Subject Index. postprandial glycemia and suppression in serum 51 recommendations 119, 120 supplementation pros and cons 118, 119

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1 Acarbose, diabetes prevention trials 32, 33, Accelerator hypothesis accelerators beta cell autoimmunity 140, 141, 147, 150, 151 insulin resistance 140, , 150 obesity diabetes risk and susceptibility 144 epidemiology of diabetes overview pathophysiology of diabetes type-1 141, 142, 150, 151 type-2 142, 150, 151 Adiponectin, gestational diabetes mellitus pathophysiology 161 Alcohol, dietary guidelines 215, 216 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), diabetes prevention trials with inhibitors and receptor antagonists 35, 36 Antioxidants, see also specific antioxidants diet considerations 124, 125 dietary guidelines 216 intervention trials in diabetes , 124 observational studies in diabetes oxidative stress and hyperglycemia 108, 109 postprandial glycemia and suppression in serum 51 recommendations 119, 120 supplementation pros and cons 118, 119 Bariatric surgery costs 40 diabetes prevention trials 34, 35, 40 effects on hypertension 10 energy economy in patients 135, 136 Beta cell apoptosis, accelerator hypothesis 140, 141, 147, 150, 151 Body mass index, see Obesity Celiac disease, type-1 diabetes association 152 Cortisol, adipose tissue production 8 Diet, see also Glycemic index; Meal replacement drinks; Obesity; Weight loss antioxidants 124, 125 breakfast effect on body weight 194 diabetes prevention trials 99, 100, 103, 104, 216 exercise interactions with meals 194, 195 fiber effects 100 guidelines for diabetics alcohol 215,

2 Diet (continued) guidelines for diabetics (continued) American Diabetes Association 98, 99, 208, 209, American Heart Association 99 Chinese Ministry of Health 99 energy balance and weight loss 210, 211 European Association for the Study of Diabetes 99, 208, 209 fatty acids 104 goals 209, 210 macronutrients mortality studies 99 popular weight loss diets 101, 104, 105 salt intake 105 very low calorie diets 174, 175 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP4), inhibitors in gestational diabetes mellitus management 167 Dyslipidemia, see Low-density lipoprotein; Triglycerides Dysmetabolic syndrome, see Metabolic syndrome Exercise, see also Lifestyle modification children 194 diabetes type-2 exercise testing and prescription 189 intensity and modes of physical activity 187, 188, 193 management 187 metabolism effects 187 safety 189, 190 duration versus intensity 195 management 162, meal interactions 194, 195 obesity exercise prescription 194 prevention 186 treatment 186 weight loss goals 195 maintenance 187, 193 mechanisms 192 physical activity increase strategies 188, 189, 193 physical inactivity and diabetes risks 183, 184 Fat dietary guidelines 213, 215 limiting in diet 71, 105 Fiber dietary fiber hypothesis 43, 44 effects in diet 100 Free fatty acids (FFAs) low glycemic index food effects 46, 47 metabolic syndrome levels 5 7, Fructose corn syrup production 84, 85 diet responses in diabetics food sources 84, 85 glycemic index 85 metabolism 84 obesity relationship 88 90, 92, 93, 101 rat studies 94, 95 sex differences in response 92, 93 sweetness 84 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) definition 155 generational effects 167, 168 incidence trends 156, 165, 166 macrosomia prevalence 168 maternal nutrition and fetal growth effects of obesity insulin resistance 157 nutrient delivery 157, 159 pathophysiology adipocyte factors 161 placental factors 159, 160 screening 155, 156 treatment dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors 167 exercise 162, glyburide 163, 166 goals 161 insulin therapy 162, 163 medical nutrition therapy 161, 162, 166 metformin 163, 164 rationale 161 Glucor, mechanism and prescription 76 -Glucosidase inhibitors, see Glucor Glutathione, status in diabetes 122, 123 Glyburide, management 163, 166 Glycemic control antioxidant supplementation

3 importance in complication prevention 50, 51 traditional Chinese medicine trials 20, 21 Glycemic index (GI) classification 54, 58, 59 definition 57, 58 dietary fiber hypothesis 43, 44 dietary recommendation utilization 213, 214 energy expenditure effects 54 examples of foods 59, 85, 86 food company labeling 64, 65, 71 fructose 85 limitations 45, low glycemic food effects blood lipid response 55, 56, 61, 74 clinical effects 48, 49, 54 clinical recommendations 77, 78, 80, 81 epidemiological evidence for health effects 49, 62, 100 free fatty acid response 46, 47 glucose absorption 45, 46, 55, 74 HbA1c response 61, 62, 71 weight loss studies 63, 64, 69, 70 measurement of food response 44, 45, 53 HbA1c, low glycemic index food effects 61, 62, 71 Herbal therapy, see Traditional Chinese medicine Hormone replacement therapy, diabetes prevention trials 36, 37 Hypertension bariatric surgery effects 10 metabolic syndrome 12 Insulin resistance accelerator hypothesis 140, 150 body mass index and risks diabetes treatment implications 153 fetal insulin hypothesis metabolic syndrome 5 8 oxidative stress and hyperglycemia 108, 109 thrifty genotype hypothesis 142 thrifty phenotype hypothesis 142 Insulin therapy 162, 163 preprandial use 76 Leptin body weight regulation 192 pathophysiology Life expectancy, trends 205, 206 Lifestyle modification, see also Diet; Exercise;; Weight loss benefits over pharmacotherapy 39, 40 components assessment 200 behavior modification 201 cognitive restructuring 202 contracting 203 diet and physical activity 201 goal-setting 201 relapse prevention 203 self-monitoring 201, 202, 204 social support 203 stimulus control 202 stress management 203 diabetes prevention studies 49, 50 metabolic syndrome studies prospects for study 204 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fructose response 87, 88 low glycemic index food effects 55, 56, 61, 74 Macrosomia, see Gestational diabetes mellitus Meal replacement drinks children 181 composition 175, 179 duration of use 179, 180 popularity 176 prospects for study 177 weight loss compliance 179, 180 efficacy 175, 176, 180 mechanisms 176, 177 Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) benefits in type-2 diabetes 173, 174 diabetes trials , 162, 166 goals 209, 210 guidelines, see Diet individualization

4 Metabolic syndrome blood pressure 12 China 16 definitions 1 3, 5, 9, 10 diagnosis 198 epidemiology 3, 4, 197 etiology 5 8 free fatty acid levels 5 7, insulin resistance 5 8 lifestyle modification intervention trials obesity role 7, 8, 11, 12 traditional Chinese medicine, see Traditional Chinese medicine treatment 6, 7 Metformin diabetes prevention trials 32, 33, management 163, 164 mechanism of action 76 Motivational interviewing, weight loss patients 133 National Weight Control Registry 193, 195 Novonorm, hypoglycemic activity 76 Obesity, see also Diet; Weight loss bariatric surgery effects on hypertension 10 body mass index and insulin resistance risks breakfast effect on body weight 194 diabetes risks 171, 172, 184, 185 etiology 41 exercise prescription 194 prevention trials 186 weight loss goals 195 maintenance 187, 193 mechanisms 192 fructose effects 88 90, 92, 93, 101 low glycemic index food weight loss studies 63, 64, 69, 70 metabolic syndrome role 7, 8, 11, 12 trends 205, 206 Orlistat, diabetes prevention trials 33, 34 Oxidative stress, see Antioxidants Physical activity, see Exercise Pioglitazone, diabetes prevention trials 38 Pravastatin, diabetes prevention trials 36 Protein, dietary guidelines 214, 215 Rehmannia six recipe, diabetes management Salt intake guidelines 105 Starlix, hypoglycemic activity 76 Stress management, lifestyle modification 203 Syndrome X, see Metabolic syndrome Thyroid hormone, energy economy regulation 136 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), diabetes management adverse effects 22 antidiabetic drug therapy combination 20, 21, glycemic control trials 20, 21 herbs 17 19, modes 16, 17 overview 15, 16 recommendations 22 symptom relief trials 17 Triglycerides, fructose effects 88 90, 92, 94 Troglitazone, diabetes prevention trials 33 Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ), pathophysiology 159, 160 Very low calorie diets (VLCDs), weight loss 174, 175 Vitamin A, intervention trials in diabetes 118 Vitamin C, intervention trials in diabetes 118 Vitamin E intervention trials in diabetes 114, 118 mortality impact in diabetes 125 observational studies in diabetes 109 supplementation in glycemic control 51 Weight loss benefits in type-2 diabetes 172, 173 children 137 diabetes prevention studies 172 diet, see also Diet; Meal replacement drinks 222

5 guidelines for energy balance 210, 211 low carbohydrate versus low fat 127, 128 low glycemic index food studies 63, 64, 69, 70, 137 popular weight loss diets 101, 104, 105 recommendations 136, 137 safety 137 very low calorie diets 174, 175 difficulty in diabetics 174 exercise in maintenance 187, 192 maintenance 128, 129 motivational interviewing 133 sympathetic nervous system response in obese patients 134, 135 therapeutic patient education diet compliance 129, 130 food binge cycle breaking 131, 132 obese patients 131, 132 quality of life outcomes 130 Xenical, diabetes prevention trials 34, 40 Zinc, status in diabetes

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