherence (one with frequency of blood glucose checks and the other with self-reported adherence) were identical with the exception of a significant path between date of diagnosis and adherence in the second model. Cognitive distortions affected both diabetes specific (C.R ) and general stress (C.R ), but not adherence. Specifically, the more cognitive distortions a youth had, the higher the level of reported stress. Diabetes stress then affected HbgA 1c (C.R ), and general stress affected adherence (C.R ), which subsequently affected HbgA 1c (C.R ). Diabetesspecific stress adversely affected metabolic control directly, whereas general stress had an indirect in-
6 466 FARRELL ET AL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Vol. 34, No. 6 Table 3. Chi-square/Degree of Freedom Ratios, Probability Levels, Goodness of Fit Indices, and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Indices Across the Modifications with Total Score on the DCQ as Measure of Adherence in Model Modifications Chi-Square/df Probability GFI AGFI Step Step Step Step Step Step Step Note: GFI Goodness of Fit; AGFI Adjusted Goodness of Fit. fluence on HbgA 1c levels, through its adverse effect on self-reported adherence behavior. The more general stress reported, the less adherent behavior was reported, and consequently, the poorer the metabolic control (higher HbgA 1c ). A significant path between diabetes-specific stress and general stress (C.R ) was also found with the more diabetes stress associated with more general stress. Unlike the model in Figure 2 however, the parsimony model presented in Figure 3 had a significant path between date of diagnosis and adherence, with longer duration of type 1 diabetes being associated with less adherent behavior. Table 3 presents the Chi-square/ degree of freedom ratios, probability levels, Goodness of Fit Indices, and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Indices across the modifications. The Chi-square, GFI, and AGFI values suggest a good data-model fit. Discussion The two models were identical, with the exception of a significant path between date of diagnosis and adherence in the model with DCQ as the measure of adherence. Cognitive distortions affected both diabetes-specific and general stress. The more cognitive distortions a youth had, the higher the level of reported stress. Diabetes stress directly affected a youth s metabolic control, with greater diabetes stress causing increases in HbgA 1c. General stress on the other hand, indirectly affected HbgA 1c through its effect on adherence behavior (both self-reported and the objective measure of glucometer checks). The more general stress reported, the less adherent youths were and consequently, the poorer their metabolic control. An additional finding was a significant path between diabetes-specific stress and general stress. It is noteworthy that general stress affected adherence behavior, whereas diabetes-specific stress did not. Perhaps, although rated as upsetting and a hassle, the diabetes-specific stressors do not interfere with a youth s regimen. Just because a youth is distressed by specific situations that are illness related, does not necessarily mean that he or she will relinquish responsibility of self-care, nor does it mean that a youth will become hypersensitive to the sequelae of the illness and increase adherence. It is possible that general life stress, which may affect several areas of one s life, could be more intrusive. An elevated score on the general stress measure might indicate stress across health, finances, living situation, parents, siblings, school, and friends. Cognitive behavioral theory posits that how one thinks influences how one behaves. The lack of a significant finding in the path between cognitive distortions and adherence behavior is, thus, surprising. Although previous researchers have not directly examined the impact of cognitive distortions on adherence behavior in youths with type 1 diabetes, several related studies suggested a possible link [3,6]. The current findings suggest that instead of the proposed direct link between cognitive distortions and adherence behavior, an indirect relationship may exist through stress. Although exploratory, such analyses may be extremely beneficial for future researchers, as well as suggesting clinical pathways to guide intervention. Although conceptual frameworks are needed, the complexity of the disease requirements and the various demands faced by youths and their families at different developmental stages creates a challenge for any one model to encompass all the relevant variables [18]. The complex interplay between variables exceeds our modeling capability barring longitudinal data. Other variables to consider in future investigations include the level of responsibility assumed by the youth for the various aspects of his or her medical care, whether the youth has an accurate understanding of the regimen tasks required, the ability of the youth to execute these tasks and the level of competence exhibited by the youth to make adjustments when problems arise. Variables in the family system and treatment system may also make important contributions to these outcomes. Several limitations should be noted in interpreting these findings. First, results are based on a single point data collection, and not on repeated observations over a longer period of time. Data were collected during the summer, which presents the possibility of a seasonal bias. Perhaps youths experience
7 June 2004 DIABETES 467 less stress in the summer because they are not in school. In addition, activity levels may be increased in the summer, potentially affecting metabolic control. Generalizability may be limited by the differences in those who have regular visits compared with those who only seek care when there is an emergent problem such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In addition, this sample was not ethnically diverse. Also, the age range spanned several years of adolescence, and although this increases the range of generalizability, differences likely exist between adolescents at the extremes of this range with respect to development. The use of self-report of diabetes-specific stress, general stress, cognitive distortions, and adherence behavior may have caused participants to respond in a socially desirable way, overestimating their adherence behavior. In addition, the DCQ required participants to recall adherence behavior over the past week, and its reliability may have been compromised by faulty memory. Also, the length of time needed to complete the instruments may have produced fatigue and influenced responding in some way. A multi-method assessment of adherence would be preferable. Finally, a global measure of cognitive distortions was used in this study. An examination of diabetes-specific cognitive distortions and their relationship to adherence and metabolic control would be of interest for future research. Health care practitioners within diabetes treatment teams should be aware of the cognitive style, diabetes-specific stress, and life stressors of youths with diabetes, in addition to the typically obtained information on adherence and metabolic control. Examining the interconnections among these variables provides important clues for treatment decisions. For example, the finding that cognitive distortions play an indirect role in metabolic control has important implications for interventions. Coupled with the significant relationship revealed between adherence behavior and HbgA 1c levels, this indicates the potential usefulness of cognitive behavioral interventions in improving adherence and reducing stress among youths with type 1 diabetes. Such findings invite clinicians and researchers to examine the application of cognitive restructuring in decreasing cognitive distortions and potentially affecting metabolic control. This article is based on the first author s dissertation. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Children s Hospital of Wisconsin Foundation. References 1. Johnson SB. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood. In: Roberts M (ed). Handbook of Pediatric Psychology, 2nd edition. New York: The Guilford Press, 1995: Surwit R, Schneider M, Feinglos M. Stress and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992;15: Christie MJ, French D, Weatherstone L, West A. The patients perceptions of chronic disease and its management: Psychosomatics, holism and quality of life in contemporary management of childhood asthma. Psychother Psychosom 1991;56: Reid P, Appleton P. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: Regimen adherence in children and young people. Ir J Psychol 1991;12: Kovacs M, Iyengar S, Goldston D, et al. Psychological functioning of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal study. J Pediatr Psychol 1990;15: Bennett-Murphy LM, Thompson RJ, Morris MA. Adherence behavior among adolescents with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The role of cognitive appraisal processes. J Pediatr Psychol 1997;22: Liakopoulou M, Korvessi M, Dacou-Voutetakis C. Personality characteristics, environmental factors and glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 1: Brown RT, Kaslow NJ, Sansbury L, et al. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and attributional style in youth with diabetes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30: Kuttner MJ, Delamater AM, Santiago JV. Learned helplessness in diabetic youths. J Pediatr Psychol 1990;15: Kendall PC, Chansky TE, Kane MT, et al. Anxiety Disorders in Youth: Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions. New York: Allyn & Bacon, Thomas AM, Peterson L, Goldstein D. Problem solving and diabetes regimen adherence by children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes in social pressure situations: A reflection of normal development. J Pediatr Psychol 1997;22: Leitenberg H, Yost LW, Carroll-Wilson M. Negative cognitive errors in children: Questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986;54: Messer SC, Kempton T, Van Hasselt VB, et al. Cognitive distortions and adolescent affective disorder. Behav Modif 1994;18: Boardway R, Delamater A, Tomakowsky J, Gutai J. Stress management training for adolescents with diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1993;18: Moos R. Development and applications of new measures of life stressors, social resources, and coping responses. Eur J Psychol Assess 1995;11: Brownlee-Duffeck M, Peterson L, Simonds JF, et al. The role of health beliefs in the regimen adherence and metabolic control of adolescents and adults with diabetes mellitus. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987;55: Mueller RO. Basic Principles of Structural Equation Modeling: An Introduction to LISREL and EQS. New York: Springer- Verlag, La Greca AM, Schuman WB. Adherence to prescribed medical regimens. In: Roberts M (ed). Handbook of Pediatric Psychology, 2nd edition. New York: The Guilford Press, 1995:55 83.
Attributions of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes in Social Situations. Relationship with expected adherence, diabetes stress, and metabolic control
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Attributions of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes in Social Situations Relationship with expected adherence, diabetes stress,
More informationDevelopment of a New Fear of Hypoglycemia Scale: Preliminary Results
Development of a New Fear of Hypoglycemia Scale: Preliminary Results Jodi L. Kamps, 1 PHD, Michael C. Roberts, 2 PHD, ABPP, and R. Enrique Varela, 3 PHD 1 Children s Hospital of New Orleans, 2 University
More informationSelf-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism Subscale
Self-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism Subscale Simon B. Sherry, 1 Paul L. Hewitt, 1 * Avi Besser, 2 Brandy J. McGee, 1 and Gordon L. Flett 3
More informationFamily-centered Stress Management for Childhood Cancer: A Multimodal Intervention for Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer and their Families
Family-centered Stress Management for Childhood Cancer: A Multimodal Intervention for Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer and their Families Linda Ewing, Ph.D., RN Department of Psychiatry University
More informationSikha Naik Mark Vosvick, Ph.D, Chwee-Lye Chng, Ph.D, and John Ridings, A.A. Center for Psychosocial Health
Sikha Naik Mark Vosvick, Ph.D, Chwee-Lye Chng, Ph.D, and John Ridings, A.A. Subhrasikha Naik Senior Study and research chronic diseases Participate in gathering data for Project Cope, which is focused
More informationNegative Life Events, Self-Perceived Competence, and Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults
Cogn Ther Res (2007) 31:773 783 DOI 10.1007/s10608-006-9101-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Negative Life Events, Self-Perceived Competence, and Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults Dorothy J. Uhrlass Æ Brandon E. Gibb
More informationThe Youth Experience Survey 2.0: Instrument Revisions and Validity Testing* David M. Hansen 1 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
The Youth Experience Survey 2.0: Instrument Revisions and Validity Testing* David M. Hansen 1 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Reed Larson 2 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign February 28,
More informationChapter 3 - Does Low Well-being Modify the Effects of
Chapter 3 - Does Low Well-being Modify the Effects of PRISMA (Dutch DESMOND), a Structured Selfmanagement-education Program for People with Type 2 Diabetes? Published as: van Vugt M, de Wit M, Bader S,
More informationThe Effects of Stress and Coping Styles on Blood Glucose and Mood in Adolescents with Type 1. Diabetes. Richard Chang. Carnegie Mellon University
Stress and Coping in Diabetes 1 Running Head: STRESS AND COPING IN DIABETES The Effects of Stress and Coping Styles on Blood Glucose and Mood in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Richard Chang Carnegie
More informationSURVEY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDENTITY STYLE AND MARITAL SATISFACTION
: 4027-4032 ISSN: 2277 4998 SURVEY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDENTITY STYLE AND MARITAL SATISFACTION SAADI BAYAZIDI* Department of Psychology, Pyame Noor University, PO. BOX, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding
More informationReliability and Validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales, Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, and Cancer Module
2090 The PedsQL in Pediatric Cancer Reliability and Validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales, Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, and Cancer Module James W. Varni, Ph.D. 1,2
More informationDoing Quantitative Research 26E02900, 6 ECTS Lecture 6: Structural Equations Modeling. Olli-Pekka Kauppila Daria Kautto
Doing Quantitative Research 26E02900, 6 ECTS Lecture 6: Structural Equations Modeling Olli-Pekka Kauppila Daria Kautto Session VI, September 20 2017 Learning objectives 1. Get familiar with the basic idea
More informationChapter 3. Psychometric Properties
Chapter 3 Psychometric Properties Reliability The reliability of an assessment tool like the DECA-C is defined as, the consistency of scores obtained by the same person when reexamined with the same test
More informationAnalysis of the Reliability and Validity of an Edgenuity Algebra I Quiz
Analysis of the Reliability and Validity of an Edgenuity Algebra I Quiz This study presents the steps Edgenuity uses to evaluate the reliability and validity of its quizzes, topic tests, and cumulative
More informationRelationships between stage of change for stress management behavior and perceived stress and coping
Japanese Psychological Research 2010, Volume 52, No. 4, 291 297 doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00444.x Short Report Relationships between stage of change for stress management behavior and perceived stress
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP)
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) Drahota, A., Wood, J. J., Sze, K. M., & Van Dyke, M. (2011). Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on daily living skills in children with high-functioning autism and
More informationRunning head: EMOTION REGULATION MODERATES PERFECTIONISM 1. Depression in College Students. Jessica Drews. Faculty Advisor: Scott Pickett
Running head: EMOTION REGULATION MODERATES PERFECTIONISM 1 Emotion Regulation Difficulties as a Moderator of the Relationship between Perfectionism and Depression in College Students Jessica Drews Faculty
More informationStudy of Meditational Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Competitive Anxiety Elite Athletes
American Journal of Psychology and Cognitive Science Vol. 4, No. 3, 2018, pp. 26-30 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ajpcs ISSN: 2381-7453 (Print); ISSN: 2381-747X (Online) Study of Meditational Role of
More informationPATH ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL SUPPORT, INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS & PERCEIVED HEALTH IN URBAN ADOLESCENTS
PATH ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL SUPPORT, INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS & PERCEIVED HEALTH IN URBAN ADOLESCENTS Nancy M. H. Pontes, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, Presenter Assistant Professor, Rutgers University,
More informationAn Empirical Study on Causal Relationships between Perceived Enjoyment and Perceived Ease of Use
An Empirical Study on Causal Relationships between Perceived Enjoyment and Perceived Ease of Use Heshan Sun Syracuse University hesun@syr.edu Ping Zhang Syracuse University pzhang@syr.edu ABSTRACT Causality
More informationVitanya Vanno *, Wannee Kaemkate, Suwimon Wongwanich
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 116 ( 2014 ) 3226 3230 5 th World Conference on Educational Sciences - WCES 2013 Relationships between
More informationCognitive-Behavioral Assessment of Depression: Clinical Validation of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1983, Vol. 51, No. 5, 721-725 Copyright 1983 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment of Depression: Clinical Validation
More informationCHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Titles Page Nos. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION 88 97 AND DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 Objectives of the Study 89 3.2 Research Design
More informationManuscript Presentation: Writing up APIM Results
Manuscript Presentation: Writing up APIM Results Example Articles Distinguishable Dyads Chung, M. L., Moser, D. K., Lennie, T. A., & Rayens, M. (2009). The effects of depressive symptoms and anxiety on
More informationRelationship of Stress Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Students
IPA International Journal of Psychology Vol. 8, No. 1, Winter & Spring 2014 PP. 156-165 Iranian Psychological Association Relationship of Stress Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Students Bahman
More informationHighlights of the Research Consortium 2002 Non-Clinical Sample Study
A RESEARCH REPORT OF THE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM OF COUNSELING & PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES IN HIGHER EDUCATION Highlights of the Research Consortium 2002 Non-Clinical Sample Study by Lisa K. Kearney and Augustine
More informationSocial Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice
15 JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE APPLICATIONS & REVIEWS OF RESEARCH Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Self-esteem and Positive Health Practices: Implications for Practice Cynthia G.
More informationThe Bilevel Structure of the Outcome Questionnaire 45
Psychological Assessment 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 22, No. 2, 350 355 1040-3590/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0019187 The Bilevel Structure of the Outcome Questionnaire 45 Jamie L. Bludworth,
More informationReview of Various Instruments Used with an Adolescent Population. Michael J. Lambert
Review of Various Instruments Used with an Adolescent Population Michael J. Lambert Population. This analysis will focus on a population of adolescent youth between the ages of 11 and 20 years old. This
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Pielage, S. B. (2006). Adult attachment and psychosocial functioning. s.n.
University of Groningen Adult attachment and psychosocial functioning Pielage, Suzanne Brenda IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
More informationMeenu Singh, Joseph L. Mathew, Prabhjot Malhi, B.R. Srinivas and Lata Kumar
Comparison of Improvement in Quality of Life Score with Objective Parameters of Pulmonary Function in Indian Asthmatic Children Receiving Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy Meenu Singh, Joseph L. Mathew, Prabhjot
More informationResearch Article The Relationship of Allergy Severity to Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology: The Role of Attitude toward Illness
International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Allergy Volume 2011, Article ID 765309, 4 pages doi:10.5402/2011/765309 Research Article The Relationship of Allergy Severity to Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology:
More informationBRIEF REPORT. Gerald J. Haeffel. Zachary R. Voelz and Thomas E. Joiner, Jr. University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
COGNITION AND EMOTION 2007, 21 (3), 681688 BRIEF REPORT Vulnerability to depressive symptoms: Clarifying the role of excessive reassurance seeking and perceived social support in an interpersonal model
More informationAssessing Friend Support of Adolescents Diabetes Care: The Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire-Friends Version
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2002, pp. 417 428 Assessing Friend Support of Adolescents Diabetes Care: The Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire-Friends Version Karen J. Bearman, MS,
More informationVisualizing Success: Investigating the Relationship between Ability and Self-Efficacy in the Domain of Visual Processing
Visualizing Success: Investigating the Relationship between Ability and Self-Efficacy in the Domain of Visual Processing Jason Power, Jeffrey Buckley and Niall Seery Department of Design and Manufacturing
More informationT. Rene Jamison * and Jessica Oeth Schuttler
Jamison and Schuttler Molecular Autism (2015) 6:53 DOI 10.1186/s13229-015-0044-x RESEARCH Open Access Examining social competence, self-perception, quality of life, and internalizing and externalizing
More informationPersonality Traits Effects on Job Satisfaction: The Role of Goal Commitment
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Management Faculty Research Management, Marketing and MIS Fall 11-14-2009 Personality Traits Effects on Job Satisfaction: The Role of Goal Commitment Wai Kwan
More informationGezinskenmerken: De constructie van de Vragenlijst Gezinskenmerken (VGK) Klijn, W.J.L.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Gezinskenmerken: De constructie van de Vragenlijst Gezinskenmerken (VGK) Klijn, W.J.L. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Klijn, W. J. L. (2013).
More informationExamining the ability to detect change using the TRIM-Diabetes and TRIM-Diabetes Device measures
Qual Life Res (2011) 20:1513 1518 DOI 10.1007/s11136-011-9886-7 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Examining the ability to detect change using the TRIM-Diabetes and TRIM-Diabetes Device measures Meryl Brod Torsten Christensen
More informationCoping styles associated with heart failure outcomes: A systematic review
REVIEWS Coping styles associated with heart failure outcomes: A systematic review Lucinda J. Graven 1, Joan S. Grant 2, David E. Vance 2, Erica R. Pryor 2, Laurie Grubbs 1, Sally Karioth 1 1. College of
More informationResearch Article Measures of Adherence and Challenges in Using Glucometer Data in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: Rethinking the Value of Self-Report
Hindawi Diabetes Research Volume 2017, Article ID 1075428, 4 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1075428 Research Article Measures of Adherence and Challenges in Using Glucometer Data in Youth with Type
More informationDevelopment of a Shortened Form of the Coping Responses Inventory-Youth with an Australian Sample
Development of a Shortened Form of the Coping Responses Inventory-Youth with an Australian Sample Deborah J. Eyles & Glen W. Bates Swinburne University of Technology, Australia The 48-item Coping Responses
More informationHeterogeneity of Symptom Presentation in Sexually Abused Youth: Complex Profiles of a Complex Problem
Heterogeneity of Symptom Presentation in Sexually Abused Youth: Complex Profiles of a Complex Problem Genelle K. Sawyer, Poonam Tavkar, C. Thresa Yancey, David J. Hansen, and Mary Fran Flood University
More informationAntecedents of baccalaureate exam anxiety: testing a model of structural links by path analysis
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (2012) 60 64 PSIWORLD 2011 Antecedents of baccalaureate exam anxiety: testing a model of structural links by path analysis Viorel Robu a *, Ani oara Sandovici
More informationNAME: If interpreters are used, what is their training in child trauma? This depends upon the agency.
0000: General Name Spelled Culture-Specific Out Engagement For which specific cultural group(s) (i.e., SES, religion, race, ethnicity, gender, immigrants/refugees, disabled, homeless, LGBTQ, rural/urban
More informationModeling the Influential Factors of 8 th Grades Student s Mathematics Achievement in Malaysia by Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 3, No. 4, December 2014, pp. 172~177 ISSN: 2252-8814 172 Modeling the Influential Factors of 8 th Grades Student s Mathematics Achievement
More informationSystem and User Characteristics in the Adoption and Use of e-learning Management Systems: A Cross-Age Study
System and User Characteristics in the Adoption and Use of e-learning Management Systems: A Cross-Age Study Oscar Lorenzo Dueñas-Rugnon, Santiago Iglesias-Pradas, and Ángel Hernández-García Grupo de Tecnologías
More informationFAMILY RESILIENCY, UNCERTAINTY, OPTIMISM, AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV/AIDS
1 FAMILY RESILIENCY, UNCERTAINTY, OPTIMISM, AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV/AIDS Michael Patrick Frain, PhD. Under the supervision of Professor Norman L. Berven At the University of Wisconsin-Madison
More informationDispositional and Situational Avoidance and Approach as Predictors of Physical Symptom Bother Following Breast Cancer Diagnosis
ann. behav. med. (2016) 50:370 384 DOI 10.1007/s12160-015-9763-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dispositional and Situational Avoidance and Approach as Predictors of Physical Symptom Bother Following Breast Cancer Diagnosis
More informationChildhood Healthcare Experience, Healthcare Attitudes, and Optimism as Predictors of Adolescents Healthcare Behavior
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Psychology Faculty Publications Department of Psychology 2008 Childhood Healthcare Experience, Healthcare Attitudes, and Optimism as Predictors
More informationTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS MANAGEMENT
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS MANAGEMENT Ms S Ramesar Prof P Koortzen Dr R M Oosthuizen Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology University of South Africa th
More informationValidation of Coping Styles and Emotions Undergraduate Inventory on Romanian Psychology Students
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 ( 2013 ) 1116 1120 2 nd World Conference on Educational Technology Researches WCETR2012 Validation of Coping Styles
More informationSex Differences in Depression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
171 Sex Differences in Depression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Andrae J. Laws, McNair Scholar, Penn State University Faculty Research Advisor Dr. Peter A. Arnett, Associate Professor of Psychology
More informationChildren's Attributional Style Questionnaire Revised: Psychometric Examination
Psychological Assessment 1998, Vol. 10, No. 2, 166-170 Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1040-3590/98/J3.00 Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire Revised: Psychometric
More informationInvestigation of the relationship between coping styles and early maladaptive schemas
International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 20 Available online at www.irjabs.com ISSN 22-88X / Vol, 0 (7): 8-89 Science Explorer Publications Investigation of the relationship between
More informationText-based Document. Psychometric Evaluation of the Diabetes Self-Management Instrument-Short Form (DSMI-20) Lin, Chiu-Chu; Lee, Chia-Lun
The Henderson Repository is a free resource of the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International. It is dedicated to the dissemination of nursing research, researchrelated, and evidence-based
More informationF. J. Cameron*, D. Smidts, K. Hesketh, M. Wake and E. A. Northam. Summary. Introduction. CHQ, BASC, maladjustment, children, screening
Early detection of emotional and behavioural problems Oxford, DME Diabetic 0742-3071 Blackwell 20 Original Emotional UK Article article Medicine Publishing Science well-being: Ltd, Ltd. screening 2003
More informationExamining the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to understand pre-service teachers intention to use technology*
Examining the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to understand pre-service teachers intention to use technology* Timothy Teo & Chwee Beng Lee Nanyang Technology University Singapore This
More informationAutobiographical memory as a dynamic process: Autobiographical memory mediates basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Research in Personality 42 (2008) 1060 1066 Brief Report Autobiographical memory as a dynamic process: Autobiographical memory mediates basic tendencies
More informationEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE skills assessment: technical report
OnlineAssessments EISA EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE skills assessment: technical report [ Abridged Derek Mann ] To accompany the Emotional Intelligence Skills Assessment (EISA) by Steven J. Stein, Derek Mann,
More informationExtension of the Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale for Use With Late Adolescents
Journal of Family Psychology 1997, Vol. 11, No. 2, 246-250 Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. O893-32OO/97/S3.OO BRIEF REPORTS Extension of the Children's Perceptions of Interparental
More informationABSTRACT. Field of Research: Academic achievement, Emotional intelligence, Gifted students.
217- Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education (GSE2013) EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS PREDICTOR OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG GIFTED STUDENTS Ghasem Mohammadyari Department of educational science, Payame
More informationImplicit Theories Relate to Youth Psychopathology, But How? A Longitudinal Test of Two Predictive Models
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev (2016) 47:603 617 DOI 10.1007/s10578-015-0595-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Implicit Theories Relate to Youth Psychopathology, But How? A Longitudinal Test of Two Predictive Models Jessica
More informationIntroduction to Special Issue: Evidence-Based Assessment in Pediatric Psychology
Introduction to Special Issue: Evidence-Based Assessment in Pediatric Psychology Lindsey L. Cohen, 1 PHD, Annette M. La Greca, 2 PHD, Ronald L. Blount, 3 PHD, Anne E. Kazak, 4 PHD, Grayson N. Holmbeck,
More informationS P O U S A L R ES E M B L A N C E I N PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A C O M PA R I SO N O F PA R E N T S O F C H I LD R E N W I T H A N D WITHOUT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Aggregation of psychopathology in a clinical sample of children and their parents S P O U S A L R ES E M B L A N C E I N PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A C O M PA R I SO N O F PA R E N T S O F C H I LD R E N W I T H
More informationFAMILY FUNCTIONING AND DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH TYPE I DIABETES
FAMILY FUNCTIONING AND DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH TYPE I DIABETES By KELLY N. WALKER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
More informationTeacher stress: A comparison between casual and permanent primary school teachers with a special focus on coping
Teacher stress: A comparison between casual and permanent primary school teachers with a special focus on coping Amanda Palmer, Ken Sinclair and Michael Bailey University of Sydney Paper prepared for presentation
More informationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Volume 1, Number 1 Submitted: October 16, 2004 First Revision: November 23, 2004 Accepted: November 30, 2004 Publication Date: January 5, 2005 AN ANALYSIS OF
More informationSuzan N. Kucukarslan PhD,* Kristin S. Lee PharmD, Tejal D. Patel PharmD and Beejal Ruparelia PharmD. Abstract
An experiment using hypothetical patient scenarios in healthy subjects to evaluate the treatment satisfaction and medication adherence intention relationship Suzan N. Kucukarslan PhD,* Kristin S. Lee PharmD,
More informationMotivation: Internalized Motivation in the Classroom 155
24 Motivation Internalized Motivation in the Classroom Kennon M. Sheldon The motivation that students bring to a classroom setting is critical in determining how much, and how well, they learn. This activity
More informationCONVERGENT VALIDITY OF THE MMPI A AND MACI SCALES OF DEPRESSION 1
Psychological Reports, 2009, 105, 605-609. Psychological Reports 2009 CONVERGENT VALIDITY OF THE MMPI A AND MACI SCALES OF DEPRESSION 1 ERIN K. MERYDITH AND LeADELLE PHELPS University at Buffalo, SUNY
More informationInternational Conference on Humanities and Social Science (HSS 2016)
International Conference on Humanities and Social Science (HSS 2016) The Chinese Version of WOrk-reLated Flow Inventory (WOLF): An Examination of Reliability and Validity Yi-yu CHEN1, a, Xiao-tong YU2,
More informationCRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) FOCUSED QUESTION What is the evidence that technology-based prevention interventions are an effective means of reducing substance use in adolescents? Fang, L., & Schinke,
More informationTable of Contents. Preface to the third edition xiii. Preface to the second edition xv. Preface to the fi rst edition xvii. List of abbreviations xix
Table of Contents Preface to the third edition xiii Preface to the second edition xv Preface to the fi rst edition xvii List of abbreviations xix PART 1 Developing and Validating Instruments for Assessing
More informationThe dual pathway model of overeating Ouwens, Machteld; van Strien, T.; van Leeuwe, J. F. J.; van der Staak, C. P. F.
Tilburg University The dual pathway model of overeating Ouwens, Machteld; van Strien, T.; van Leeuwe, J. F. J.; van der Staak, C. P. F. Published in: Appetite Publication date: 2009 Link to publication
More informationDoes the Use of Personality Inventory Cause Bias on Assessment Center Results Because of Social Desirability? Yasin Rofcanin Levent Sevinç
Does the Use of Personality Inventory Cause Bias on Assessment Center Results Because of Social Desirability? Yasin Rofcanin Levent Sevinç Introduction According to the guidelines, in an assessment center
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis procedure will be discussed in order to meet the objectives of the study.
More informationThe IE-ACCME test. The IE-ACCME test. MetaEmotional Intelligence: Antonella D'Amico. Meta-Emotional Intelligence in adolescents
Measuring and empowering Meta-Emotional Intelligence in adolescents Measuring : Antonella D'Amico Models and assessment tools of EI differ greatly: ABILITY MODELS TRAIT OR MIXED MODELS Mayer and Salovey
More informationA Study of a Diet Improvement Method for Controlling High Sodium Intake Based on Protective Motivation Theory
pissn 1229-1153 / eissn 2465-9223 J. Food Hyg. Saf. Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 89~93 (2018) https://doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2018.33.2.89 Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at http://www.foodhygiene.or.kr
More informationExploring the Utility of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Framework for School-Based Gambling Prevention Programs
Exploring the Utility of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Framework for School-Based Gambling Prevention Programs Renée A. St-Pierre, Caroline E. Temcheff,, Jeffrey L. Derevensky, & Rina Gupta 16th
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND TREATMENT-RELATED VARIABLES ON ADHERENCE AND METABOLIC CONTROL IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND TREATMENT-RELATED VARIABLES ON ADHERENCE AND METABOLIC CONTROL IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS Lene J. Kristensen, Niels H. Birkebaek, Anne H. Mose, Morten
More informationAlternative Methods for Assessing the Fit of Structural Equation Models in Developmental Research
Alternative Methods for Assessing the Fit of Structural Equation Models in Developmental Research Michael T. Willoughby, B.S. & Patrick J. Curran, Ph.D. Duke University Abstract Structural Equation Modeling
More informationMultidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Interpretive Report. Paul L. Hewitt, Ph.D. & Gordon L. Flett, Ph.D.
Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale Paul L. Hewitt, Ph.D. & Gordon L. Flett, Ph.D. Interpretive Report This Interpretive Report is intended for the sole use of the test administrator and is not to be
More informationStability and Change of Adolescent. Coping Styles and Mental Health: An Intervention Study. Bernd Heubeck & James T. Neill. Division of Psychology
Stability and Change of Adolescent Coping Styles and Mental Health: An Intervention Study Bernd Heubeck & James T. Neill Division of Psychology The Australian National University Paper presented to the
More informationPredictors of Avoidance of Help-Seeking: Social Achievement Goal Orientation, Perceived Social Competence and Autonomy
World Applied Sciences Journal 17 (5): 637-642, 2012 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publications, 2012 Predictors of Avoidance of Help-Seeking: Social Achievement Goal Orientation, Perceived Social Competence and
More informationA Cross-Cultural Study of Psychological Well-being Among British and Malaysian Fire Fighters
A Cross-Cultural Study of Psychological Well-being Among British and Malaysian Fire Fighters Mohd. Dahlan Hj. A. Malek, Ida Shafinaz Mohd Universiti Malaysia Sabah Abstract Psychological consideration
More informationNisha Beharie, DrPH. Postdoctoral Fellow National Development and Research Institutes, Inc.
Nisha Beharie, DrPH Postdoctoral Fellow National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. New York City is facing levels of homelessness among families that has not been seen since the Great Depression.
More informationThe Beliefs About Medication Scale: Development, Reliability, and Validity
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2002 ( C 2002) The Beliefs About Medication Scale: Development, Reliability, and Validity Kristin A. Riekert 1,3 and Dennis Drotar
More informationWords: 1393 (excluding table and references) Exploring the structural relationship between interviewer and self-rated affective
Interviewer and self-rated affective symptoms in HD 1 Words: 1393 (excluding table and references) Tables: 1 Corresponding author: Email: Maria.Dale@leicspart.nhs.uk Tel: +44 (0) 116 295 3098 Exploring
More informationThe Relationships Among Competitiveness, Age and Ability In Distance Runners
Wayne State University Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies College of Education 12-1-1994 The Relationships Among Competitiveness, Age and Ability In Distance Runners Robert C. Eklund University of Western
More informationCareer Counseling and Services: A Cognitive Information Processing Approach
Career Counseling and Services: A Cognitive Information Processing Approach James P. Sampson, Jr., Robert C. Reardon, Gary W. Peterson, and Janet G. Lenz Florida State University Copyright 2003 by James
More informationTERMINOLOGY INSECURITY? APPLICATION OF ATTACHMENT THEORY TO THE HUMAN-COMPANION ANIMAL BOND, AND REVIEW OF ITS EFFECTS
TERMINOLOGY INSECURITY? APPLICATION OF ATTACHMENT THEORY TO THE HUMAN-COMPANION ANIMAL BOND, AND REVIEW OF ITS EFFECTS Stephanie Wilmore, M. Ed. Doctoral Candidate, Washington State University Pre-Doctoral
More informationThe Impact of Mothers' Sense of Empowerment oh the Metabolic Control of Their Children With Juvenile Diabetes
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1998, pp. 239-247 The Impact of Mothers' Sense of Empowerment oh the Metabolic Control of Their Children With Juvenile Diabetes Victor Florian, 1 PhD, and
More informationReliability and Validity of the Divided
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12:89 98 Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis, Inc. ISSN: 1382-5585/05 DOI: 10.1080/13825580590925143 Reliability and Validity of the Divided Aging, 121Taylor NANC 52900
More informationThe Study on the Relations among Perfectionism & Coping Style & Interpersonal Relationship of University Students
The Study on the Relations among Perfectionism & Coping Style & Interpersonal Relationship of University Students Xiaofeng Zhang Physical Science College, Qufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong,
More informationRunning head: SUNBURN AND SUN EXPOSURE 1. Summer Sunburn and Sun Exposure Among US Youths Ages 11 to 18: National Prevalence and Associated Factors
Running head: SUNBURN AND SUN EXPOSURE 1 Summer Sunburn and Sun Exposure Among US Youths Ages 11 to 18: National Prevalence and Associated Factors Ashley Roberts University of Cincinnati SUNBURN AND SUN
More informationA study of association between demographic factor income and emotional intelligence
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. V, Issue 1/ April 2017 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) A study of association between demographic factor income and emotional
More informationAttachment orientations and spouse support in adults with type 2 diabetes
Psychology, Health & Medicine, May 2005; 10(2): 161 165 Attachment orientations and spouse support in adults with type 2 diabetes OHAD COHEN 1, GURIT E. BIRNBAUM 2, RAANAN MEYUCHAS 2, ZEHAVA LEVINGER 3,
More informationApplications of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in Humanities and Science Researches
Applications of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in Humanities and Science Researches Dr. Ayed Al Muala Department of Marketing, Applied Science University aied_muala@yahoo.com Dr. Mamdouh AL Ziadat
More informationAvoidant Coping Moderates the Association between Anxiety and Physical Functioning in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Avoidant Coping Moderates the Association between Anxiety and Physical Functioning in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Eisenberg SA 1, Shen BJ 1, Singh K 1, Schwarz ER 2, Mallon SM 3 1 University of
More information