Voluntary Movements. Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley. Outline. Organization of the motor cortex (somatotopic) Corticospinal projection

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1 Voluntary Movements Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley 1 Outline Organization of the motor cortex (somatotopic) Corticospinal projection Physiology of motor neurons Direction representation, population coding 2

2 Cortical areas involved in voluntary movement Primary motor cortex (M1, also called Brodmann s area 4) Premotor cortex Supplementary motor cortex } area 6 Supplementary motor cortex Primary motor cortex Premotor area 6 4 anterior posterior 3 How are these motor areas discovered? Discovered in 1870 by Fritsch and Hitzig - electrical stimulation of different parts of the frontal lobe produces movements of muscles. - low stimulation, simple movement, opposite side, primary motor cortex - high stimulation, complex movement, bilaterally, premotor and supplementary motor cortex DR. GYSTAV.T. FRITSCH DR. EDUARD HITZIG 4

3 Stimulation of the motor cortex produces movements Motor cortex Cervical spine Motor cortex Cervical spine 5 A somatotopic map of human motor cortex 1930s-1950s, Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield used this methods to map the cortex of neurosurgical patients orderly map of the body on the cortex, the somatotopic organization of the cortex. Topographical Muscle groups control fine movements have bigger areas of representation - distal muscles 6

4 Different motor areas have discrete functions Functional imaging: monitors blood flow in active areas simple movement M1 complex movement premotor, supplementary mental rehearsal supplementary Monkey studies, Evarts, 1960s recording from motor area in awake, behaving animals. 7 Corticospinal tract influence spinal motor neurons through direct and indirect connections Corticalspinal tract Antagonist muscle Agonist muscle Contribute to multi-jointed movements such as reaching and walking 8

5 Fine control of the digits requires primary motor cortex 9 The lateral premotor areas contribute to the selection of action and to sensorimotor transformations Instruction stimulus Trigger stimulus on Instruction stimulus on Trigger stimulus on Ready Set Go! 10

6 Supplementary motor cortex are activated during complex and imagined movements 11 Planning activity in supplementary motor cortex Activity of three neurons in M1, PM and SM as the monkey pressed three buttons in sequence 12

7 Physiology of motor neurons Microstimulation does not tell you directly how motor neuron works during movement. combine stimulation with recording from monkey primary motor cortex Evarts group, M1 neuron controls movement Evarts group, 1968 Neuron discharge starts several hundred millisecond before movement. Discharge frequency changed systematically in temporal relation to either flexion or extension. 14

8 M1 pyramidal neuron discharge frequency encodes several mechanical parameters of the movement Force Rate of change of force Direction of movement Position of a particular joint Velocity of movement neurons in several non-m1 motor areas may participate with those in M1 to control movement parameters such as direction, force, position and velocity. 15 Direct relationship between the firing rate of motor cortical neurons and force generation 16

9 Individual M1 neuron fire preferentially in connection with movement in certain direction. Georgopoulos et al., o 180 o 0 o 270 o Different cells have different preferred movement directions. 17 Direction of movement is encoded in the motor cortex by the pattern of activity in an entire population of cells M1 cortical neurons with different preferred directions are all active during movement in a particular direction. The entirety of this activity results in a population vector that closely matches that of the direction of movement. 18

10 Direction vectors and population vectors Firing rate of M1 neuron (Hz) 0 o 90 o 180 o 270 o 0 o Direction of movement Firing rate of M1 neuron (Hz) Cell 1 Cell 2 left up right down 180 o 90 o 0 o 270 o Direction of movement Movement direction Direction vector for cell 1 Direction vector for cell 2 Population vector for cell 1 and 2 Each neuron s activity contributes one vector. right + Direction: preferred direction of the neuron Amplitude: firing rate of the neuron up + 19

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