Introduction to the EEG technique

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1 Introduction to the EEG technique Part 1: neural origins of the EEG Niko Busch Charité University Medicine Berlin

2 The History of the EEG 18th cent. Physiologists discover elctrical properties of living tissue (Galvani, Ohm, Faraday) 1870ies Caton records brain potentials from cortex 1929 Berger records electrical activity from the scalp 1930ies Studies of abnormal activity with epilepsy and tumors; first single-trial ERPs 1940ies commercial EEG system with multielectrode montages (up to 16 channels!) 1950ies differential amplifiers 1957 The toposcope (imaging of electrical brain activity) 1962 Computerized ERP analyses 1964/65 Discovery of CNV and P digital EEG systems, source analysis, etc.

3 What you see in the EEG spontaneous rhythms Frequency Ranges: Beta: Hz Alpha: 8 13 Hz Theta: 5 7 Hz Delta: 1 4 Hz

4 What you see in the EEG epileptic activity Seizure-related and inter-ictal activity Can be used to localize epileptic focus

5 What you see in the EEG event-related signals Event-related potentials Scalp topographies Time-frequency analysis of event-related rhythms Source analysis

6 What is electroencephalography (EEG)? It is generally accepted that the EEG reflects activity originating in the brain (Coles & Rugg, 1995, Electrophysiology of Mind) EEG reflects voltages generated (mostly) by excitatory postsynaptic potentials from apical dendrites of massively synchronised neocortical pyramidal cells.

7 A few electrical concepts Voltage the potential of current to flow from one point to another. think of it as water pressure. this is a relative measure! Current number of charged particles (electrons, ions) that flow in a given time. think of it as water flow. Resistance resistance to movement of charges like having a skinny or blocked hose segment Ohm s Law: Voltage = Current * Resistance

8 The neuron Signal transmission: chemical between neurons at the synapse electrical within neuron

9 The neuron s resting potential Ion concentrations: extracellular: Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) intracellular: Potassium (K+) and organic anions (-) Potential differences: extracellular excess of positive charges polarisation resting potential ~ 80 mv Forces: Diffusion to areas of low concentration Electrostatics: negative and positive attract Membrane permeability Sodium Potassium pump (Na+ out, K+ in) outside inside

10 Generation of the action potential 1. Resting potential Na+ outside; K+ inside 2. Depolarization Na+ influx 3. Action potential start Na+ influx 4. Action potential stop K+ outflux

11 The postsynaptic potential Neurotransmitters open ion channels Sodium (Na+) influx Depolarisation Local reduction of Na+ concentration Relative negative charge Current inflow at synapse current sink Current outflow at soma current source Source and sink are poles of a dipole.

12 Postsynaptic potentials and the scalp EEG EPSP at apical dendrites negative EEG polarity on the scalp relative to electrically neutral reference. EEG voltages are potential differences: there is no EEG at a single location. scalp electrode (-) neutral reference electrode (+)

13 Summation of signals A single neural event is too small to be detected on the scalp. Action potentials do not sum up too short. EPSPs/IPSPs sum up in time through synchronisation, and in space due to cortical architecture (closed electrical fields). Closed fields in glial cells and subcortical structures no EEG.

14 Interim summary What EEG measures: Excitatory and inhibitory PSP at apical dendrites of many synchronised cortical neurons. What EEG does not measure: Single neurons Asynchronous activity Glial cells Subcortical structures

15 From dipoles to sources I EEG generators are electrical dipoles. Many tiny dipoles result in an equivalent current dipole. The dipole results in a topography at the scalp.

16 From dipoles to sources II Scalp topography source. Distance, volume conduction, dipole orientation, superposition of sources. Radial dipole: source is under topography maximum. Two or more dipoles: source is somewhere else. Tangential dipole: source is where topography reverses. Dipole simulator Download from

17 The inverse problem Any dipole produces a certain scalp topography (forward problem). Any topography could have been produced by an infinite number of possible sources (inverse problem). Be very careful to infer EEG sources from EEG topographies!

18 Recommended literature Collura: History and evolution of electroencephalographic instruments and techniques. J Clin Neurophysiol Luck: Introduction to the event-related potential technique. MIT Press Niedermeyer & Lopes da Silva: Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005

19 Thank you very much for your attention!

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