Common Diseases of Hops A Florida Perspective

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1 Cmmn Diseases f Hps A Flrida Perspective Dr. Gary E. Vallad Assciate Prfessr Dr. Gary E. Vallad, Assciate Prfessr, UF/IFAS UF/IFAS Gulf GCREC Cast REC gvallad@ufl.edu

2 Cmmn Diseases f Hps A Flrida Perspective Plant Disease 101 Ecnmically imprtant diseases f hps Minr diseases f hps

3 What s a disease? Abnrmal cnditin f an rganism that impairs functins, assciated with specific symptms and signs. A departure frm nrmal grwth. Disease caused by pathgen (fungi, bacteria, virus, etc.) Disrder nt caused by pathgen (nutrients, temperature, genetics, etc.) Can predispse plants t disease.

4 Diseases are caused by: Fungi Includes Myxmycetes & Omycetes Bacteria Phytplasmas MLOs Viruses Includes virids Nematdes (NEXT TALK)

5 SIGNS evidence f the actual pathgen Diseases are caused by: Fungi Includes Myxmycetes & Omycetes Bacteria Phytplasmas MLOs Viruses Includes virids Nematdes SYMPTOMS departure frm nrmal grwth Diagnsis = based n symptms + signs

6 Cmmn Diseases f Hps A Flrida Perspective The Disease Triangle Tampa, Flrida Yakima, Washingtn Mst pathgens are reliant n misture availability fr disease develpment (spread, infectin, develpment) **vectred pathgens are an exceptin (viruses, virids, phytplasmas, MLOs) Yakima Valley, Washingtn alne accunts fr almst 74 percent f the dmestic hps industry in the US.

7 Mst Ecnmically Imprtant Diseases f Hps: Dwny Mildew Pseudpernspra humuli Pwdery Mildew Pdsphaera macularis (Oidium sp.) Viruses & Virids Carlaviruses: Hp Msaic Virus (HpMV), Hp Latent Virus (HpLV) & American Hp Latent Virus (AHLV) Apple Msaic Virus & Arabis Msaic Virus Virids: Hp Stunt Virid & Hp Latent Virid Verticillium wilt Verticillium alb-atrum & Verticillium dahliae **All can be carried in hp planting materials (rhizmes r plantlets)

8 Minr Diseases f Hps: Minr Diseases: Alternaria Cne Disrder Alternaria alternata Cercspra Leaf Spt Cercspra cantuariensis Gray Mld Btrytis cinerea **Cnsidered Minr diseases in ther US hps prductin regins, but culd be mre prblematic in Flrida Tampa Climate Graph

9 Dwny Mildew - Pseudpernspra humuli Cultivated hp (Humulus lupulus) is the nly hst Severity depends n cultivar susceptibility & weather cnditins. DM a factr in the decline and lss f hp prductin in New Yrk, Wiscnsin, castal Califrnia, and high-rainfall areas f Oregn and Washingtn Systemic pathgen that persists in buds and crwns hrtmatt/2014/11hrt14a3.htm Pht by Erin Liztte, MSU Extensin Infected primary spikes are stunted, pale-green t yellw in clr, brittle, upright grwth with dwnward cupped leaves Causes angular lesins n leaves that prduce sprulatin n underside. Stunt lateral branches, tip die-back and cne disclratin Phts by Erin Liztte, MSU Extensin

10 Dwny Mildew - Pseudpernspra humuli In Flrida: Cnfirmed presence f P. humuli last fall (2017). Fund n plants frm Michigan. Symptmatic plants were remved and destryed. N symptms bserved this spring (2018) n new r established plants N detectin with spre traps

11 Dwny Mildew - Pseudpernspra humuli Favrable cnditins: Sprulatin Night time temperatures > 43 F & relative humidity > 90% Infectin ranges 41 t 86 F, althugh ptimum at 60 t 70 F At least 1.5 hurs leaf wetness; lnger leaf wetness required with lwer temps. Infectins are mst severe when leaves are wet during the day (infectin requires pen stmata) Field Guide fr Integrated Pest Management in Hps, 3 rd Editin

12 Pwdery Mildew - Pdsphaera macularis Survives as (chasmthecia) r as mycelia in plant buds Disease favred by relatively cl temps: F Perids with small day-night temp. differences; minimum f 50 F night and 68 F day favr infectin Leaf wetness nt essential but high humidity and cludy cnditins increase risk Temps. exceeding 86 F can reduce infectin by > 50% Intense rain, wind and UV als greatly reduce likelihd f infectin Nt yet bserved at GCREC hps yard. David Gent, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwd.rg

13 Pwdery Mildew - Pdsphaera macularis Survives as (chasmthecia) r as mycelia in plant buds Disease favred by relatively cl temps: F Perids with small day-night temp. differences; minimum f 50 F night and 68 F day favr infectin Leaf wetness nt essential but high humidity and cludy cnditins increase risk Temps. exceeding 86 F can reduce infectin by > 50% Intense rain, wind and UV als greatly reduce likelihd f infectin Nt yet bserved at GCREC hps yard. Field Guide fr Integrated Pest Management in Hps, 3 rd Editin

14 Hst Resistance DM Resistant/Tlerant Hp Varieties ~ 75% f hp varieties grwn in US are susceptible t DM; ther 25% have sme tlerance t DM Resistant varieties still require scuting fr DM and the preventative applicatin f effective fungicides fr cntrl PM Resistant/Tlerant Hp Varieties Different races f PM 7 different resistance genes in Hps; many varieties have ne r mre resistance genes Cascade is resistant t PM races cmmn in the Pacific NW. Field Guide fr Integrated Pest Management in Hps, 3 rd Editin

15 Chemical Cntrl Numerus fungicides are labelled fr hps. Label search: Be sure fllw label instructins: Rates Usage patterns REI & PHI FRAC gruping based n mde f actin. Imprtant fr resistance management. Field Guide fr Integrated Pest Management in Hps, 3 rd Editin

16 Cmmn Viruses & Virids f Hps What is a Virus? Micrscpic infectius particles cmpsed f cat prtein the prtects nucleic acid (DNA r RNA). May als cntain additinal enzymes necessary fr initial virus replicatin. Nt cnsidered a living rganism. Utilize anther living cell t replicate. Typically transmitted: Sap (mechanically transmitted) Insects (sucking, piercing, r rasping) Circulative (prpagative r nn-prpagative) r nn-circulative Nematdes Zspric prtza Seed r by pllen Sme can be transmitted via several rutes

17 Cmmn Viruses & Virids f Hps What is a Virid? One f the smallest infectius pathgens knwn. Nt cnsidered a living rganism. Cmmnly referred t as sub-viral pathgens, due t small size ( bases). D nt cde fr any prtein; but sme have ribzyme activity. Utilizes plant RNA plymerase II t replicate. Typically transmitted: Mechanically transmitted Aphids (PSTVd)

18 Cmmn Viruses & Virids f Hps Viruses and virids are a cncern fr any plant that is vegetatively prpagated (rhizmes, cuttings, etc.). Unique challenge with hps due t rapid and massive vegetative grwth f clsely spaced plants faster spread than ther perennial crps. Hps are frequently handled. Mechanically-transmitted: Apple Msaic Virus (ApMV) - ilarvirus Hp stunt virid (HpSVd) Hp latent virid (HpLVd) Vectred & Mechanically-transmitted viruses: Hp msaic virus (HpMV) carlavirus aphid/mechanical Hp latent virus (HpLV) carlavirus - aphid/mechanical American hp latent virus (AHLV) carlavirus - aphid/mechanical hp-damsn aphid, Phrdn humuli, but ther species can transmit Arabis msaic virus (ArMV) nepvirus nematde/mechanical Daggar nematde - Xiphinema diversicaudatum Have Xiphinema americanum in Flrida Turf & Ornamentals

19 Apple Msaic Virus (ApMV) Presence cnfirmed by ELISA (AgDia). 8 cultivars with ApMV symptms Symptm severity varied greatly amng cultivars Fuggle = 90.3%; Cascade = 41.7%; Others varied frm 0 t 25%

20 Impact* f Hp Viruses n Yield & Quality Pethybridge et al Plant Disease di: /pdis * Impact can vary greatly depending n cultivar, pathgen strain, and envirnment. Sme evidence that virus infectin can increase susceptibility t ther diseases.

21 Pssible Virus/Virid? Member f Pspiviridae family Varied symptms: General stunting f grwth Yellwing & curling f leaves Yellw speckling f leaves Stunting and dieback f laterals Reduced plant height Reduced cne number & size Reduced alpha il cntent (50 75%) Symptms prgress with time Pethybridge et al Plant Disease di: /pdis Hp Stunt Virid (HpSVd) Hp Latent Virid (HpLVd)

22 Imprtant Online Resurces Other nline resurces: Field Guide fr IPM in Hps University surces: ease_management_in_michigan 945/files/2018/03/Ohi-Hp-Disease- Management-Guide V4_RM_ bzrgs.pdf /2017-IPM-Hp-Diseases-in- Wiscnsin_AJG-.pdf

23 Imprtant Online Resurces Other nline resurces: Field Guide fr IPM in Hps University surces: Questins? Dr. Gary E. Vallad, ease_management_in_michigan 945/files/2018/03/Ohi-Hp-Disease- Management-Guide V4_RM_ bzrgs.pdf 1/2017-IPM-Hp-Diseases-in- Wiscnsin_AJG-.pdf

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