TA Review. Neuronal Synapses. Steve-Felix Belinga Neuronal synapse & Muscle

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1 TA Review Steve-Felix Belinga Neuronal synapse & Muscle Neuronal Synapses 1

2 Things you should know beyond the obvious stuff 1. Differences between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. 2. When the membrane is suddenly made permeable to one ion only, the membrane voltage shifts towards the equilibrium potential of that ion, but will not exceed it. 3. Temporal vs. Spatial summation. Really Important Stuff 2

3 Chemical neurotransmission Ionotropic/metabotropic Excitatory/Inhibitory Receptor Agonist Antagonist E channel Conductance _ Ionotropic Excitatory n-ach-r ACh Curare, _- bungarotoxi n 0 Gk, Gna Ionotropic Excitatory AMPA-R Glutamate, AMPA CNQX 0 Gk, Gna Ionotropic Inhibitory Glycine-R Glycine Strychnine Ecl Gcl Ionotropic Inhibitory GABA-R GABA A N/A Ecl Gk Metabotropic Inhibitory m-ach-r ACh N/A Ek Gk Metabotropic Inhibitory GABA-R GABA B N/A Ek Gk Steps of synaptic transmission Voltage increase in the presynaptic neuron Increase in calcium conductance Calcium entry into the cell Vesicle movement and fusion with the plasma membrane Release of neurotransmitters into the synapse 3

4 Steps of synaptic transmission Diffusion of transmitter in the extracellular space Binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors Conductance change in the channel associated with the receptor Diffusion of ions through the channel Voltage change in the postsynaptic cell Neuronal connectivity problems Problems such as the following Neurons A, B, and C all synapse on neuron D. In addition, neuron A synapses on neuron C, and neuron C synapses on neuron B. Neuron A releases glycine at its synapse with D and glutamate at its synapse with C. Action potentials in B cause EPSPs in its postsynaptic targets; neuron C s neurotransmitters target metabotropic acetylcholine receptors. Which of the following is true? a. Increases in firing rate in neuron A cause neuron D to increase its firing rate b. Increases in firing rate in neuron D cause increased firing in neuron A c. Increases in firing rate in neuron C cause increased firing rates in D d. All of the above e. None of the above 4

5 Muscle Things you should know beyond the obvious stuff Be able to draw the sarcomere, and label the I and A bands, the H zone, the Z and M lines. 5

6 Really Important Stuff During muscle contraction with muscle shortening, the I band, the H zone, and the distance between the Z lines are reduced. There is an increase in the overlap of the actin and myosin filaments, and the muscle shortens. The A band does not change in length. 6

7 Cross-bridge formation Step I: A-M + ATP ==> A + M-ATP Step II: M-ATP ==> M*-ADP-Pi Step III: A (available) + M*-ADP-Pi ==> A-M*-ADP-Pi Step IV: A-M*-ADP-Pi ==> powerstroke + A-M + ADP + Pi Roles of Calcium and ATP in skeletal muscle contraction 7

8 Calcium a. Calcium entry triggers neurotransmitter (ACh) exocytosis following an action potential b. Voltage-gated Ca channels at the Dihydropyridine-R allow calcium entry into the cell. DHP-R may be physically (or electrically) coupled to Ryanodine-R, which is either a force-gated (or voltagegated) Ca channels that lets lots of calcium into the cytosol. c. Ca binds to troponin and causes a conformational change in tropomyosin that unveils the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules, allowing to bind myosin crossheads. d. Ca is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the Ca- ATPase. ATP a. Energy used by the Na\K-ATPase b. Energy used by the Ca-ATPase c. Energy used to break the actin-myosin bonds d. Energy used for the myosin crosshead movement 8

9 Electrical synapses Chemical synapses a. Fast (0.1 ms) Electrical synapses b. Bidirectional c. No neurotransmitters d. Excitation in one neuron leads to excitation in the other 9

10 Chemical synapses a. Slow (1 ms): exocytosis, diffusion, GPCR, b. Unidirectional c. Neurotransmitters d. Excitation in one neuron can yield excitation or inhibition in the other 10

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