DIABETES OVERVIEW WHAT IS DIABETES?

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1 DIABETES OVERVIEW WHAT IS DIABETES? Diabetes is a disorder in which your body does not make insulin, not enough insulin, and/or your insulin does not work properly. Because the insulin is not working correctly, the glucose can build up in your body. Glucose comes from the food you eat. Your body can also make its own supply of glucose. Every cell in your body depends on glucose to do its work Insulin acts like a key and your cell is like the lock. The insulin unlocks the cell and allows the glucose to enter. High levels of glucose in the bloodstream can cause damage to the blood vessels, nerves, and all organs in your body. Diabetes is a chronic disease that does not go away. There are ways that you can control high blood glucose to prevent the long-term damage (complications). 1-1

2 HOW IS DIABETES DIAGNOSED? There are 3 ways to check and test your blood glucose; they are: fasting, through out the day, or taking glucose orals. Type of testing Criteria Results Fasting No food or drink for at 126 mg/dl or higher During the day Oral glucose least 8 hours Any time of the day without regards to time since you last ate After drinking a form of glues 200 mg/dl or higher, along with symptoms of diabetes 200 ml/dl or higher at the second hour after drinking glucose Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have "prediabetes" -- blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. There are two classifications that mean you are dangerously close to developing diabetes. Impaired Fasting glucose Impaired Glucose Tolerance mg/dl 2 hours after drinking glucose, your blood glucose is mg/dl These levels do not mean you have diabetes but you are getting very close. If you follow a healthy meal plan, lose weight (if you need to), and increase your activity, you may be able to decrease your risk or delay the onset of diabetes. These values should be taken seriously as they increase your risk for blood vessel disease. Prediabetes, which often causes no symptoms, is considered a serious condition because recent research has shown that even before full-scale diabetes occurs, people with prediabetes may be suffering damage to the heart and circulatory system. 1-2

3 TYPES OF DIABETES There are two primary types of diabetes type 1 and type 2. Both can make your blood glucose go up but for different reasons. Both types of diabetes can cause other health problems especially if your blood glucose is above your target goals. Another type of diabetes is called Gestational Diabetes. It is a carbohydrate intolerance that is first recognized in the later months of pregnancy and usually goes away when the baby is born. Women who have had gestational diabetes are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life. TYPE 1 DIABETES This diabetes used to be called Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Who gets Type 1 diabetes? People with type 1 diabetes are usually thin or normal weight and are usually under the age of thirty. 1 out of 10 people with diabetes has type 1 diabetes. A genetic trait is usually present to develop type 1 diabetes. Symptoms Rapid Onset Rapid Weight Loss Very Thirsty Frequently Very Tired Very Hungry Urinating Blurry Vision Sick to your stomach, vomiting, cramping in abdomen (stomach area) 1-3

4 What Happens? The cells (beta cells) in your pancreas that make insulin are destroyed. The pancreas can no longer make insulin. You become ill very rapidly and have symptoms of high blood glucose. (There is no key ). Your body must have insulin to use glucose in the food for energy. You must take daily injections of insulin. When your body does not make insulin and the glucose cannot enter the cell to be used as energy, the body turns to fat as a source of energy. Fat is a very inefficient source of energy. When fat breaks down to be used as energy, ketones are formed (a byproduct of fat breakdown). Ketones are a very strong acid and make you very sick. You can test the blood or the urine for the presence of ketones. Your blood glucose can go too high if you are: Not taking enough insulin Eating too much food Not giving yourself insulin at the right times Being less active than usual Being under a lot of stress Being sick, injured or having an infection 1-4

5 TYPE 2 DIABETES This type of diabetes used to be called Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 diabetes progresses slowly. Some people with type 2 diabetes have had diabetes for a lengthy period of time before they are diagnosed. Who gets type 2 diabetes? Nine out of ten people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. You are more likely to develop it if you: - Are overweight - Have a family history of diabetes - Are over the age of 45 - Have a history of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). - Have high blood pressure - Are a member of a high-risk ethnic group: African American, Latinos (Hispanic Americans), Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islander. 1-5

6 What Happens? The pancreas does not make enough insulin and/ or your body cells are unable to use the insulin properly (insulin resistance). The most common reason for this is being overweight. Some of the glucose can continue to move into the cells, but not in an adequate amount. Blood glucose then rises. You control type 2 diabetes by following a meal and exercise plan. It is also recommended that you monitor your blood glucose. 1-6

7 If eating healthy and exercise fail to control your blood glucose, there are several different types of oral antidiabetes agents (pills) to help you. You might also need to inject insulin. Your blood glucose can go too high if you are: Eating too much food or the wrong types of foods Eating at the wrong times Less active than usual Sick, injured, or have an infection More stressed than usual Not getting the right dose of oral antidiabetes agents or insulin Not taking the medication correctly SUMMARY is the body s main source of fuel. must be present and working properly to move glucose into the cell so it can be used as a fuel source. The pancreas in people with type 1 diabetes no longer makes. They MUST take injections in order to live. They need to follow a meal and exercise plan. The pancreas in people with type 2 diabetes continues to make. However, it may not make enough or the may not be able to be used properly. People with type 2 diabetes also need to follow a meal and exercise plan. They also may take oral antidiabetes agents and/or insulin in order to control blood glucose. Blood must be controlled in order to prevent long term damage (complications). People with either type of diabetes must check their blood. 1-7

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