Biochemistry-Pt.I Mid-term exam Block 3, 2008

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Biochemistry-Pt.I Mid-term exam Block 3, 2008"

Transcription

1 Biochemistry-Pt.I Mid-term exam Block 3, 2008 Name Answer any 10 of the following 13 questions (all are worth 8 pts). Be sure to include molecular details in your answers that support the cause and effect relationships that exist between the chemical mechanisms and physiological results. Part II of this exam is a 20 point case study that is to be handed in no later than 9am tomorrow morning. You may pick this up as you leave the exam today. Please, do not consult with other people on this part of the exam although you may use other resources if you find it necessary. 1. Outline the metabolic relationships among the liver, brain, muscle, and adipose tissue in the fasting state (assume the person is at rest). Be sure to identify the primary fuel source used by each organism and where it is originating. 2. Glucagon and epinephrine elicit similar metabolic responses but differ in the tissue they affect; myocytes lack the glucagon receptor and thus do not respond to this hormone. Rationalize the lack of glucagon receptors with respect to the metabolic relationships between, and functions of, the liver and muscle tissue. Glucagon signals/triggers mobilization of glycogen fuel reserves. Liver glycogen is continuously made and degraded during the course of a day and serves as a glucose reserve used to help maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels. Muscle glycogen, on the other hand, is a fuel reserve only for the muscles. This glycogen is reserved until physical activity demands large amounts of energy for muscle movement. If muscles responded to glucagon, glycogen would be depleted as a function of diet and may not be on reserve when needed (like when chasing food when you are hungry). Because muscles are the only users of their glycogen stores, it makes sense to have glycogenolysis respond to a fright or flight hormone like epinephrine, and not to a fed/fasting signal like glucagon. Exam_midterm_Ansrs 1 of 7

2 3. Several years ago, the Atkin s diet gained popularity as a weight loss program. A very crude description of this diet plan is that it advocates reducing carbohydrates and increasing protein consumption in the diet. The figure below illustrates changes in blood chemistry after meals emphasizing either carbohydrates or proteins. How would the Atkin s approach to weight loss work in other words, what is the mechanism behind this weight loss strategy? For carbohydrate meal: There is a big change in the relative amounts of glucagon and insulin as a result of glucose consumption. The insulin increase and glucagon decrease signal the body to store glucose as glycogen or process it via glycolysis into acetyl-coa and then use that to produce fatty acids/tags that can be stored in the adipocytes. For the protein meal: The changes in insulin levels following the meal are dramatically reduced, thus providing less of a signal requesting fuel storage. Furthermore, glucagon level actually increases in this situation signaling the body to mobilize fuel reserves. As a result, the balance of fuel storage/mobilization is redistributed, presumably to favor mobilization. While it is undoubtedly much more complicated than that, it at least provides some sense of entitlement for the Atkin s people to claim that.eating the right foods while limiting refined carbohydrates in one s diet change[s] a person s body from a carb-burning to a fat-burning machine. Despite his diet program, Dr. Atkins eventually died anyway. 4. GLUT2 is a pancreatic glucose transporter serving as a glucose sensor that ultimately controls insulin release. a) How would a mutation in the GLUT2 allele that increases the protein s K d for glucose, affect the control mechanism in the islet cell? Be sure to include enough biochemical detail to describe the cause and effect relationships of the release mechanism. Increasing K d reduces the affinity of the transporter for glucose. Therefore, the transporter will import less glucose into the islet cell. Less glucose in the cytosol reduces flux through glycolysis and as a result reduces ATP production. The K + transporter that is part of the triggering mechanism for insulin release is sensitive to ATP levels; when ATP levels are reduced, the tranporter is able to maintain the membrane potential. It is the loss of membrane potential that normally triggers insulin release due to an influx of Ca 2+ via a voltage-gated transporter. The fact that the membrane potential is maintained, Ca 2+ influx is prevented and thus insulin is not released. b) Predict if an individual with this mutation would tend to be hypo- or hyperglycemic? Obviously, if there is little insulin being released, blood glucose will remain high since glucose uptake in other tissues has not been turned on. Exam_midterm_Ansrs 2 of 7

3 5. We examined the opposing regulatory cascades of glucagon and insulin controlling glycogen synthesis and degradation in the liver. A similar process is occurring in the adipose tissue to control the futile cycling of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and degradation. a) Read the short passage from the text (on a separate handout) describing lipolysis regulation via glucagon and construct a map showing the causal relationships between low blood glucose and lipolysis in adipocytes. b) Propose a counter-regulatory cascade that decreases lipolysis and is caused by high blood glucose levels. You should be aware that insulin up-regulates Insulin-Sensitive Protein Kinase which in turn regulates Phosphoprotein Phosphatase 1 (PP1). (you will need to figure out which way PP1 is regulated) 6. In the case of lipid metabolism, about 70% of all free fatty acids released by lipolysis ends up being remade into TAGs, either in the liver or in adipocytes, even in a fasting state. Justify the existence of this seemingly futile cycle. Cycling of opposing pathways allow for a highly adjustable response to a regulatory signal. These cycles can be adjusted over such a wide range because the opposing pathways are often controlled independently of one another and can be used to control flux through a pathway. In this case, the cycling provides for a constant supply of free fatty acids for muscle metabolism since the resynthesis occurs in both the liver and the adipocytes. Exam_midterm_Ansrs 3 of 7

4 7. Develop a semi-quantitative model describing the change of flux through the fatty acid/tag cycle when the body switches from fed to fasting state. Assume that, (1) at their lowest active state, TAG synthesis has 5 units of activity and TAG degradation has 10 units of activity. (2) in the fed state, insulin stimulates TAG synthesis by 10x (3) in the fasting state glucagon stimulates TAG degradation by 50x What relative change in flux for TAG metabolism could you expect given these parameters? What regulatory concept does this model illustrate about controlling pathway flux? TAG synthesis TAG degradation Flux (to syn) Fed state Fasting state The differential regulation allows for a large change in flux relative to TAG synthesis. If the TAG synthesis and degradation simply relied on an equilibrium between these two process (i.e. if you increase synthesis by the same amount you decrease degradation), you could only expect a change or +/- 40 units for switching between forward (synthesis) and reverse (degradation) direction. However, because these processes are oppositely regulated and are affected by different degrees, the combined effect of changes to TAG synthesis and degradation is about 100x greater (500 vs 40). 8. The T R transition model is general tool to describe the cooperativity in other enzymes, not just Hb. Above is a schematic diagram of the T (Fig. a) and R (Fig. b) states of PFK. Use this information to predict how the following mutations would affect the T R equilibrium and how the mutations would be expected to affect enzyme activity. a) Glu161 Gln (glutamine; see me if you need reminded of the functional group) This mutation causes a loss of stabilizing interactions across the subunit boundary, destabilizing the T state. This pushes the equilibrium toward the R state favoring binding of the substrate. This effect would be expected to increase the enzyme activity. b) Arg72 Lys (lysine) Again, this mutation would destabilize the T state by removing inter-subunit interactions, thus pushing the equilibrium toward the R state. However, because this residue also provides binding interactions for substrate, replacing arginine would like limit substrate binding and thus have the effect of decreasing enzyme activity. Exam_midterm_Ansrs 4 of 7

5 9. Compare and contrast the general structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin and explain why each is particularly well suited to their physiological function. Be sure to provide sufficient biochemical detail describing molecular mechanisms and graphs illustrating binding differences. Myoglobin: 1. single polypeptide exhibiting a high affinity for O 2 binding. 2. binding curve for O 2 is hyperbolic indicating no cooperativity (and we would not expect any due to the lack of subunits) 3. The physiological function is to increase O 2 solubility in the tissues generating a steeper concentration gradient to the mitochondria and increase the efficiency of O 2 delivery. Hemoglobin: 1. tetrameric protein exhibiting a variable affinity for O binding curve for O 2 is sigmoidal indicating a cooperative binding effect. We see that there is more binding than we might expect for a hyperbolic curve at higher O 2 pressures, and less binding than expected at lower O 2 pressures. 3. The cooperative binding properties are due to conformational changes within the protein. Binding of O 2 to the heme changes the relative position of an α-helix that is coordinating the heme iron. This shifting is propagated to adjacent subunits by altering the intermolecular forces stabilizing the T or deoxy form. Destabilizing the T state moves the protein more toward the R state which has a higher affinity for O 2 thus encouraging additional binding of O Physiologically, cooperative binding allows for variations in binding affinity allowing Hb to off-load O 2 where po 2 values are low (in the tissues) but load up on O 2 when po 2 values are high (as in the lungs). Thus, Hb is particularly well suited for O 2 transport. 10. The Bar-Headed Goose migrates over Mt. Everest, and sequencing of the Hb coding regions has revealed a proline alanine mutation of residue 119 in the alpha subunit. This mutation eliminates a Van der Waals contact with residue 55 of the β subunit and destabilizes the T state of Hb. What physiological function does this serve? What problem might it cause for the goose and how could it be rectified? Loss of the VanderWaals interaction shifts the Hb equilibria to favor the R state allowing the protein to bind more O 2. This is relevant for functioning at higher altitudes where po 2 values are significantly lower than at sea level and would assist the goose in scavenging more O 2. However, this also poses a problem in deoxygenating Hb within the tissues since it would have a higher binding affinity. One way around this is if the goose possesses a higher concentration of some allosteric effector like 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). BPG helps to stabilize the T state favoring deoxygenation of Hb. Thus it may be that while the Hb mutation may help increase O 2 binding, there are undoubtedly other physiological adaptations that fine tune Hb function in this environment. Exam_midterm_Ansrs 5 of 7

6 11. Penicillin resistance in bacteria is caused by β-lactamase, an enzyme that cleaves the core lactam structure of penicillin antibiotics. Ampicillin and oxacillin are two β-lactam antibiotics degraded by β -lactamase. Use the kinetic parameters below to identify which of these antibiotics is more efficiently degraded by the enzyme. Be sure to provide an explanation for your decision. k cat (sec -1 ) k m (M) k cat /k m ampicillin 4 x x x 10 6 oxacillin 9 x x x 10 6 It isn t possible to evaluate efficiency from either kcat or km alone. In this case ampicillin is a better substrate but processed more slowly, while oxacillin is processed fast but is a poorer substrate. Only by using kcat/km will you normalize each of these properties for a fair comparison. From this ratio, we find that oxacillin is more efficiently degraded by the lactamase; apparently the fact that it is a better substrate outweighs the slower turnover. 12. The data set below describes the reaction velocity for an enzyme both in the presence (treated column) and the absence (untreated column) of an inhibitor. S conc. (um) Velocity-untreated (umol/min) Velocity-treated (umol/min) a) Estimate the k m and V max for this enzyme. Explain in one sentence each, how you found these parameters. V max ~700 umol/min the velocity data tend towards this value and is the asymptote of the hyperbolic curve. K m is [S] when V is ½ V max ; therefore ~ 80 um b) Classify the type of inhibitor being used and explain what information you used to classify it. This must be a competitive inhibitor since the V max remains unchanged while the k m increases to ~ 250 um Exam_midterm_Ansrs 6 of 7

7 13. Aldolase catalyzes the step in glycolysis where the hexose sugar is broken into 2 trioses (DHAP and GAP, if you really have to know). a) Below is a schematic diagram describing the catalytic mechanism. Identify three catalytic strategies used in the aldolase mechanism that allows this reaction to proceed. transition state stabilization: enzyme binds the substrate to make it look more like the transition state, thus lowering activation energy covalent catalysis: substrate is bonded to enzyme via imine linkage proximity/orientation effects: enzyme arranges orbitals of the substrate and catalytic residues to overlap for the reaction to occur Acid/base catalysis: basic residue removes proton from substrate b) There are actually two classes of aldolases, one of which is a metalloprotein and employs a Zn +2 ion to catalyze the reaction. These aldolases lack the lysine residue used to form the Schiff base with the substrate. In what capacity could the Zn +2 ion make up for the loss of this lysine residue to assist in the catalysis? Exam_midterm_Ansrs 7 of 7

Final Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours

Final Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours Final Review Sessions 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office ours 3/14 (WED) 9:30 11:30 am (Rebecca) 3/16 (FRI) 9-11 am (Abel) Final ESSENTIALS Posted Lecture 20 ormonal

More information

Tala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram

Tala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram 23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation

More information

Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain

Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose

More information

UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS An Overview WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Homeostasis

More information

Biological Sciences 4087 Exam I 9/20/11

Biological Sciences 4087 Exam I 9/20/11 Name: Biological Sciences 4087 Exam I 9/20/11 Total: 100 points Be sure to include units where appropriate. Show all calculations. There are 5 pages and 11 questions. 1.(20pts)A. If ph = 4.6, [H + ] =

More information

Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department

Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department Cardiac Fuels [Sources of energy for the Cardiac muscle] Intended learning outcomes of the lecture: By the end of this lecture you would be able to:-

More information

Chapter 15 Homework Assignment

Chapter 15 Homework Assignment Chapter 15 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 Chapter 15 1 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Dynamic Steady State Fuels, such as glucose, enter

More information

Glycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate

Glycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the

More information

Globular proteins Proteins globular fibrous

Globular proteins Proteins globular fibrous Globular proteins Globular proteins Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form in a biologically functional way. Globular

More information

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP

More information

What systems are involved in homeostatic regulation (give an example)?

What systems are involved in homeostatic regulation (give an example)? 1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS (Diabetes Mellitus Part 1): An Overview

More information

Lecture 19: Review of regulation

Lecture 19: Review of regulation Chem*3560 Lecture 19: Review of regulation What is meant by cooperative allosteric regulation? Positive cooperativity - characteristic is the sigmoidal binding/activity curve T-state has weaker affinity,

More information

PHY MUSCLE AND EXERCISE. LECTURE 2: Introduction to Exercise Metabolism

PHY MUSCLE AND EXERCISE. LECTURE 2: Introduction to Exercise Metabolism PHY3072 - MUSCLE AND EXERCISE LECTURE 2: Introduction to Exercise Metabolism Learning objectives: - Outline sources of metabolic substrates (fuels), describe when they are used - Relationship between oxidative

More information

REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY. Medical Biochemistry, Lecture 25

REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY. Medical Biochemistry, Lecture 25 REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY Medical Biochemistry, Lecture 25 Lecture 25, Outline General properties of enzyme regulation Regulation of enzyme concentrations Allosteric enzymes and feedback inhibition

More information

5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Introduction: Variety of hormones and other molecules regulate the carbohydrates metabolism. Some of these have already been cited in previous sections.

More information

Energy stores in different organs for a 155 lb male, in Calories

Energy stores in different organs for a 155 lb male, in Calories Energy stores in different organs for a 155 lb male, in Calories Organ Glucose/ Glycogen Triacyl Glycerols* Liver 400 450 400 Brain 8 0 0 Mobile Proteins Muscle 1,200 450 24,000 Adipose Tissue 80 135,000

More information

ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS. Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions

ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS. Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions Handout Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions I. Kinetics A. Reaction rates 1. First order (reaction rate is

More information

Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003

Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery ENZYME-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS THE LOCK & KEY MODEL Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 A perfect match between enzyme and substrate can explain enzyme specificity

More information

Anaerobic Pathways. Glycolysis

Anaerobic Pathways. Glycolysis Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis Glucose + 2 ATP 4 ATP + 2 Pyruvate No oxygen required Fairly low energy yield Lactate byproduct Resting levels low Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles

More information

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar 14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple

More information

Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis

Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis Matching A) high B) deprotonated C) protonated D) least resistance E) motion F) rate-determining G) leaving group H) short peptides I) amino acid J) low K) coenzymes L) concerted

More information

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead

More information

Biochemistry and Physiology ID #:

Biochemistry and Physiology ID #: BM 463 Your Name: Biochemistry and Physiology ID #: Final Exam, December 18, 2002 Prof. Jason Kahn You have 115 minutes for this exam. It is worth 250 points, so you are getting more points per minute

More information

BCH 4053 THIRD EXAM November 5, 1999

BCH 4053 THIRD EXAM November 5, 1999 BCH 4053 THIRD EXAM November 5, 1999 I remind you that you are bound by the Academic Honor Code. This means (1) you will not give or receive information during this exam, nor will you consult with unauthorized

More information

Enzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017

Enzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Enzymes Part III: regulation II Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Advantage This is a major mechanism for rapid and transient regulation of enzyme activity. A most common mechanism is enzyme phosphorylation

More information

Lecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation

Lecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Lecture 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Glycogen Key Concepts Overview of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis What mechanisms

More information

BCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O.

BCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O. BCM 221 LECTURES BY OJEMEKELE O. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO LIPID CHEMISTRY STORAGE OF ENERGY IN ADIPOCYTES MOBILIZATION OF ENERGY STORES IN ADIPOCYTES KETONE BODIES AND KETOSIS PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX

More information

v o = V max [S] rate = kt[s] e V max = k cat E t ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S]

v o = V max [S] rate = kt[s] e V max = k cat E t ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S] Exam 3 Spring 2017 Dr. Stone 8:00 Name There are 100 possible points on this exam. -ΔG / RT v o = V max [S] rate = kt[s] e V max = k cat E t ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S] h rate forward = k forward [reactants]

More information

Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week.

Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week. Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week. Today s slides will be put on-line today, and are designed to introduce you to glycolysis. You should use these slides, along

More information

GENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION. Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery REGULATION IS KEY TO VIABILITY

GENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION. Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery REGULATION IS KEY TO VIABILITY GENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 1). Enzymes slow down as product accumulates 2). Availability of substrates determines

More information

Glycogen Metabolism. BCH 340 lecture 9

Glycogen Metabolism. BCH 340 lecture 9 Glycogen Metabolism BC 340 lecture 9 Structure of glycogen Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched D-glucose units The primary glycosidic bond is 1-4-linkage Each branch is made of 6-12 glucose

More information

Metabolic integration and Regulation

Metabolic integration and Regulation Metabolic integration and Regulation 109700: Graduate Biochemistry Trimester 2/2016 Assistant Prof. Dr. Panida Khunkaewla kpanida@sut.ac.th School of Chemistry Suranaree University of Technology 1 Overview

More information

Regulation of Metabolism

Regulation of Metabolism Regulation of Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 19 Regulation by Compartmentalization Form of reciprocal regulation Degradation vs biosynthesis Requires transporters 1 Specialization of organs Fuel

More information

Lecture 5. Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui

Lecture 5. Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Lecture 5 Myoglobin & Hemoglobin Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Myoglobin and Hemoglobin Myoglobin - Myoglobin and Hemoglobin are (metalloprotein containing a heme prosthetic group). hemeproteins - Function as

More information

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1 web 2017 József Mandl Strategy of metabolism 1 Strategy of metabolism to extract energy ( hydrogen ) from the environment to store the energy excess to store hydrogen CH 3 O 2

More information

2/25/2015. Anaerobic Pathways. Glycolysis. Alternate Endpoints. Gluconeogenesis fate of end products

2/25/2015. Anaerobic Pathways. Glycolysis. Alternate Endpoints. Gluconeogenesis fate of end products Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis Glucose + 2 ATP 4 ATP + 2 Pyruvate No oxygen required Fairly low energy yield Lactate byproduct Resting levels low Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles

More information

Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet

Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen

More information

Mechanisms of Enzymes

Mechanisms of Enzymes Mechanisms of Enzymes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy How enzymes work * Chemical reactions have an energy

More information

Metabolism of cardiac muscle. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013

Metabolism of cardiac muscle. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013 Metabolism of cardiac muscle Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013 References This lecture Mark s Basic Medical Biochemistry, 4 th ed., p. 890-891 Hand-out Why is this topic important? Heart failure

More information

Integration of Metabolism

Integration of Metabolism Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed

More information

Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2

Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2 Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2 Biol 638, Exam-2 (Code-1) 1. Assume that 16 glucose molecules enter into a liver cell and are attached to a liner glycogen one by one. Later, this glycogen is broken-down

More information

Past Years Questions Chpater 6

Past Years Questions Chpater 6 Past Years Questions Chpater 6 **************************************** 1) Which of the following about enzymes is Incorrect? A) Most enzymes are proteins. B) Enzymes are biological catalysts. C) Enzymes

More information

Energy metabolism - the overview

Energy metabolism - the overview Energy metabolism - the overview Josef Fontana EC - 40 Overview of the lecture Important terms of the energy metabolism The overview of the energy metabolism The main pathways of the energy metabolism

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 13 Done by Asma Karameh Corrected by Saad hayek Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis This lecture covers gluconeogenesis with aspects of: 1) Introduction to glucose distribution through tissues.

More information

Exam 3 Fall 2015 Dr. Stone 8:00. V max = k cat x E t. ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S]

Exam 3 Fall 2015 Dr. Stone 8:00. V max = k cat x E t. ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S] Exam 3 Fall 2015 Dr. Stone 8:00 Name There are 106 possible points (6 bonus points) on this exam. There are 8 pages. v o = V max x [S] k cat = kt e - ΔG /RT V max = k cat x E t ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S]

More information

PBL SEMINAR. HEMOGLOBIN, O 2 -TRANSPORT and CYANOSIS An Overview

PBL SEMINAR. HEMOGLOBIN, O 2 -TRANSPORT and CYANOSIS An Overview 1 University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PBL SEMINAR HEMOGLOBIN, O 2 -TRANSPORT and CYANOSIS

More information

Case Study: Carbohydrate Metabolism. eating an early dinner the night before and skipping breakfast that morning, Sid goes to the

Case Study: Carbohydrate Metabolism. eating an early dinner the night before and skipping breakfast that morning, Sid goes to the Student Name Biochemistry 4320 Case Study Part I 4 November 2013 Case Study: Carbohydrate Metabolism Sid is a high school student who has decided to start exercising before school. After eating an early

More information

FIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/ MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302

FIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/ MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302 FIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/2016 10-11 40 MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302 The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control General theory of enzyme action, by Leonor Michaelis

More information

ENERGY FROM INGESTED NUTREINTS MAY BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR STORED

ENERGY FROM INGESTED NUTREINTS MAY BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR STORED QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 1 SHORT TERM METABOLISM [METABOLISM] Learning Objectives: Identify primary energy stores of the body Differentiate the metabolic processes of the fed and fasted states Explain

More information

6.5 Enzymes. Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity

6.5 Enzymes. Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity 180 Chapter 6 Metabolism 6.5 Enzymes By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts Discuss enzyme

More information

For more information about how to cite these materials visit

For more information about how to cite these materials visit Author(s): Arno Kumagai, M.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

More information

Biochemistry 463, Summer II University of Maryland, College Park Your SID #:

Biochemistry 463, Summer II University of Maryland, College Park Your SID #: Biochemistry 463, Summer II Your Name: University of Maryland, College Park Your SID #: Biochemistry and Physiology Profs. Doug Julin and Jason Kahn Exam II (100 points total) August 11, 2008 You have

More information

The MOLECULES of LIFE

The MOLECULES of LIFE The MOLECULES of LIFE Physical and Chemical Principles Solutions Manual Prepared by James Fraser and Samuel Leachman Chapter 16 Principles of Enzyme Catalysis Problems True/False and Multiple Choice 1.

More information

Chem Exam 2 (A) Name

Chem Exam 2 (A) Name Chem 4511 Exam 2 (A) Name No credit will be given for answers (or work) that are on the backsides of the pages. You may use the backsides as scratch paper, but put all of your answers on the front sides.

More information

Name: KEY. Chem 3511 Exam 4

Name: KEY. Chem 3511 Exam 4 Chem 3511 Exam 4 The exam starts on the next page. It has 12 questions, worth a total of 100 points. Please write legibly and don t assume that long answers are required if there is a lot of space left

More information

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2015 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY INSTRUCTOR: Philip Johnson PHONE: 780-539-2863 OFFICE: J224 E-MAIL: PJohnson@gprc.ab.ca OFFICE HOURS: Tuesdays 1000-1120

More information

0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates

0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates 0.40 Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Biochemistry of Carbohydrates ATP ADP Glycolysis The Breakdown of Glucose Primary Energy Source of Cells Central Metabolic Pathway All Reactions Occur in Cytoplasm Two

More information

Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages)

Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages) Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages) READ THIS: Take a numbered test and sit in the seat with that number on it. Remove the numbered sticker from the desk, and stick it on the

More information

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2018 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY 3 (3-0-0) 45 HOURS FOR 15 WEEKS

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2018 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY 3 (3-0-0) 45 HOURS FOR 15 WEEKS DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2018 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY 3 (3-0-0) 45 HOURS FOR 15 WEEKS INSTRUCTOR: Beatrice Amar Ph.D. PHONE: 780-539-2031 OFFICE: J208 E-MAIL: Bamar@gprc.ab.ca

More information

AMINO ACID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI

AMINO ACID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI AMINO ACID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Amino acids derived from dietary protein absorbed from intestine through blood taken up by tissues used for biosynthesis

More information

CELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? Glycogenolysis NOT phosphorolysis

CELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? Glycogenolysis NOT phosphorolysis CHM333 LECTURE 29 & 30: 4/12 15/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? 1. Fat cannot be as rapidly mobilized in skeletal muscle. 2. Fat

More information

Student number. University of Guelph Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Structure and Function In Biochemistry

Student number. University of Guelph Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Structure and Function In Biochemistry University of Guelph Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 19356 Structure and Function In Biochemistry Midterm Test, March 3, 1998. Time allowed, 90 min. Answer questions 120 on the computer scoring

More information

1. Measurement of the rate constants for simple enzymatic reaction obeying Michaelis- Menten kinetics gave the following results: =3x10-5 = 30μM

1. Measurement of the rate constants for simple enzymatic reaction obeying Michaelis- Menten kinetics gave the following results: =3x10-5 = 30μM 1. Measurement of the rate constants for simple enzymatic reaction obeying Michaelis- Menten kinetics gave the following results: k 1 = 2 x 10 8 M -1 s -1, k 2 = 1 x 10 3 s -1, k 3 = 5 x 10 3 s -1 a) What

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading

Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Overview of glycogen metabolism - Biochemistry and regulation glycogen degradation - Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis - Control

More information

Week 3 The Pancreas: Pancreatic ph buffering:

Week 3 The Pancreas: Pancreatic ph buffering: Week 3 The Pancreas: A gland with both endocrine (secretion of substances into the bloodstream) & exocrine (secretion of substances to the outside of the body or another surface within the body) functions

More information

Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS

Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS Note: Even though we did not get through all of these slides during lecture, I advise you to look them all through because they will be helpful to you as you learn

More information

Multiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points.

Multiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points. CHEM 4420 Exam 4 Spring 2015 Dr. Stone Page 1 of 6 Name Use complete sentences when requested. There are 120 possible points on this exam. Therefore there are 20 bonus points. Multiple choice: Circle the

More information

Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism. Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross

Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism. Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross Cellular Respiration Set of reactions that take place during the conversion of nutrients into ATP Intricate regulatory relationship between several

More information

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Winter 2017-18 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY 3 (3-0-0) 45 HOURS FOR 15 WEEKS INSTRUCTOR: Philip Johnson PHONE: 780-539-2863 OFFICE: J224 E-MAIL: PJohnson@gprc.ab.ca

More information

Disaccharides. Compound dehydration synthesis puts sugars together Hydrolysis (hydro-water, lysisbreakdown)

Disaccharides. Compound dehydration synthesis puts sugars together Hydrolysis (hydro-water, lysisbreakdown) Carbohydrate Carbo-hydrate -carbon, water Cn(H2O) n Monosaccharides Hexose hex = 6 [carbons], "-ose" means sugar Glucose monosaccaccharide usually assume a ring structure Disaccharides Compound dehydration

More information

Lecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes

Lecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes Chem*3560 Lecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes Metabolic pathways do not run on a continuous basis, but are regulated according to need Catabolic pathways run if there is demand for ATP; for example

More information

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2017 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY 3 (3-0-0) 45 HOURS FOR 15 WEEKS INSTRUCTOR: Philip Johnson PHONE: 780-539-2863 OFFICE: J224 E-MAIL: PJohnson@gprc.ab.ca

More information

Chapter 10. Regulatory Strategy

Chapter 10. Regulatory Strategy Chapter 10 Regulatory Strategy Regulation of enzymatic activity: 1. Allosteric Control. Allosteric proteins have a regulatory site(s) and multiple functional sites Activity of proteins is regulated by

More information

Pharmacist. Drugs. body physiology. ( molecular constituents)

Pharmacist. Drugs. body physiology. ( molecular constituents) Why? Pharmacist Drugs body physiology ( molecular constituents) Mechanistic levels of response: Altered patient response physiologic systems Vascular system blood, muscle, liver tissues / organs cellular

More information

Glycolysis. Glycolysis Expectations. Glycolysis 10/20/2015. Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course. Memorize/learn Figure 16.1

Glycolysis. Glycolysis Expectations. Glycolysis 10/20/2015. Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course. Memorize/learn Figure 16.1 Glycolysis Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course Glycolysis Expectations Memorize/learn Figure 16.1 Know overall reaction and stages Explain chemical/physiological purpose of each step Learn structures Reversible/Irreversible

More information

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE WINTER 2012-13 BC 3200 STRUCTURE & CATALYSIS INSTRUCTOR: Philip Johnson PHONE: 780-539-2863 OFFICE: J224 E-MAIL: PJohnson@gprc.ab.ca OFFICE HOURS: Mondays 1000-1120

More information

Chem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis

Chem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Chem 352 - Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Introduction Carbohydrate metabolism involves a collection of pathways. Glycolysis Hexoses 3-Carbon molecules Gluconeogenesis 3-Carbon molecules

More information

Glycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437

Glycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437 Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 16 Outline Why is glucose such a prominent fuel in all life forms? 1. Glucose

More information

PRINT your Name Student (FAMILY, first name) Midterm 7:00 P.M.

PRINT your Name Student (FAMILY, first name) Midterm 7:00 P.M. PRINT your Name Student No. (FAMILY, first name) BIOCHEMISTRY 311A VERSION 1 (ONE) Midterm 7:00 P.M. Examiners: Dr. R. E. MacKenzie (69%) Dr. A. Storer (18%) Dr. W. Mushynski (13%) READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY!!

More information

Lipid Metabolism. Remember fats?? Triacylglycerols - major form of energy storage in animals

Lipid Metabolism. Remember fats?? Triacylglycerols - major form of energy storage in animals Remember fats?? Triacylglycerols - major form of energy storage in animals Your energy reserves: ~0.5% carbs (glycogen + glucose) ~15% protein (muscle, last resort) ~85% fat Why use fat for energy? 1 gram

More information

SID#: Also give full SID# (w/ 9) on your computer grid sheet (fill in grids under Student Number) BIO 315 Exam I

SID#: Also give full SID# (w/ 9) on your computer grid sheet (fill in grids under Student Number) BIO 315 Exam I SID#: Also give full SID# (w/ 9) on your computer grid sheet (fill in grids under Student Number) BIO 315 Exam I Choose an answer of A,B, C, or D for each of the following Multiple Choice Questions 1-35.

More information

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide

More information

Intermediary metabolism. Eva Samcová

Intermediary metabolism. Eva Samcová Intermediary metabolism Eva Samcová Metabolic roles of tissues Four major tissues play a dominant role in fuel metabolism : liver, adipose, muscle, and brain. These tissues do not function in isolation.

More information

Integrative Metabolism: Significance

Integrative Metabolism: Significance Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell

More information

Chapter 7. Heme proteins Cooperativity Bohr effect

Chapter 7. Heme proteins Cooperativity Bohr effect Chapter 7 Heme proteins Cooperativity Bohr effect Hemoglobin is a red blood cell protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Hemoglobin is an allosteric protein that displays cooperativity

More information

PHAR3316 Pharmacy biochemistry Exam #2 Fall 2010 KEY

PHAR3316 Pharmacy biochemistry Exam #2 Fall 2010 KEY 1. How many protons is(are) lost when the amino acid Asparagine is titrated from its fully protonated state to a fully deprotonated state? A. 0 B. 1 * C. 2 D. 3 E. none Correct Answer: C (this question

More information

Gas Exchange in the Tissues

Gas Exchange in the Tissues Gas Exchange in the Tissues As the systemic arterial blood enters capillaries throughout the body, it is separated from the interstitial fluid by only the thin capillary wall, which is highly permeable

More information

GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels

GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE

More information

SYLLABUS MBMB/CHEM/BCHM 451b 2013 This class meets from pm every Tuesday and Thursday in Room 1059 (Auditorium) LS III.

SYLLABUS MBMB/CHEM/BCHM 451b 2013 This class meets from pm every Tuesday and Thursday in Room 1059 (Auditorium) LS III. 1 SYLLABUS MBMB/CHEM/BCHM 451b 2013 This class meets from 12.35-1.50 pm every Tuesday and Thursday in Room 1059 (Auditorium) LS III. FACULTY P. M. D. Hardwicke, Room 210W, Neckers "C" Wing, Tel. 618-453-6469;

More information

Quiz 4 Review Guide Fall 2018

Quiz 4 Review Guide Fall 2018 Quiz 4 Review Guide Fall 2018 Major Topics: Enzyme Kinetics: o reaction rates and catalysis; transition state binding theory o Michaelis-Menten equation and interpretation o Inhibitors types and explanations

More information

Chemistry 135, First Exam. September 23, Chem 135, Exam 1 SID:

Chemistry 135, First Exam. September 23, Chem 135, Exam 1 SID: Chemistry 135, First Exam September 23, 2015 This exam will be worth 15% of your overall grade. Please read all instructions/questions carefully and provide answers in the space provided. There should

More information

Metabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways

Metabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of

More information

anabolic pathways- Catabolic Amphibolic

anabolic pathways- Catabolic Amphibolic METABOLISM Introduction The fate of dietary components after digestion and absorption constitute metabolism regulated by metabolic pathway 3 types: anabolic pathways- Synthesis of compound e.g. synthesis

More information

Examination I PHRM 836 Biochemistry for Pharmaceutical Sciences II September 30, 2014

Examination I PHRM 836 Biochemistry for Pharmaceutical Sciences II September 30, 2014 Examination I PHRM 836 Biochemistry for Pharmaceutical Sciences II September 30, 2014 PHRM 836 Exam I - 1 Name: Instructions 1. Check your exam to make certain that it has 10 pages including this cover

More information

Integration Of Metabolism

Integration Of Metabolism Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal

More information

Macromolecules Structure and Function

Macromolecules Structure and Function Macromolecules Structure and Function Within cells, small organic molecules (monomers) are joined together to form larger molecules (polymers). Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands

More information

Biochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016

Biochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016 Biochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016 Note about the last lecture: you must know the classification of enzyme Sequentially. * We know that a substrate binds

More information

it s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme.

it s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme. Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate : glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on carbon1 it s an aldehyde group, which is oxidized and converted to carboxylic group ( aldehyde - becomes carboxylic acid ) this is

More information

Lehninger 5 th ed. Chapter 17

Lehninger 5 th ed. Chapter 17 Lehninger 5 th ed. Chapter 17 December 26, 2010 Prof. Shimon Schuldiner Email: Shimon.Schuldiner@huji.ac.il Phone: 6585992 CHAPTER 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism Key topics: How fats are digested in animals

More information