014 Chapter 14 Created: 9:25:14 PM CST

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1 014 Chapter 14 Created: 9:25:14 PM CST Student: 1. Functions of the kidneys include A. the regulation of body salt and water balance. B. hydrogen ion homeostasis. C. the regulation of blood glucose concentration. D. the regulation of body salt and water balance and hydrogen ion homeostasis. 2. Which of the following does not correctly describe kidney function? The kidneys A. contribute significantly to long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by maintaining the proper plasma volume. B. produce urine of a fixed composition in order to maintain homeostasis of extracellular fluid. C. excrete metabolic waste products. D. assist in maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body. E. secrete hormones. 3. Basic renal processes include A. filtration from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus. B. secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries. C. reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen. D. filtration from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus and secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries. 4. The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is plus the amount that is minus the amount that is. A. filtered; reabsorbed; secreted B. reabsorbed; filtered; secreted C. secreted; reabsorbed; filtered D. filtered; secreted; reabsorbed E. reabsorbed; secreted; filtered 5. Which of the following does not normally appear in the glomerular filtrate? A. glucose B. plasma protein C. sodium D. urea E. bicarbonate ion 6. Each of the following substances is initially present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney. Which one is not normally present in urine? A. calcium ion B. hydrogen ion C. potassium ion D. phosphate ion E. glucose 7. The kidneys regulate, or help to regulate, the plasma concentration of each of the following except A. water. B. sodium ion.

2 C. potassium ion. D. phosphate ion. E. glucose. 8. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is A. composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole. B. composed of juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa. C. the site of renin secretion. D. composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole and composed of juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa. E. composed of juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa and the site of renin secretion. 9. The composition of the glomerular filtrate A. is identical to that of blood plasma. B. is identical to that of urine. C. changes as the filtrate passes through the tubule. D. is both is identical to that of blood plasma and is identical to that of urine. E. is both is identical to that of blood plasma and changes as the filtrate passes through the tubule. 10. Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct? A. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration. B. The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum. C. All of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered. D. Both the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration and the glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum are correct. E. Both the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration and all of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered are correct. 11. Which of the following statements regarding glomerular filtration is correct? A. It will occur when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus exceeds the sum of the fluid pressure in the capsule plus the osmotic force due to proteins in the plasma. B. GFR is increased by sympathetic stimulation of afferent glomerular arterioles. C. GFR increases in response to decreasing plasma volume. D. Both it will occur when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus exceeds the sum of the fluid pressure in the capsule plus the osmotic force due to proteins in the plasma and GFR is increased by sympathetic stimulation of afferent glomerular arterioles are correct. E. Both it will occur when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus exceeds the sum of the fluid pressure in the capsule plus the osmotic force due to proteins in the plasma and GFR increases in response to decreasing plasma volume are correct. 12. Tubular reabsorption of A. glucose is active. B. glucose is saturable. C. urea would not occur if water were not being reabsorbed simultaneously. D. Both glucose is active and glucose is saturable are correct. 13. Tubular reabsorption A. involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. B. occurs only in the proximal tubule. C. involves transepithelial transport that may have a combination of active and passive components.

3 D. Both involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid and occurs only in the proximal tubule are correct. E. Both involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid and involves transepithelial transport that may have a combination of active and passive components are correct. 14. Renal tubular cells may A. actively transport molecules across their basolateral membranes in order to secrete the molecules into the tubular lumen. B. synthesize substances in order to secrete them into the tubular lumen. C. secrete protein into the tubular lumen. D. Both actively transport molecules across their basolateral membranes in order to secrete the molecules into the tubular lumen and synthesize substances in order to secrete them into the tubular lumen are correct. E. Both synthesize substances in order to secrete them into the tubular lumen and secrete protein into the tubular lumen are correct. 15. Which of the following substances undergo renal tubular secretion? A. calcium ion B. sodium ion C. potassium ion D. Both calcium ion and sodium ion are correct. 16. A person who is in balance for total body water A. must ingest more water than is lost in the urine. B. must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined. C. will have a balanced intake and output so that total body water will stay the same. D. Both must ingest more water than is lost in the urine and will have a balanced intake and output so that total body water will stay the same are correct. E. Both must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined and will have a balanced intake and output so that total body water will stay the same are correct. 17. Both water and sodium are A. filtered at the glomerulus. B. actively reabsorbed by the tubule. C. secreted by the tubule. D. Both filtered at the glomerulus and actively reabsorbed by the tubule are correct. E. Both filtered at the glomerulus and secreted by the tubule are correct. 18. The active transport of sodium A. in all segments of the tubule is dependent upon Na,K-ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane. B. in all segments of the tubule follows passive transport of sodium into the epithelial cells. C. in the proximal tubule allows for secondary active cotransport of hydrogen ion and countertransport of glucose and amino acids. D. Both in all segments of the tubule is dependent upon Na,K-ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane and in all segments of the tubule follows passive transport of sodium into the epithelial cells are correct. E. Both in all segments of the tubule follows passive transport of sodium into the epithelial cells and in the proximal tubule allows for secondary active cotransport of hydrogen ion and countertransport of glucose and amino acids are correct. 19. The tubular fluid is to plasma as it enters Bowman's space, to plasma at the beginning of

4 the loop of Henle, to plasma at the tip of the loop and to plasma as it leaves the loop to enter the distal convoluted tubule. A. isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic B. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic C. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic D. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic E. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic 20. Water is reabsorbed from A. the proximal tubule. B. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. C. the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. D. the proximal tubule and the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. 21. The countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney A. allows the kidneys to form hypertonic urine. B. requires that the collecting ducts be near the loops of Henle. C. requires active transport of sodium and chloride out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. D. would not function if the ascending limb of the loop of Henle were freely permeable to water. E. is described by all of these choices. 22. Because of the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle and the proximity to it of the medullary collecting ducts, A. hyperosmotic urine is generated by active salt reabsorption through membranes that are relatively impermeable to water and the diffusion of water through membranes responsive to vasopressin. B. hypoosmotic urine is generated by active salt reabsorption through membranes impermeable to water and the diffusion of water through membranes responsive to vasopressin. C. hyperosmotic urine is generated by active salt secretion into the loop of Henle and into the medullary collecting ducts. D. hypoosmotic urine is generated by active salt secretion into the loop of Henle and into the medullary collecting ducts. E. the body must excrete a dilute urine. 23. A person who is unable to synthesize vasopressin A. is unable to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule. B. will excrete glucose in the urine. C. will excrete a hypotonic urine. D. will excrete up to 180 L of urine per day. E. will do all of these things. 24. Diabetes insipidus is a disease that is associated with a deficiency of A. ACTH. B. vasopressin. C. atrial natriuretic factor. D. angiotensin II. E. insulin. 25. A decrease in the oxygen content of the blood reaching the kidneys is a signal that triggers A. increased secretion of renin. B. increased secretion of erythropoietin.

5 C. decreased secretion of atrial natriuretic factor. D. increased secretion of aldosterone. E. increased secretion of renin and increased secretion of erythropoietin. 26. Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of sodium ion? A. Sodium ion is actively transported in all segments of the tubule. B. Primary active transport of sodium ion allows for secondary active transport of glucose and hydrogen ions in the proximal tubule. C. Most of the sodium transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. D. All of the choices are correct. 27. Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular capillary blood pressure to, leading to a(n) in the net filtration pressure and a resultant in the GFR. A. increases; increase; increase; increase B. decreases; decrease; decrease; decrease C. decreases; decrease; increase; increase D. increases; increase; decrease; decrease 28. A decrease in the total body content of sodium causes A. a concurrent increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and sodium B. a concurrent decrease in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and sodium C. a concurrent increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and a decrease in sodium D. a concurrent decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and sodium E. a concurrent decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and an increase in sodium 29. The rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone is A. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood. B. secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver. C. conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood. D. secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary. E. secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney. 30. Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of sodium ion is correct? 31. Renin A. In the proximal tubule, sodium ion is actively transported across the luminal membrane of the tubular epithelial cells. B. Atrial natriuretic factor increases sodium ion C. In the absence of aldosterone, no sodium ion reabsorption will occur in the cortical collecting ducts. D. Reabsorption of sodium ion in the proximal tubule is not regulated by hormones. E. None of the choices are true. A. is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles. B. secretion is enhanced by high levels of Na + in the macula densa. C. secretion is stimulated by elevated blood pressure in the renal afferent arterioles. D. acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion.