Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Central Zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Central Zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia"

Transcription

1 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Central Zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia T/Kiros Giday 1, Huruy Aseffa 2 and Abadi Kidanemariam 3 1 Urban health Extension program coordinator, Aksum town health office, Tigray, north Ethiopia tgiday2013@gmail.com 2 College Dean, Aksum Araya kahsu health Science College, Tigray, north Ethiopia abadik021@gmail.com 3 Huruy Assefa, Mekelle University college of health science, Tigray, north Ethiopia Abstract In the Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder, in which the body is unable to utilize glucose from food due to insulin problems, and it accounts around 90 % of all diabetic cases. Globally, the prevalence of diabetes in 2010 among adults aged years is estimated a 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of adult diabetes is estimated 4.5 % with 1.9 million cases in Despite the fact that the prevalence and incidence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus increases due to different factors, efforts has not been paid by health-care practitioners and policy makers on the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Therefore; this study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the risk factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based Case control study was conducted using systematic random sampling technique. A sample of 73 cases and 290 controls were selected from all the three hospitals in central zone of Tigray using population proportion to size allocation. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data using face to face interview. Data were entered using Epi-info software. Data cleaning and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 computer software. Keywords: Mellitus, Tigray Descriptive statistics like frequency, mean, and median have been computed and presented using tables and texts. Bivariate logistic regression was used and variables statistically significant at p< 0.05 were taking to the multivariable logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression was done to identify the risk factors associated with Type 2 DM. A P < 0.05 was considered significant for the analysis of this study. Results: The results of the study showed that; Smoking tobacco (AOR = 4.254, 95% CI = [1.159, ]), Poor diet(aor = 7.044, 95% CI = [2.475,20.049]), Physical inactivity (AOR = 8.942, 95% CI = [2.866, ]), Overweight/obesity (AOR= 9.608, 95% CI = [3.561, ]) and hypertension (AOR = 5.938, 95% CI = 1 [2.134, ]) were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion and Recommendation: Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus was seen in behavioral and medical related factors. Policy makers, health professionals as well as the community in large should emphasis in primary and secondary prevention activities Key words: type two diabetic mellitus, risk factor, central zone, Tigray 1. Introduction 1.1. Back ground of the study Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin effectively. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that allows glucose from food to enter the body s cells where it is converted into energy needed by muscles and tissues to function (1). Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes (1). It can be linked to be accounting for around 90 % of all diabetic cases, in which the body is unable to utilize glucose from food (2). In type 2 diabetes, the body is able to produce insulin but either this is not sufficient or the body is unable to respond to its effects (also known as insulin resistance), leading to a build-up of glucose in the blood (1). The muscle and tissue cells become resistant to insulin, which results in glucose accumulation in the blood stream (3). It usually occurs in adults, but is increasingly seen in children and adolescents as well (1). Diabetes can be diagnosed on any of the following WHO criteria: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or, 2 hour plasma glucose 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) or, Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5% / 48 mmol/mol, or Random plasma glucose 11.1

2 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: mmol/l(200 mg/dl) (4). Diabetes is now one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in most high-income countries (5). Approximately 5.1 million people aged between 20 and 79 years died from diabetes in 2013, accounting for 8.4% of global allcause mortality among people in this age group (1). There is substantial evidence that it is epidemic in many low- and middle-income countries (5) with an increasing proportion of affected people in younger age groups (4). Diabetes caused 522,600 deaths among people aged years in the African Region in 2013 (6). Rapid uncontrolled urbanization and major changes in lifestyle could be driving this epidemic (7). In Ethiopia, 34,262 adults aged years died from diabetes in 2013 (6). World Health Organization recommends, simple lifestyle measures are effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. People should: achieve and maintain healthy body weight; be physically active at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensive activity on most days. More activity is required for weight control; eat a healthy diet of between three and five servings of fruit and vegetables a day and reduce sugar and saturated fats intake; avoid tobacco use (8). Early identification of potential complications can provide opportunities for intervention, education, and referral to a specialist when necessary (9) Statement of the Problem The world prevalence of diabetes in 2010 among adults aged years is estimated to 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults. Between 2010 and 2030, there is an expected 70% increase in numbers of adults with diabetes in developing countries and a 20% increase in developed countries (10). It has been described as a killer disease in so many situations. It is now ranked among one of the most common noncommunicable diseases in the world. It falls within 4th 5th leading cause of death in most developed countries and there are facts and figures that it is epidemic in many developing and newly industrialized countries (11). The number of people with Type 2 diabetes is growing rapidly worldwide. This rise is associated with economic development, ageing populations, increasing urbanization, dietary changes, reduced physical activity, and changes in other lifestyle patterns (1).The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus grossly affects indigenous and developing populations (12). Many patients with diabetes mellitus are unaware that they have diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus may be present for up to a decade before diagnosis. Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have one or more of 2 diabetes mellitus related complications at diagnosis. It is recommended to screen those at risk of developing diabetes mellitus using fasting blood glucose (FBS). The morbidity and mortality of diabetes mellitus related complications can be greatly reduced if detected and treated at an early stage (13). The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes varies widely between population, reflecting differences in both environment influences and genetic susceptibility. A number of risk factors are attributed to the incidence of type 2 diabetes, including family history, age, and social group characteristics, behavioral and lifestyle, physiological and clinical factors (14). According to WHO, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing in developing countries due to sedentary lifestyles, aging, unhealthy diets (15). In Africa, Currently an estimated 19.8 million adults have diabetes with a regional prevalence of 4.9%. The ranges of prevalence between countries reflect the rapid socioeconomic and demographic transitions faced by communities throughout the Region. The highest prevalence of diabetes in the Africa Region is on the island of Reunion (15.4%), followed by Seychelles (12.1%), Gabon (10.7%) and Zimbabwe (9.7%). Some of Africa s most populous countries have the highest numbers of people with diabetes, including: Nigeria (3.9 million), South Africa (2.6 million), Ethiopia (1.9 million), and the United Republic of Tanzania (1.7 million). More than half of all people with diabetes in the Region live in just four of these high-population countries (1). In sub- Saharan Africa, growth rates of diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the highest worldwide. While today an overall DM prevalence of 4% is assumed, the number of affected patients is projected to double from 12 to 24 million within the next 20 years (7, 16). DM and other chronic diseases hit Africa in particular due to different reasons. The health system does not reach a considerable portion of the population, has a focus on emergencies and infectious diseases, and is frequently limited in staff and infrastructure. Health workers lack often sufficient training in chronic disease management (16). In Ethiopia, International diabetes federation estimates the number of adult diabetic cases to be 1.9 million with national prevalence of 4.5 percent in 2013 (1). National data on prevalence and incidence of diabetes are lacking. However, patient attendance rates and medical admissions in major hospitals are rising (17). Despite the fact that the prevalence and incidence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus increases due to population growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity, efforts has not been paid by health-care practitioners and policy makers on the prevention of

3 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: the risk factors of type 2 diabetes and no published studies have been conducted on the risk factors in Tigray region and as well as in the study area. Understanding the risk factors of Diabetes Type 2 and the people affected, now and in the future, is important to allow rational planning and allocation of resources. Therefore; this study aims to assess the risk factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone Significance of the Study Type 2 diabetes mellitus is currently increasing due to different factors in Ethiopia. This can be prevented by improving healthy life styles. Assessing the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus maximize the efforts on the prevention mechanisms to solve the problems. This study was aimed to provide information for health professionals, policy makers and other governmental and Nongovernmental organizations to maximize efforts on the prevention of type 2 Diabetes mellitus in the country as well as in the study area. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Socio demographic related Factors According to International Diabetes federation (IDF) Atlas 2013, Type 2 diabetes accounts for 85% to 95% of all diabetes in high-income countries and may account for an even higher percentage in low- and middle income countries. Type 2 diabetes is a common condition and a serious global health problem. In most countries diabetes has increased alongside rapid cultural and social changes: ageing populations, increasing urbanization, (1). Rapid increase in both the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes has occurred globally with significant increase, in societies in economic transition (18). Almost half of all adults with diabetes are between the ages of 40 and 59 years. More than 80% of the people with diabetes in this age group live in lowand middle-income countries (1). Low education associated with Type 2 diabetes (19, 20). A 3 year follow up study in Denmark on the risk factors of type 2 diabetes shows that, the most important known non-modifiable risk factors are ageing, heredity (21). Studies in Northern Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa, The increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Africa has been attributable in part to urbanization and urban residence (22, 23). In Nigeria, the prevalence and risk factors of adult Diabetes study shows Age (OR = 1.053, 95% CI: ), social class, and 3 Ethnicity was significantly associated with type 2 Diabetes. This study shows the association of each risk factor with adult diabetes in Nigeria. Diabetes was more frequent in people aged 50 years and social class, Subjects in the highest socioeconomic class showed significantly higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes when compared with the others, Diabetes was more prevalent in the Ibibio and Hausa_/Fulani subjects than the other ethnic groups (24). In Ethiopia, A community based study in Jima town shows that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 5.3% and significantly associated with age (8.2%), those who have middle income(11.2%), male in sex (9.2%) and over weight (12.6%), (P< 0.05) (25) Behavioral related Factors Studies from England and Asia have elaborated the associations between several risk factors and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Smoking, physical inactivity, and dietary patterns, are the most frequently documented risk factors for type 2 diabetes (19, 20). A study in Denmark on the risk factors of type 2 diabetes also shows that, the most important modifiable risk factors are obesity, dietary factors, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption (21). The increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Africa has been attributable in part to sedentary lifestyle, behavioral habits, physical inactivity, low intake of fruits and vegetables, high intake of animal fat and protein, and lifestyle changes (22, 23). The prevalence and risk factors of type 2 Diabetes in Nigeria study shows, Physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, Alcohol intake was significantly associated with type 2 Diabetes. Subjects who drank more than 21 units of alcohol per week were more likely to have diabetes than those who drank moderately (24). Physical activity has been identified as an integral part in primary prevention of type 2 DM in high risk people and in secondary prevention of associated complications in people already diagnosed with diabetes. Physical activity contribute to improve insulin sensitivity, decrease blood glucose and blood pressure level, weight loss, reduce triglycerides and cholesterol, increase muscle tone, improve circulation, stress relief and well being feelings (26). Heavy drinking has been implicated as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (27). In the majority of prospective studies, heavy drinkers have higher risk than light/moderate drinkers and in many studies heavy drinkers have the highest risk. In the Paris Prospective Study, persons with diabetes had a higher risk of death by cirrhosis, which was strongly associated with alcohol consumption (28). An increased risk of diabetes was found in men who

4 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: drank >21 drinks/week when compared with men who drank 1 drink/week (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.20) while no significant association was found in women. The relative odds of incident diabetes in a comparison of men who drank >14 drinks of spirits per week with men who were current drinkers but reported no regular use of spirits, beer, or wine were 1.82 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.92). Results of this study support the hypothesis that high alcohol intake increases diabetes risk among middle-aged men (29). The resent study from Bishoftu, Ethiopia indicates that frequent drinkers were 4.54 times affected by diabetes than moderate drinkers (OR = 4.54, 95% CI: ) (30). Studies also reported that current smoking is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (31). A meta- analysis including 25 prospective studies showed that current smoking was associated with a 44% increased risk of diabetes. The association between smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus was stronger for heavy smokers > 20 cigarettes/day compared with light smokers or former smokers (32). Other case control study in India shows that tobacco use and physical activity was significant factors; and individuals who use tobacco were 2.49 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus than who do not use tobacco (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: ) ( 35) Bio-medical related Factors Overweight/ obesity in BMI, hypertension, and family history, are the most frequently documented risk factors for type 2 diabetes (19, 20). The increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Africa has been attributable in part to obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (22, 23). A study in Ghana shows the factors independently associated with type 2 Diabetes included a diabetes family history (OR= 3.8; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), (33). Similar study in Kenya, hospital based case control study on risk factors of type 2 diabetes among diabetic clients show that family history of Diabetes (RR=2.2, P= ) and obesity (RR = 2.0, p = ) identified as independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes in the study (34). A study in Nigeria shows that the prevalence and risk factors of adult Diabetes was significantly more prevalent in people with a family history of diabetes 9.45 times more likely to develop Type 2 DM compared with those without a family history (OR = 9.45, 95% CI: ) (24). A case control study from India in 2013 shows that Systolic blood pressure was 4.69 higher the risk factor for the development of type 2 DM ( OR= 4.69, 95% CI of (35). A Study from Ethiopia also shows that the risk factors of adult Diabetes mellitus associated with history of hypertension (13.51%) OR: 4.75, CI 95% ( ) (30). Over 80 % of people with Type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese (36). The probable cause of obesity in developing countries has been attributed to the current lifestyle, where urbanization, better economic development and an increase in income have resulted in diet changes and less physical activity. Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (37), and results from an imbalance between excessive calorie consumption and low physical activity. The link between obesity and Diabetes development was through insulin resistance caused by fatty tissue followed by progressive beta cells failure because forced to increase amount of insulin blood glucose then accumulates and induced apoptosis of beta cells, insulin deficiency will occur and diabetes comes as a diagnosis (38). Overweighed subjects showed 4.32 more common undiagnosed diabetes mellitus than subjects with normal BMI [OR=4.32, 95% CI: ] (30) Conceptual Framework of the Study The study was assessed the risk factors of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Variables were selected based on the reports of different literatures. Sociodemographic factors, Behavioral factors, Bio medical factors and the outcome variable type 2 Diabetes focused on this study. 4

5 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Socio demographic factors Age Sex Education Place of residence Marital status Ethnicity Income Behavioral factors Frequent alcohol Consumption Cigarette smoking Physical inactivity Poor diet Biomedical Factors Overweight /Obesity/ History of hypertension Family history of Diabetes Outcome variable Type 2 diabetes mellitus Figure 1.A Conceptual framework developed from different literature reviews. 3. Objectives 3.1. General objective The general objective of the study was to assess the risk factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia Specific objective To identify factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone, North Ethiopia. 5

6 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: To assess anthropometry associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in central zone of tigray, North Ethiopia 4. Methods and Materials 4.1. Study Area and Period The study was conducted in central zone, Tigray region which is located in northern part of Ethiopia, which is 1,245 km from Addis Ababa and 235 km from Mekelle to the Administrative city of central zone. The zone includes 9 district woredas and 3 urban woredas, the total population is estimated to be 1,131,697 according to the 2007 population and house hold survey. The estimated population consisted of 576,367 females (51%), 556,330 males (49%), (39). Moreover, central zone has 2 District, one zonal governmental hospital, and 57 health centers. There are 3 governmental hospitals who give chronic care services including Diabetes mellitus. There is no health center that gives Diabetes mellitus care follow up in the study area. According to the hospital reports in the study area, there are currently 817 type 2 diabetic patients on follow up in the study area. The study was conducted from February to March, 2014 in central zone Study Design Facility based case control study was conducted 4.3. Population Source population The source population of the study was adults with Type 2 diabetic mellitus and without diabetic mellitus clients in central zone Study Population The study population were sample of adults with type 2 diabetic mellitus who have follow-ups and without diabetic mellitus clients who were visitors and care givers at the data collection period in central zone Study unit Selected individuals with type 2 Diabetic mellitus who have follow-ups and without diabetes mellitus who were visitors and care givers at the data collection period in the study area Inclusion criteria and Exclusion criteria Inclusion Criteria Cases (Type 2 Diabetic patients who have follow-ups) and controls (without diabetes who were patient visitors and care givers) aged 20 years in the study area were included and, Individuals who are permanent (>6 month) residence in the study area Exclusion Criteria Type 2 Diabetic patients who were critically ill and unable to communicate in the study period were excluded from the study. Type 2 Diabetic patients who were not volunteering for the study were excluded from the study. Pregnant women were excluded from the study. Individuals with known communicable and non communicable disease were excluded from the control study subjects in the study period Sample size Determination and Sampling Strategy Sample size Determination The sample size was determining by using Open EPI- INFO software to estimate the sample size required for the study. A 95% confidence level and 80% power was using to detect OR= 2.49 with prevalence exposure of controls 18.5%. Tobacco use was using as exposure variable (35). The population for this study consisted of sampled cases and controls of adults who have follow ups in the study area. The ratios of cases to Controls were 1:4 and the final estimated sample size was 66 for cases and 261 for controls which is 327. For the non response rate 10% was added to give a total sample size of 73 cases and 290 controls Sampling Procedure The study was conducted using systematic random sampling technique. All the three hospitals found in Central zone of Tigray were included in the study. Cases were selected from the outpatient department of the hospitals, and Controls who were non diabetic study subjects were selected from the visitors and care givers at the data collection time in the study

7 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: area. Screening has been carried for the non diabetic study subjects by determining either Fasting plasma glucose or Random plasma glucose. One record of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or, Random plasma glucose <11.1 mmol/l(200 mg/dl) (4) was considered to select the controls. The number of study units to be sampled from cases and controls were selected using population proportion to size allocation and, systematic random sampling was employed to select each study subjects. Every 6 th sampling fraction was used to determine the study subjects after taking the preliminary data. Based on the sampling fraction a starting client was determined by using simple random sampling techniques. When an individual does not satisfy the inclusion criteria, the next participant was included in the study Data collection Procedure Quantitative primary data have been collected using structured pre-tested questionnaires by using face to face interviews in areas where the privacy of the clients maintained. The questionnaire was including socio demographic and economic conditions, Behavioral factors, biomedical, and physical measurements were applied for weight and height to calculate BMI. The questionnaire was adapted from WHO step wise approach for non communicable disease surveillance (40) by considering the national situations of the study subjects. This was initially prepared in English and then translated in to Tigrigna version. The Tigrigna version again translated back to English to check for consistency of meaning. Five nurse data collectors and 2 nurse supervisors were employed in the data collection process. Training was given by the principal investigator for two consecutive days to have enough knowledge on the techniques, ethics of data collection, quality and completeness of the data collection process. Data collectors and supervisors were assigned to the three hospitals in Central zone, and the data collection process was taking one month. Participants who were not interested to provide information at the time of data collection were considered as non-response Study Variables Outcome Variables Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Independent Variables Socio economic factors 7 Age, Sex, Place of residence, Religion, Ethnicity, marital status, Level of education, Occupational status, Monthly Income Behavioral factors Physical activity, Smoking, diet habits, Alcohol consumption Biomedical factors Family history of DM, History of hypertension, Obesity (overweight) 4.8. Operational Definitions Physical activity: Clients, who had practiced any regular physical activity per week, It is categorized as active those who practiced >300 minutes moderate physical activity, moderately active those who practiced minutes moderate physical activity like fast walking and swimming per week, physically inactive less than 150 minutes per week including for those in sedentary life style or its equivalent vigorous physical activity. Smoking: smoking habit was assessed as Ever smoking (current + previous smoking) as well as current smokers, previous smokers and Non smokers regardless of the amount and frequency of use. Alcohol users: Ever drinking alcohol regardless of the amount and frequency of use. This was categorized as Heavy drinkers for those who drink > 21units/week, Moderate drinkers units/week, and less drinkers for those who drinks < 14 units/week (29). Body mass index (Kg/m 2) : Body mass index (BMI) is used to measure whether or not clients have healthy weight or underweight, overweight or obese. Height was measured by using a stadiometer, standing upright on a flat surface. Body weight was measured while wearing light clothes by an adjusted scale. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. In this study it is categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m 2 ), Normal ( kg/m 2 ), overweight ( kg/m 2 ), and obese (>30 kg/m 2 ) (41). Family history of DM Clients regarded as positive if either of parents, Sister or brother (s) have diabetes mellitus. Poor diet Those who do not eat fruits and vegetables in their diet, and categorized those who eat less than 3 daily servings of fruits and vegetables,

8 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: and good diet categorized according to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan as individuals who eat fruits and vegetables > 3 servings per day (42). Hypertension defined as either systolic BP > 140 mmhg or diastolic BP >90 mmhg (42), two readings 5 minutes apart will be conducted and the mean BP was taken. Based on this finding, individuals who diagnosed positive for hypertension was considered positive for the history of hypertension Data Management and Analysis Data was entered using EPI- INFO version computer software, and cleaning & analyzing were done by SPSS version 20.The raw data was handled carefully from loosing of available data using computer password. Data cleaning was performed by running frequency of each variable to check accuracy, inconsistency and missed value of the data. Before analysis of the data, recoding of variables was conducted to make easy for analysis. Descriptive statistics like frequency, Mean with standard deviation for normally distributed data and median with inter quartile range for non-normally distributed data to all variables which were related to the objective of the study was computed and have been presented using tables and texts. The association between single explanatory variable and dependent variable was examined through bivariate analysis, by computing odds ratio at 95% confidence level. Multivariable logistic regression was doing to identify the risk factors associated with type two diabetes mellitus, and to control confounding variables. Crude and Adjusted odds ratio with 95% Confidence Interval was calculating. For all statistical significance tests between each independent and dependent variables, significant at P < 0.05 was considered reliable for the analysis of this study Quality Assurance Intensive two days training was provided for data collectors and supervisors by the principal investigator to have better awareness about the data collection techniques, ethical considerations and quality of the data. Before the actual data collection, pre-test was conducting on 5% of the same source population in Shire Sehul hospital. Based on the findings of the pre test modifications and developments of the tool had made. Data collectors were informed to check the completeness of each questionnaire whether each and every question 8 have been completely answered, and also supervisors were rechecked the completeness of the questionnaire immediately after submission Ethical Consideration Ethical approval was secured from institutional review board of Mekele University College of health science. Permission was received from Tigray regional health bureau and central zone administrative office using formal letter. Informed verbal consent was obtained from each hospital managers and informed written consent was also obtained from study participants to confirm their willingness for participation after having explained the objectives of the study, control groups were asked their willingness for screening of Diabetes Mellitus and blood was taken by trained health professionals. Only those who were interested to participate were involved in the study and those who were not willing to participate had given the right to do so. Respondents were notified that they have the right to refuse or terminate at any point of the interview. The information provided by each respondent has been kept confidential. The questionnaire was prepared in such a way that the respondents name was not being included in questionnaire to keep confidentiality. In addition, Privacy of the respondents was maintained, and cultural norms were respected properly. Participants were assured that they will not face anything for their participation in the study. Other responsible authorities were also informed to contribute their support and commitment to the study. 5. Results 5.1. Socio- demographic Characteristics of Study participants In this study, out of the total 363 study participants, 358 respondents participated in the study with a response rate of 98.6%. Among the respondents 71 (97.3%) cases were and 287 (98.9%) were controls. Of the respondents, more than half 38(53.5%) of cases and 166(57.8%) of controls were males. The mean (+SD) age of respondents was ( ) years for cases and 36.76( ) years for controls in the study; and 19(26.8%) cases and 61(21.3%) of controls were in the age group of years. Most of the study subjects, 45(63.4%) cases and 173(60. 3%) controls were married. Majority of the respondents, 70(98.6%) cases and 278(96.9%) controls were Tigray in Ethnicity; and 58(81.8%) cases and 224 (78%) controls of the participants were

9 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: orthodox in religion. Among the respondents, 48(67.6%) cases and 147(51.2%) controls were urban residents and 30(42.3%) of cases and 118(41.1%) controls were illiterate. Depending occupational status of respondents, 9(12.7 %) cases and 11(3.8%) controls were unemployed; 18(25.4%) cases and 48(15.3%) controls were Civil servants. The median monthly family income was 2, birr for cases and 1, birr for controls, and 21(29.6%) of cases and 136(47. 6%) of controls were in the family income category of < birr per month. (Table 1) Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents in central zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2014 Variables Cases controls Sex: Age group: Male Marital status: Ethnicity: Religion: Residence Area: N (%) N (%) 38(53.5) 166(57.8) Female 33(46.5) 121(42.2) (22.5) 105(36.6) (21.1) 65(22.6) (26.8) 61(21.3) (18.3) 36(12.5) 60+ 8(11.3) 20(7) Single 13(18.5) 84(29.3) Married 45(63.4) 173(60.3) Divorced 7(9.9) 12(4.2) Widowed 6(8.5) 18(6.3) Tigray 70(98.6) 278(96.9) others 1(1.4) 9(3.1) Orthodox 58(81.7) 224(78) Muslim 10(14.1) 50(17.4) Others 3(4.2) 13(4.5) Rural 23(32.4) 140(48.8) Urban 48(67.6) 147(51.2) Educational status: Illiterate 30(42.3) 118(41.1) 1-8 grade (Elementary) 16(22.5) 45(15.7) 9-12 grade (Secondary) 10(14.1) 67(23.3) College and above 15(21.1) 57(19.9) 9

10 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Continue Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents in central zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2014 Variables Cases controls N (%) N (%) Occupation: Student 3(4.2) 34(11.8) Merchant 8(11.3) 44(15.3) Civil servant 18(25.4) 48(15.3) Nongovernment employee 7(9.9) 15(5.2) House wife 7(9.9) 33(11.5) Daily laborer 7(9.9) 30(10.5) Farmer 12(16.9) 72(25.1) Unemployed 9(12.7) 11(3.8) Family income: < (29.6) 136(47.4) (23.9) 119(41.5) (18.3) 21(7.3) > (28.2) 11(3.8) 5.2. Behavioral related Characteristics of Study participants Of the total respondents, 10(14.1%) cases and 18(6.3%) controls were ever smoking any tobacco products in their life time. Of them, 5(7.05%) of the cases and 10(3.5%) of controls were currently smoking any tobacco products. Among the study participants, 21(29.6%) of cases and 78(27.2%) controls reported as ever consuming alcohol. Of them 19(26.8 %) of cases and 67(23.3%) controls were drinking any alcohol currently. From all the respondents, 30(42.3%) cases and 225(78.4%) controls were reporting as they eat fruits and vegetables regardless of the number of days eating and number of servings they eat per day. Similarly, 6(8.5%) respondents of cases and 11(3.8%) controls were reported as they eat based on the recommended daily servings of fruits and vegetables. More than half of the respondents were also using mostly margarine oil for their meal preparations. Regarding physical activity, Assessment of self-reported physical activity showed that 47.9 % of cases and 8.4% of controls were regarded as inactive in physical activity (Table 2). 10

11 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Table 2: Distribution of various behavioral factors of the respondents in central zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2014 Variables Cases Controls N (%) N (%) Ever smoke any tobacco products: Yes 10(14.1) 18(6.3) No 61(85.9) 269(93.7) Smoking habit: Current smokers 5(7.05) 10(3.5) Previous smokers 5(7.05) 8(2.8) Non smokers 61(85.9) 269(93.7) Daily smoking habit <5 cigarettes 3(4.2) 7(2.4) > 5cigarettes 2(2.8) 3(1) Ever consumed alcohol Yes 21(29.6) 78(27.2) No 50(70.4) 209(72.8) Currently drinking alcohol: Yes 19(26.8) 67(23.3) No 2(2.8) 11(3.8) Frequency of alcohol drinking Frequent drinkers 7(9.9) 23(8) Social drinkers 12(16.9) 44(15.3) Non drinkers 52(73.2) 220(76.7) Alcohol drinking status heavy drinkers 2(2.8) 6(2.1) Moderate drinkers 3(4.2) 9(3.1) Less drinkers 14(19.7) 52(18.1) 11

12 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Variables Cases Control N (%) N (%) Eating fruits and vegetables: Yes 30(42.3) 225(78.4) No 41(57.7) 62(21.6) No of days eating fruits/ Vegetables per week: >3 days per week 16(22.5) 121(42.2) <3 days per week 55(77.5) 166 (57.8) No of servings of fruits/ vegetables per day: >3 servings per day 6(8.5) 11(3.8) <3 servings per day 65(91.5) 276(96.2) Type of oil or fat uses for meal preparation: Vegetable oil 23(32.4) 184(64.1) Butter 5 (7) 3(1) Margarine 35(49.3) 72(25.1) Others 8(11.3) 28(9.8) Physical activity: Active 29(40.8) 240(83.6) moderately active 8(11.3) 23(8) Inactive 34(47.9) 24(8.4) 5.3. Medical related Characteristics of Study participants Of the total respondents, 26(36.6%) of the cases and 71(24.7%) of controls were ever measured their blood pressure by health professionals. regarding family history of diabetes, 19(26.8%) of cases and 39(13.6%) of controls reported as having family history of diabetes mellitus. Among the respondents, 34(47.9 %) of cases and 13(4.5%) of controls were Overweight/ Obese in their body mass index (BMI). From the study participants 28(39.4%) of cases and 20(7%) controls were hypertensive in this study. The mean (+ SD) systolic blood pressure was 124.9( ) mmhg for cases and ( ) mmhg for controls; and 22(31%) cases and 10(3.5%) cases was found with systolic hypertension (Table 3). 12

13 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Table 3: Distribution of respondents related to medical factors in central zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2014 Variables Cases Control N (%) N (%) Ever measured Blood pressure: Yes 26(36.6) 71(24.7) No 45(63.4) 216(75.3) Family history of Diabetes: Yes 19(26.8) 39(13.6) No 52(73.2) 248(86.4) History of DM in family: Parents 10(52.6) 16(5.6) Sister (s) 4(21.1) 10(3.5) Brother(s) 5(26.3) 13(4.5) Body mass index (BMI): Overweight/ Obesity 34(47.9) 13(4.5) Under weight 3 (4.2) 38 (13.2) Normal 34 (47.9) 236 (82.3) Hypertension: Yes 28(39.4) 20(7.0) No 43(60.6) 267(93.0) Systolic hypertension: Yes 22(31) 10(3.5) No 49(69) 277(96.5) Diastolic hypertension: Yes 24(33.8) 13(4.5) No 47(66.2) 274(95.5) 5.4. Risk factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus In this study the results of bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Residence, Occupational status, Family Income, Smoking any tobacco products, Dietary habit, Physical activity, family history of Diabetes, BMI, and Hypertension were found to be significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. From the variables associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the results of Bivariate 13 logistic regression; Smoking any tobacco products, Dietary habit, Physical activity, Body mass Index, and Hypertension were statistically significant with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The other variables: Residence, occupation, Family Income, Number of days eating fruits and vegetables; and Family history of diabetes which were statistically significant in the bivariate logistic regression were failed to be statistically significant in the multivariable logistic regression. Smoking any tobacco products was significant risk

14 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study. Ever smoking individuals were times more likely to develop type 2 Diabetes mellitus than those who never smoke any tobacco products (AOR = 4.254, 95% CI = [1.159, ]). Individuals who do not eat fruits and vegetables as a dietary habit were times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus than individuals who eat fruits and vegetables (AOR = 7.044, 95% CI = [2.475,20.049]). Physical inactivity also appeared to be an important risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physically inactive individuals were times more likely to develop type 2 Diabetes mellitus than physically active individuals (AOR = 8.942, 95% CI = [2.866, ]).Physically moderately active individuals were also times more likely to develop type 2 Diabetes mellitus than physically active individuals (AOR = 4.844, 95% CI = [1.336, ]). Body mass index was also other risk factor in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Individuals who have Overweight/ Obesity in their body mass index were times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes Mellitus than individuals with normal body mass index(aor = 9.608, 95% CI = [3.561, ]). Individuals who have hypertension were about times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus than those who had normal blood pressure (AOR = 5.938, 95% CI = [2.134, ]) (Table 4). 14

15 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Table 4:Risk factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone of Tigray, 2014: Multivariable analysis Variables Type 2 DM COR( 95% CI) AOR( 95% CI) Cases N Controls N (%) (%) Residence area: Urban 48 (67.6) 147 (51.2) 1.98(1.149,3.439) Rural 23 (32.4) 140 (48.8) 1 Occupation: Student 3 (4.2) 34 (11.8) (0.140,2.00) Merchant 8 (11.3) 44 (15.3) (0.414,2.878) Civil servant 18 (25.4) 48 (16.7) (0.994,5.092) NG employee 7 (9.9) 15 (5.2) 2.80 (0.946,8.291) House wife 7 (9.9) 33 (11.5) 1.273(0.459,3.527) Unemployed 9 (12.7) 11 (3.8) (1.680,14.343) Daily laborer 7 (9.9) 30 (10.5) (0.506,3.901) Farmer 12 (16.9) 72 (25.1) Family Income > (28.2) 11 (3.8) (4.946,28.034) (18.3) 21 (7.3) (1.747,9.198) (23.9) 119 (41.5) 0.925(0.466,1.836) < (29.6) 136 (47.4) 1 Ever smoking any tobacco products: Yes 10 (14.1) 18 (6.3) 2.450(1.077,5.571) 4.254(1.159,15.621) No 61 (85.9) 269 (93.7)

16 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: Continue Table 4:Risk factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone of Tigray, 2014: Multivariable analysis Variables Eating fruit / vegetables: Type 2 DM COR( 95% CI) AOR( 95% CI) Cases N Controls N (%) (%) Yes 30 (42.3) 225 (78.4) 1 1 No 41 (57.7) 62 (21.6) 4.960(2.866,8.583) 7.044(2.475,20.049) No of days eating fruits/ vegetables per week: <3 days per week 55 (22.5) 166 (42.2) 0.399(0.218,730) > 3 days per week 16 (77.5) 121 (57.8) 1 Physical activity: Inactive 34 (47.9) 24 (8.4) (6.125,22.441) 8.942(2.866,27.905) Moderately active 8 (11.8) 23 (8.0) 2.879(1.180,7.024) 4.844(1.336,17.559) Active 29 (40.8) 240 (83.6) 1 1 Family history of Diabetes mellitus: Yes 19 (26.8) 39 (13.6) 2.323(1.244,4.339) No 52 (73.2) 248 (86.4) 1 Body Mass Index (BMI): Obesity/overweight 34(47.9) 13(4.5) (8.72,37.796) 9.608(3.561,25.924) Underweight 3 (4.2) 38 (13.2) 0.548(0.160,1.873) 1.237(0.301,5.093) Normal 34 (47.9) 236 (82.3) 1 1 Hypertension: Yes 28 (39.4) 20 (7) 8.693(4.502,16.786) 5.938(2.134,16.522) No 43 (60.6) 267 (93) Discussion The study subjects included in to cases and controls were assessed their risk factors associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus in central zone of tigray, North Ethiopia. Here a group of subjects with a disease of interest and control group of individuals without the 16 diseases were investigated by comparing the proportion of individuals with the exposure of interest in the two groups. In this study the cases were with type 2 diabetes mellitus that have follow ups among Governmental hospitals in the study area. Whereas controls were visitors and patient care takers who were free of diabetes mellitus in the study period

17 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Fundamentals, Vol. 07, Issue 01, October ISSN: and area. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most important emerging public health problems in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study assessed the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in socio-demographic, behavioral and medical characteristics of cases and controls, and revealed that Smoking any tobacco, Dietary habit, physical activity, BMI, and hypertension were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Smoking any tobacco products was observed in 14.1% of cases and 6.3% controls in this study, and it was a significant risk factor with times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparing with those who never smoke any tobacco products. This study is consistent with the study conducted in different countries like England (19), Asia (20), Denmark (21), and India (35), which showed that smoking any tobacco products, appeared as a significant risk factor in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases sugar in blood cells by distorting beta-cells and contributes to insulin resistance. Since smoking is a modifiable risk factor, this study helps to strengthen activities aimed to limit or stop smoking in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary habit was statistically significant risk factor with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study; 57.7% of cases and 21.6% of controls were reporting not eating fruits and vegetables in their diet. Individuals who do not consume fruits and vegetables were about times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus than who were eating fruits and vegetables in their diet consumption. This study was supported by other studies in Asia (20), Northern Nigeria (22), and Sub-Saharan Africa (23), which showed that the increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus was due to low intake or not consuming fruits and vegetables, and significantly associated with developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is due to the fact most fruits and vegetables are high in fiber and nutrient dense but low in calories and this is an important dietary habit to prevent Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regarding physical activity, 47.9% cases and 8.4% controls were physically inactive in this study. Physical inactivity was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus; this finding showed that physically inactive individuals were about 9 times higher than physically active individuals to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. The difference between cases and controls in physical activity could be due to the difference in occupational status as well as their physical fitness but occupational status was not statistically significant in this study. The finding was consistent with previous studies of Nigeria (22, 24), Denmark (19), Asia (20) and Sub-Saharan Africa (23). Physical activity contribute to improve insulin 17 sensitivity, decrease blood glucose and blood pressure level, weight loss, reduce cholesterol, increase muscle tone, improve circulation, stress relief and well being feelings (26). In addition, physical activity or exercise helps to prevent overweight/ obesity in body mass index. The result of this study shows that physical activity has the protective effect in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Body mass index was also significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study. Overweight/obese in body mass index individuals were about nine times more likely to develop the disease of interest than normal body mass index individuals. The difference could be due to the difference in dietary habits, physical inactivity and also age. Obesity/ Overweight increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (37), and these results from an imbalance between excessive calorie consumption and low physical activity. The link between obesity and type 2 Diabetes development was through insulin resistance caused by fatty tissue followed by progressive beta cells failure because forced to increase amount of insulin blood glucose then accumulates and induced apoptosis of beta cells, insulin deficiency will occur and type 2 diabetes comes as a diagnosis (38). This study is consistent with other studies in Ethiopia (Bishoftu), overweight was a risk factor with type 2 diabetes mellitus (30), Studies from other countries also supported this study that BMI was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (19, 20, 22, 23, 24, and 34). Hypertension was observed in 39.4% cases and 7% controls. Having hypertension was about 6 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study. The difference could be due to their behavioral life styles like physical inactivity, low intake of fruits and vegetables; and age. The finding goes in parallel with other studies in India (35), Bishoftu in Ethiopia (30), Nigeria (22), Denmark (19), Asia (20) and Sub- Saharan Africa (23). This study revealed a significant association of hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus Strengths of the Study The design of the study (case control) may be relatively better than other study designs which needs small sample size and helps to identify multiple exposure status in relation to the disease of interest. This study also used internationally adopted instrument and trained health professional data collectors for the quality of the data, and helps to provide information on the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus, since information regarding the risk factors in general is scarce.

290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4):

290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4): 290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4): 290-294 Letter to the Editor Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension in the Labor Force Population in China: Results from a Cross-sectional Survey in Xinjiang Uygur

More information

EFFECT OF PLANT SOURCE DIETARY INTAKE ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF ADULTS IN BAYELSA STATE

EFFECT OF PLANT SOURCE DIETARY INTAKE ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF ADULTS IN BAYELSA STATE EFFECT OF PLANT SOURCE DIETARY INTAKE ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF ADULTS IN BAYELSA STATE 1 Dr. Olusegun, A. Kuforiji & 2 John Samuel 1 Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ekowe, Bayelsa

More information

ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE COVERAGE OF HIV PREVENTION OF PREGNANT MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSIMISSION SERVICES IN JIMMA ZONE, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA

ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE COVERAGE OF HIV PREVENTION OF PREGNANT MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSIMISSION SERVICES IN JIMMA ZONE, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA ORIGINAL ARTICLE Assessment of Effective Coverage of HIV Mohammed H. et al ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE COVERAGE OF HIV PREVENTION OF PREGNANT MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSIMISSION SERVICES IN JIMMA ZONE, SOUTH WEST

More information

address: (K. R. Lebeta), (Z. Argaw), (B. W. Birhane)

address: (K. R. Lebeta), (Z. Argaw), (B. W. Birhane) American Journal of Health Research 2017; 5(2): 38-43 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajhr doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20170502.13 ISSN: 2330-8788 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8796 (Online) Prevalence of Diabetic

More information

By Kalayou K Berhe, Haftu B Gebru, Hailemariam B Kahsay & Alemseged A Kahsay Mekelle University College of Health Sciences

By Kalayou K Berhe, Haftu B Gebru, Hailemariam B Kahsay & Alemseged A Kahsay Mekelle University College of Health Sciences : F Diseases Volume 17 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4618 & Print ISSN: 0975-5888

More information

Perceived quality of antenatal care service by pregnant women in public and private health facilities in Northern Ethiopia

Perceived quality of antenatal care service by pregnant women in public and private health facilities in Northern Ethiopia American Journal of Health Research 204; 2(4): 46-5 Published online August 20, 204 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajhr) doi: 0.648/j.ajhr.2040204.7 ISSN: 2330-8788 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8796 (Online)

More information

Looking Toward State Health Assessment.

Looking Toward State Health Assessment. CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH Policy, Planning and Analysis. Looking Toward 2000 - State Health Assessment. Table of Contents Glossary Maps Appendices Publications Public Health Code PP&A Main

More information

Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 2

Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 2 International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-issn: 2320-8163, IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR SELECTED NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR OFFICE EMPLOYEES, SRI LANKA. A.K.S.H.

More information

January, ; Vol2; Issue1

January, ; Vol2; Issue1 January, 208 208; Vol2; Issue http://iamresearcher.online Acceptance of Medical Abortion Method and Associated Factors Among Women Attending Public and n-governmental Organization Clinics in Dire Dawa

More information

A Study on Identification of Socioeconomic Variables Associated with Non-Communicable Diseases Among Bangladeshi Adults

A Study on Identification of Socioeconomic Variables Associated with Non-Communicable Diseases Among Bangladeshi Adults American Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2018; 4(3): 24-29 http://www.aascit.org/journal/ajbse ISSN: 2381-103X (Print); ISSN: 2381-1048 (Online) A Study on Identification of Socioeconomic

More information

STEPS Instrument for NCD Risk Factors (Core and Expanded Version 1.4)

STEPS Instrument for NCD Risk Factors (Core and Expanded Version 1.4) WHO/NMH/CCS/03.03 Version.4 DISTRIBUTION: LIMITED STEPS Instrument for NCD Risk Factors (Core and Expanded Version.4) The WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance of noncommunicable diseases (STEPS) ncommunicable

More information

IDSP-NCD Risk Factor Survey

IDSP-NCD Risk Factor Survey Sumary: Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey, 2007-08, Phase-I states of India IDSP-NCD Risk Factor Survey Fact Sheet - India Phase - I States State AP MP MH MZ KE TN UTK Population Household surveyed

More information

National Strategy. for Control and Prevention of Non - communicable Diseases in Kingdom of Bahrain

National Strategy. for Control and Prevention of Non - communicable Diseases in Kingdom of Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Health National Strategy for Control and Prevention of Non - communicable Diseases in Kingdom of Bahrain 2014 2025 Behavioural Risk Factors Tobacco Use Unhealthy Diets Physical

More information

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Behaviors of Nursing Students in Nursing School

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Behaviors of Nursing Students in Nursing School International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences Available online at www.ijmrhs.com ISSN No: 2319-5886 International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2018, 7(8): 16-33 I J M R

More information

University Journal of Medicine and Medical Specialities

University Journal of Medicine and Medical Specialities ISSN 2455-2852 2019, Vol. 5(1) A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AND FACTORS INFLUENCING OBESITY AMONG SCHOOL GOING ADOLESCENTS IN CHENNAI, 2016 Author :KARTHICK B Department of PUBLIC HEALTH,MADRAS

More information

Media centre Obesity and overweight

Media centre Obesity and overweight 1 of 5 06/05/2016 4:54 PM Media centre Obesity and overweight Fact sheet N 311 Updated January 2015 Key facts Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults,

More information

8/10/2012. Education level and diabetes risk: The EPIC-InterAct study AIM. Background. Case-cohort design. Int J Epidemiol 2012 (in press)

8/10/2012. Education level and diabetes risk: The EPIC-InterAct study AIM. Background. Case-cohort design. Int J Epidemiol 2012 (in press) Education level and diabetes risk: The EPIC-InterAct study 50 authors from European countries Int J Epidemiol 2012 (in press) Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic

More information

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors:

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Risk factors are traits or habits that increase a person's chances of having cardiovascular disease. Some risk factors can be changed. These risk factors are high blood

More information

By: Aklilu Abrham(BSc, MSc in pediatrics and child health) Tuesday, January 21,

By: Aklilu Abrham(BSc, MSc in pediatrics and child health) Tuesday, January 21, Assessment of parents/care givers malaria knowledge, home management & factors associated with practice of prevention towards under five children in Damot Gale woreda,wolayta zone, Ethiopia. By: Aklilu

More information

Know Your Numbers. Your guide to maintaining good health. Helpful information from Providence Medical Center and Saint John Hospital

Know Your Numbers. Your guide to maintaining good health. Helpful information from Providence Medical Center and Saint John Hospital Know Your Numbers Your guide to maintaining good health Helpful information from Providence Medical Center and Saint John Hospital If it has been awhile since your last check up and you are searching for

More information

Diabetes is a condition with a huge health impact in Asia. More than half of all

Diabetes is a condition with a huge health impact in Asia. More than half of all Interventions to Change Health Behaviors and Prevention Rob M. van Dam, PhD Diabetes is a condition with a huge health impact in Asia. More than half of all people with diabetes live today in Asian countries,

More information

Prevalance of Lifestyle Associated Risk Factor for Non- Communicable Diseases among Young Male Population in Urban Slum Area At Mayapuri, New Delhi

Prevalance of Lifestyle Associated Risk Factor for Non- Communicable Diseases among Young Male Population in Urban Slum Area At Mayapuri, New Delhi IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 17, Issue 7 Ver. 17 (July. 2018), PP 59-64 www.iosrjournals.org Prevalance of Lifestyle Associated Risk

More information

Public Health and Nutrition in Older Adults. Patricia P. Barry, MD, MPH Merck Institute of Aging & Health and George Washington University

Public Health and Nutrition in Older Adults. Patricia P. Barry, MD, MPH Merck Institute of Aging & Health and George Washington University Public Health and Nutrition in Older Adults Patricia P. Barry, MD, MPH Merck Institute of Aging & Health and George Washington University Public Health and Nutrition in Older Adults n Overview of nutrition

More information

Depok-Indonesia STEPS Survey 2003

Depok-Indonesia STEPS Survey 2003 The STEPS survey of chronic disease risk factors in Indonesia/Depok was carried out from February 2003 to March 2003. Indonesia/Depok carried out Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3. Socio demographic and behavioural

More information

Risk Factors for NCDs

Risk Factors for NCDs Risk Factors for NCDs Objectives: Define selected risk factors such as; tobacco use, diet, nutrition, physical activity, obesity, and overweight Present the epidemiology and significance of the risk factors

More information

Survey on Non Communicable Disease Risk Factors Maldives, 2004

Survey on Non Communicable Disease Risk Factors Maldives, 2004 Survey on Non Communicable Disease Risk Factors Maldives, 24 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 2 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO STEPS SURVEILLANCE... 9 STUDY RATIONALE... 9 STUDY OBJECTIVES... 1 SURVEY

More information

Why Do We Treat Obesity? Epidemiology

Why Do We Treat Obesity? Epidemiology Why Do We Treat Obesity? Epidemiology Epidemiology of Obesity U.S. Epidemic 2 More than Two Thirds of US Adults Are Overweight or Obese 87.5 NHANES Data US Adults Age 2 Years (Crude Estimate) Population

More information

QUALITY OF LIFE AND COMPLIANCE AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

QUALITY OF LIFE AND COMPLIANCE AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS QUALITY OF LIFE AND COMPLIANCE AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS Wisit Chaveepojnkamjorn 1 Natchaporn Pichainarong 2, Frank-Peter Schelp 3 and Udomsak Mahaweerawat 2 1 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty

More information

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health TRENDS IN WOMEN S HEALTH 2006 FOREWORD

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health TRENDS IN WOMEN S HEALTH 2006 FOREWORD Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health TRENDS IN WOMEN S HEALTH 2006 FOREWORD The Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, funded by the Commonwealth Government, is the most comprehensive study ever

More information

CHAPTER 3 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN ADULT CENTRAL KERALA POPULATION

CHAPTER 3 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN ADULT CENTRAL KERALA POPULATION CHAPTER 3 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN ADULT CENTRAL KERALA POPULATION 3.1 BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have reached epidemic proportions

More information

Research Article Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension among Teachers and Bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Research Article Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension among Teachers and Bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia International Hypertension Volume 2016, Article ID 4143962, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4143962 Research Article Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension among Teachers and Bankers in Addis Ababa,

More information

Science Journal of Public Health

Science Journal of Public Health Science Journal of Public Health 2014; 2(6): 507-512 Published online October 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/sjph) doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.11 ISSN: 2328-7942 (Print); ISSN: 2328-7950

More information

Nutrition and Cancer Prevention. Elisa V. Bandera, MD, PhD

Nutrition and Cancer Prevention. Elisa V. Bandera, MD, PhD Nutrition and Cancer Prevention Elisa V. Bandera, MD, PhD The Causes of Cancer in the US. Sedentary lifestyle 5% Other 12% Family history 5 % Occupation 5% Tobacco 30% Reproductive factors 3% Pollution

More information

The Paradox of Malnutrition in Developing Countries (Pp.40-48)

The Paradox of Malnutrition in Developing Countries (Pp.40-48) An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 5 (2), Serial No. 19, April, 2011 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070-0083 (Online) The Paradox of Malnutrition in Developing Countries (Pp.40-48)

More information

National Strategic Action Plan for Prevention and control of NCDs ( ) Myanmar. April 2017

National Strategic Action Plan for Prevention and control of NCDs ( ) Myanmar. April 2017 National Strategic Action Plan for Prevention and control of NCDs (2017-2021) NOT APPROVED Myanmar April 2017 1 5. Financial protection is provided to individuals and families suffering from selected NCDs.

More information

American Journal of Health Research

American Journal of Health Research American Journal of Health Research 2014; 2(4): 113-117 Published online July 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajhr) doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140204.12 ISSN: 2330-8788 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8796

More information

MONITORING UPDATE. Authors: Paola Espinel, Amina Khambalia, Carmen Cosgrove and Aaron Thrift

MONITORING UPDATE. Authors: Paola Espinel, Amina Khambalia, Carmen Cosgrove and Aaron Thrift MONITORING UPDATE An examination of the demographic characteristics and dietary intake of people who meet the physical activity guidelines: NSW Population Health Survey data 2007 Authors: Paola Espinel,

More information

Knowledge and Attitude on Insulin Self Administration Among Type One Diabetic Patients in Mekele Hospital,Tigray, Ethiopia, 2015

Knowledge and Attitude on Insulin Self Administration Among Type One Diabetic Patients in Mekele Hospital,Tigray, Ethiopia, 2015 Advances in Surgical Sciences 2015; 3(5): 32-36 Published online October 8, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ass) doi: 10.11648/j.ass.20150305.11 ISSN: 2376-6174 (Print); ISSN: 2376-6182 (Online)

More information

Smoking Status and Body Mass Index in the United States:

Smoking Status and Body Mass Index in the United States: Smoking Status and Body Mass Index in the United States: 1996-2000 Jun Yang, MD, PhD and Gary Giovino, PhD Roswell Park Cancer Institute Elm and Carlton Streets Buffalo, NY 14263, USA Society for Research

More information

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Registered in Primary Health Care in Bahrain

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Registered in Primary Health Care in Bahrain Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Page 1 of 10 Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Vol.25, No.1, March 2003 Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among Non-Bahraini Workers Registered in Primary

More information

Metabolic Syndrome and Workplace Outcome

Metabolic Syndrome and Workplace Outcome Metabolic Syndrome and Workplace Outcome Maine Worksite Wellness Initiative June 15, 2010 Alyssa B. Schultz Dee W. Edington Current Definition* of Metabolic Syndrome At least 3 of the following: Waist

More information

Socioeconomic status risk factors for cardiovascular diseases by sex in Korean adults

Socioeconomic status risk factors for cardiovascular diseases by sex in Korean adults , pp.44-49 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2013 Socioeconomic status risk factors for cardiovascular diseases by sex in Korean adults Eun Sun So a, Myung Hee Lee 1 * a Assistant professor, College of Nursing,

More information

Factors Affecting the use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods among Married Women in Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia 2013

Factors Affecting the use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods among Married Women in Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia 2013 Global Journal of Medical Research: E Gynecology and Obstetrics Volume 14 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)

More information

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research   ISSN: International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Assessment of Susceptibility to Diabetes Mellitus among Rural Population using Indian Diabetic

More information

NCD Risk Factors in Chuuk (STEP-Survey Results 2007)

NCD Risk Factors in Chuuk (STEP-Survey Results 2007) NCD Risk Factors in Chuuk (STEP-Survey Results 2007) Pacific Global Health Conference October 8-10, 2012 Honolulu Hawaii Presented by: Kipier Lippwe FSM NCD Program Manager Purpose! To share result of

More information

Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management

Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management European Heart Journal Supplements (2005) 7 (Supplement L), L5 L10 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sui079 Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management David A. Wood 1,2 * 1 Cardiovascular Medicine

More information

By: Kokeb T. January, 2016.

By: Kokeb T. January, 2016. Pre-ART nutritional status and its association with mortality in adult patients enrolled on ART at Fiche Hospital in North Shoa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: retrospective cohort study. By: Kokeb T. January,

More information

(Professor, Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.) 3

(Professor, Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.) 3 IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e- ISSN: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 7, Issue 4 Ver. IV (Jul.-Aug. 2018), PP 59-66 www.iosrjournals.org Comparison of socio-demographic and

More information

DIABETES. A growing problem

DIABETES. A growing problem DIABETES A growing problem Countries still grappling with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria now face a double burden of disease Major social and economic change has brought

More information

Factors for Low Routine Immunization Performance; A Community Based Cross Sectional Study in Dessie Town, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, 2014

Factors for Low Routine Immunization Performance; A Community Based Cross Sectional Study in Dessie Town, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, 2014 Advances in Applied Sciences 2016; 1(1): 7-17 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/aas doi: 10.11648/j.aas.20160101.12 Factors for Low Routine Immunization Performance; A Community Based Cross Sectional

More information

Factors Associated With Nutritional Status of Under-Five Children in Yirgalem Town, Southern Ethiopia

Factors Associated With Nutritional Status of Under-Five Children in Yirgalem Town, Southern Ethiopia IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 6, Issue 2 Ver. V (Mar. - Apr. 2017), PP 78-84 www.iosrjournals.org Factors Associated With Nutritional

More information

An Epidemiological Study of Hypertension and Its Risk Factors in Rural Population of Bangalore Rural District

An Epidemiological Study of Hypertension and Its Risk Factors in Rural Population of Bangalore Rural District AJMS Al Ameen J Med Sci (2 012 )5 (3 ):2 6 4-2 7 0 (A US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal) I S S N 0 9 7 4-1 1 4 3 C O D E N : A A J M B G ORIGI NAL ARTICLE An Epidemiological Study of Hypertension

More information

Diet Quality and History of Gestational Diabetes

Diet Quality and History of Gestational Diabetes Diet Quality and History of Gestational Diabetes PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH, PRACTICE, AND POLICY Volume 12, E25 FEBRUARY 2015 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Diet Quality and History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among

More information

Non-communicable diseases and related risk behaviors among men and women living with HIV in Cambodia: findings from a cross-sectional study

Non-communicable diseases and related risk behaviors among men and women living with HIV in Cambodia: findings from a cross-sectional study Chhoun et al. International Journal for Equity in Health (2017) 16:125 DOI 10.1186/s12939-017-0622-y RESEARCH Open Access Non-communicable diseases and related risk behaviors among men and women living

More information

The DIABETES CHALLENGE IN PAKISTAN FIFTH NATIONAL ACTION PLAN

The DIABETES CHALLENGE IN PAKISTAN FIFTH NATIONAL ACTION PLAN 1. INTRODUCTION The DIABETES CHALLENGE IN PAKISTAN FIFTH NATIONAL ACTION PLAN 2014 2018 UNITE AGAINST DIABETES STOP RISING TREND Diabetes is a significant and growing challenge globally that affects individuals,

More information

Socioeconomic status and the 25x25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study of 1.7 million men and women

Socioeconomic status and the 25x25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study of 1.7 million men and women Socioeconomic status and the 25x25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study of 1.7 million men and women (Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1229-1237) 1 Silvia STRINGHINI Senior

More information

The Battle against Non-communicable Diseases can be won IA.. Lidia Belkis Archbold Health Ministries - IAD

The Battle against Non-communicable Diseases can be won IA.. Lidia Belkis Archbold Health Ministries - IAD The Battle against Non-communicable Diseases can be won IA.. Lidia Belkis Archbold Health Ministries - IAD Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases are not transmitted from person

More information

WHO STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS)

WHO STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) WHO STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) Presenter: Regina Guthold, MPH Surveillance and Population-based Prevention (SPP) Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion (CHP) WHO

More information

Is Alcohol Use Related To High Cholesterol in Premenopausal Women Aged Years Old? Abstract

Is Alcohol Use Related To High Cholesterol in Premenopausal Women Aged Years Old? Abstract Research imedpub Journals http://www.imedpub.com/ Journal of Preventive Medicine DOI: 10.21767/2572-5483.100024 Is Alcohol Use Related To High Cholesterol in Premenopausal Women Aged 40-51 Years Old? Sydnee

More information

ijcrr Vol 03 issue 08 Category: Research Received on:10/05/11 Revised on:27/05/11 Accepted on:07/06/11

ijcrr Vol 03 issue 08 Category: Research Received on:10/05/11 Revised on:27/05/11 Accepted on:07/06/11 PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN SOME OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS OF BIJAPUR CITY M C Yadavannavar 1, Shailaja S Patil 1, Veena Algur 1 ijcrr Vol 03 issue 08 Category: Research Received on:10/05/11 Revised on:27/05/11

More information

Food Choice at Work Study: Effectiveness of Complex Workplace Dietary Interventions on Dietary Behaviours and Diet-Related Disease Risk.

Food Choice at Work Study: Effectiveness of Complex Workplace Dietary Interventions on Dietary Behaviours and Diet-Related Disease Risk. Food Choice at Work Study: Effectiveness of Complex Workplace Dietary Interventions on Dietary Behaviours and Diet-Related Disease Risk. SARAH FITZGERALD HRB PHD SCHOLAR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PROF IVAN

More information

Nutrition and Physical Activity Situational Analysis

Nutrition and Physical Activity Situational Analysis Nutrition and Physical Activity Situational Analysis A Resource to Guide Chronic Disease Prevention in Alberta Executive Summary December 2010 Prepared by: Alberta Health Services, AHS Overview Intrinsic

More information

Situation of Obesity in Different Ages in Albania

Situation of Obesity in Different Ages in Albania Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Sports & Exercise Science, 2018, 6 (1): 5-10 (http://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com) Situation of Obesity in Different Ages in Albania

More information

Prevalence of Cardiac Risk Factors among People Attending an Exhibition

Prevalence of Cardiac Risk Factors among People Attending an Exhibition IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 3, Issue 6 Ver. IV (Nov.-Dec. 2014), PP 4-51 Prevalence of Cardiac Risk Factors among People Attending

More information

The Effects of Eating Habits and Physical Activity on Obesity

The Effects of Eating Habits and Physical Activity on Obesity ISSN: 2578-4838 The Effects of Eating Habits and Physical Activity on Obesity Suleyman C 1 and Serpil D 2 * 1 Family Medicine Specialist, Turkey 2 Professor, Dean, Adnan Menderes University, School of

More information

Quality of life of people with non communicable diseases

Quality of life of people with non communicable diseases Original Article NUJHS Vol. 5, No.3, September 015, ISSN 49-7110 Quality of life of people with non communicable diseases 1 3 Anju Rose, Shashidhara Y.N. & Manjula 1 3 MSc Nursing Student, Associate Professor

More information

HIV positive status disclosure to sexual partner among women attending ART clinic at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, SNNPR, Ethiopia

HIV positive status disclosure to sexual partner among women attending ART clinic at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, SNNPR, Ethiopia Original article HIV positive status disclosure to sexual partner among women attending ART clinic at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, SNNPR, Ethiopia Taye Gari 1, Dereje Habte 2, Endrias Markos 3

More information

Awole Seid 1,4*, Hadgu Gerensea 1, Shambel Tarko 1, Yosef Zenebe 2 and Rahel Mezemir 3

Awole Seid 1,4*, Hadgu Gerensea 1, Shambel Tarko 1, Yosef Zenebe 2 and Rahel Mezemir 3 Seid et al. BMC Endocrine Disorders (2017) 17:16 DOI 10.1186/s12902-017-0167-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prevalence and determinants of erectile dysfunction among diabetic patients attending in hospitals

More information

Type 2 diabetes in Tuvalu: A drug use and chronic disease management evaluation. Prepared for the Ministry of Health, Tuvalu.

Type 2 diabetes in Tuvalu: A drug use and chronic disease management evaluation. Prepared for the Ministry of Health, Tuvalu. Type 2 diabetes in Tuvalu: A drug use and chronic disease management evaluation Prepared for the Ministry of Health, Tuvalu. 2012 Investigator Alexander Bongers Intern pharmacist, Royal Melbourne Hospital,

More information

Dietary behaviors and body image recognition of college students according to the self-rated health condition

Dietary behaviors and body image recognition of college students according to the self-rated health condition Nutrition Research and Practice (2008), 2(2), 107-113 c2007 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition Dietary behaviors and body image recognition of college students according

More information

} The last 50 years has seen a better understanding of the causes and treatments of cancer.

} The last 50 years has seen a better understanding of the causes and treatments of cancer. Pr K EL RHAZI } The last 50 years has seen a better understanding of the causes and treatments of cancer. } Hence, early detection and technolgy has improved the prognosos of cancer patients to an unprecedented

More information

Proposed studies in GCC region Overweight and obesity have become an epidemic with direct impact on health economics. Overweight and obesity is a

Proposed studies in GCC region Overweight and obesity have become an epidemic with direct impact on health economics. Overweight and obesity is a Proposed studies in GCC region Overweight and obesity have become an epidemic with direct impact on health economics. Overweight and obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body

More information

Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Women of the Reproductive Age Group in Dawuro Zone, SNNPR, Southern Ethiopia

Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Women of the Reproductive Age Group in Dawuro Zone, SNNPR, Southern Ethiopia Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Women of the Reproductive Age Group in Dawuro Zone, SNNPR, Southern Ethiopia Terefe Dodicho Wolaita Sodo University, College of health sciences and

More information

Know Your Number Aggregate Report Comparison Analysis Between Baseline & Follow-up

Know Your Number Aggregate Report Comparison Analysis Between Baseline & Follow-up Know Your Number Aggregate Report Comparison Analysis Between Baseline & Follow-up... Study Population: 340... Total Population: 500... Time Window of Baseline: 09/01/13 to 12/20/13... Time Window of Follow-up:

More information

Epidemiologic Measure of Association

Epidemiologic Measure of Association Measures of Disease Occurrence: Epidemiologic Measure of Association Basic Concepts Confidence Interval for population characteristic: Disease Exposure Present Absent Total Yes A B N 1 = A+B No C D N 2

More information

EFFECT OF SMOKING ON BODY MASS INDEX: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY

EFFECT OF SMOKING ON BODY MASS INDEX: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY ORIGINAL ARTICLE. EFFECT OF SMOKING ON BODY MASS INDEX: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY Pragti Chhabra 1, Sunil K Chhabra 2 1 Professor, Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences,

More information

Knowledge and practice regarding prevention of myocardial infarction among visitors of Sahid Gangalal national heart center, Kathmandu, Nepal

Knowledge and practice regarding prevention of myocardial infarction among visitors of Sahid Gangalal national heart center, Kathmandu, Nepal RESEARCH ARTICLE Diabetes Management Knowledge and practice regarding prevention of myocardial infarction among visitors of Sahid Gangalal national heart center, Kathmandu, Nepal Punam Dahal* & Rekha Karki

More information

Diabetes. Ref HSCW 024

Diabetes. Ref HSCW 024 Diabetes Ref HSCW 024 Why is it important? Diabetes is an increasingly common, life-long, progressive but largely preventable health condition affecting children and adults, causing a heavy burden on health

More information

Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension, Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults 1

Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension, Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults 1 DRAFT 15 November 2007 the silent killer: hypertension in los angeles county adults Introduction Hypertension (or high blood pressure) is often called the silent killer because many people have the disease

More information

The Role of Male Involvement in Modern Family Planning Utilization and Associated Factors in Arba Minch Town, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia

The Role of Male Involvement in Modern Family Planning Utilization and Associated Factors in Arba Minch Town, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia European Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017; 5(4): 39-44 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ejpm doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20170504.11 ISSN: 2330-8222 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8230 (Online) The Role of Male

More information

NATIONAL NUTRITION WEEK 2012: A Food Guide to Healthy Eating

NATIONAL NUTRITION WEEK 2012: A Food Guide to Healthy Eating NATIONAL NUTRITION WEEK 2012: A Food Guide to Healthy Eating September 2012 INTRODUCTION This serves as a background document highlighting the key messages to be used throughout National Nutrition Week

More information

High Prevalence of Obesity among Indigenous Residents of a Nigerian Ethnic Group: The Kalabaris in the Niger Delta Region of South-South Nigeria

High Prevalence of Obesity among Indigenous Residents of a Nigerian Ethnic Group: The Kalabaris in the Niger Delta Region of South-South Nigeria ISSN: 2276-7797 7797 High Prevalence of Obesity among Indigenous Residents of a Nigerian Ethnic Group: The Kalabaris in the Niger Delta Region of South-South Nigeria By Adienbo O.M. Hart, V.O. Oyeyemi

More information

A study on nutritional status of lactating mothers attending the immunization clinic of a Medical College Hospital of Kolkata, West Bengal

A study on nutritional status of lactating mothers attending the immunization clinic of a Medical College Hospital of Kolkata, West Bengal IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 7 Ver. IX (July. 2017), PP 30-34 www.iosrjournals.org A study on nutritional status of lactating

More information

RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION IN INDIA AND CHINA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION IN INDIA AND CHINA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Health and Population - Perspectives and Issues 37 (1 & 2), 40-49, 2014 RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION IN INDIA AND CHINA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY FuJun Wang*, V. K. Tiwari** and Hao Wang*** ABSTRACT To identify

More information

MIRT Program ABSTRACTS 2011

MIRT Program ABSTRACTS 2011 MIRT Program ABSTRACTS 2011 Risk of spontaneous preterm birth in relation to maternal depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms SE Sanchez, GC Puente*, G Atencio, C Qiu, D Yanez, B Gelaye, MA Williams (Hospital

More information

Screening for diabetes

Screening for diabetes Screening for diabetes Peggy Odegard, Pharm.D, BCPS, CDE What are your risks? 1 Diabetes Mellitus A problem with glucose regulation type 1= pancreas cannot produce insulin so total insulin deficiency,

More information

Faculty of Health Sciences Outcomes of campaigns for Palestine refugees with diabetes mellitus attending UNRWA health centers

Faculty of Health Sciences Outcomes of campaigns for Palestine refugees with diabetes mellitus attending UNRWA health centers Faculty of Health Sciences Outcomes of campaigns for Palestine refugees with diabetes mellitus attending UNRWA health centers Nada Abu-Kishk Health Nutrition Officer at UNRWA-HQ What is UNRWA (United Nations

More information

Effect of bitter gourd clinical trial in prediabetics: blind, randomised, cross over trial in India

Effect of bitter gourd clinical trial in prediabetics: blind, randomised, cross over trial in India Effect of bitter gourd clinical trial in prediabetics: blind, randomised, cross over trial in India Dr.M. Amirthaveni Subramanian & Dr.S.Premakumari Department of Food Science and Nutrition Avinashilingam

More information

Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled worldwide, and in 2008 over 1.5 billion adults aged 20 years were overweight.

Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled worldwide, and in 2008 over 1.5 billion adults aged 20 years were overweight. Impact of metabolic comorbidity on the association between body mass index and health-related quality of life: a Scotland-wide cross-sectional study of 5,608 participants Dr. Zia Ul Haq Doctoral Research

More information

Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity and Overweight in Pakistan

Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity and Overweight in Pakistan Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity and Overweight in Pakistan Maryam Naeem Satti MS Health Economics Thesis Supervisors: Dr Durre Nayab Dr Mahmood Khalid 6 th March, 2015 PIDE Introduction Overweight

More information

New Dietary Guidelines Will Help Americans Make Better. Food Choices, Live Healthier Lives

New Dietary Guidelines Will Help Americans Make Better. Food Choices, Live Healthier Lives U.S. Department of Health and Human Services New Dietary Guidelines Will Help Americans Make Better Food Choices, Live Healthier Lives January 12, 2005 Retrieved 01/18/05 from http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2005pres/20050112.html

More information

Intention to donate blood among the eligible population in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia: Using the theory of planned behavior

Intention to donate blood among the eligible population in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia: Using the theory of planned behavior American Journal of Health Research 2014; 2(4): 158-163 Published online August 20, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajhr) doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140204.19 ISSN: 2330-8788 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8796

More information

For instance, it can harden the arteries, decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. This reduced flow can cause

For instance, it can harden the arteries, decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. This reduced flow can cause High Blood Pressure Blood pressure is the force of blood against your artery walls as it circulates through your body. Blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day, but it can cause health

More information

Clinical Study Adults with Greater Weight Satisfaction Report More Positive Health Behaviors and Have Better Health Status Regardless of BMI

Clinical Study Adults with Greater Weight Satisfaction Report More Positive Health Behaviors and Have Better Health Status Regardless of BMI Journal of Obesity Volume 2013, Article ID 291371, 13 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291371 Clinical Study Adults with Greater Weight Satisfaction Report More Positive Health Behaviors and Have Better

More information

Determinants of Obesity Among Women of Childbearing Age in Urban Areas of Ethiopia

Determinants of Obesity Among Women of Childbearing Age in Urban Areas of Ethiopia International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 2017; 6(3): 134-138 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijnfs doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170603.14 ISSN: 2327-2694 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2716 (Online)

More information

Your Name & Phone Number Here! Longevity Index

Your Name & Phone Number Here! Longevity Index Your Name & Phone Number Here! Longevity Index Your Health Risk Analysis is based on a variety of medical and scientific data from organizations such as the American Heart Association, American Dietetic

More information

Healthy Montgomery Obesity Work Group Montgomery County Obesity Profile July 19, 2012

Healthy Montgomery Obesity Work Group Montgomery County Obesity Profile July 19, 2012 Healthy Montgomery Obesity Work Group Montgomery County Obesity Profile July 19, 2012 Prepared by: Rachel Simpson, BS Colleen Ryan Smith, MPH Ruth Martin, MPH, MBA Hawa Barry, BS Executive Summary Over

More information

Factors associated with adherence of highly active antiretroviral therapy among adult HIV/AIDS patients in Mekelle Hospital Northern Ethiopia

Factors associated with adherence of highly active antiretroviral therapy among adult HIV/AIDS patients in Mekelle Hospital Northern Ethiopia Science Journal of Public Health 2014; 2(4): 367-372 Published online July 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/sjph) doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140204.30 ISSN: 2328-7942 (Print); ISSN: 2328-7950

More information

programme. The DE-PLAN follow up.

programme. The DE-PLAN follow up. What are the long term results and determinants of outcomes in primary health care diabetes prevention programme. The DE-PLAN follow up. Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska, Noël C Barengo, Jaana Lindström, Ewa

More information

CHAPTER 9 ADOLESCENT HEALTH

CHAPTER 9 ADOLESCENT HEALTH CHAPTER 9 ADOLESCENT HEALTH 9.1 Introduction Adolescence constitutes a special phase of human development as it represents the transition between childhood and adulthood. It is a phase marked by substantial

More information