Bioscience in the 21st century
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1 Bioscience in the 21st century Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Dr. Michael Burger
2 Outline: 1. Why neuroscience? 2. The neuron 3. Action potentials 4. Synapses 5. Organization of the nervous system 6. Clinical approaches of today and tomorrow
3 Alzheimer s Disease more than 5 million people in the United States living with Alzheimer s. The direct and indirect costs of Alzheimer s and other dementias amount to more than $148 billion annually. Parkinson s disease: 3% of population over 65: 1.5 million patients Hearing Impairment: Approximately 28 million Americans have a hearing impairment Approximately 314 in 1,000 people over age 65 have hearing loss and 40 to 50 percent of people 75 and older have a hearing loss. Paralysis: 2.4 million Americans are paralyzed Depression: over 20 million Americans suffer from depression
4 Figure-ground illusions are well known for visual stimuli
5 The Müller-Lyer Illusion
6 The Müller-Lyer Illusion szemuelue/index.html
7
8 What did he say?
9 What did he say?
10 Now close your eyes!
11
12 Hearing gaps
13 But they occur in the auditory system too!
14 The BIG THREE topics for today: 1. What is the basis of electrical signaling in neurons? 1I. How do neurons talk to each other? I1I. How do neurons encode information?
15 The neuron is the unit of processing for the nervous system synapse (glia)
16 The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer nucleus plasma membrane
17 Cell membranes store Voltage Outside: Extracellular Positive Inside: Cytoplasmic Vmembrane= -60 mv Negative **The inside of the cell is usually more negative than the outside by about -60 mv
18 This resting voltage depends on ion distribution, and ions in general cannot cross the membrane Extracellular Na K Cl- Ca Cytoplasmic Na K An - (organic anions; ie proteins)
19 The cell membrane contains proteins, some of which are channels for charged particles
20 Two (of many) membrane protein types: Ligand gated (chemically gated) Voltage gated
21 How does an electrical signal occur in a neuron? Na Extracellular Na channel Cytoplasmic K K channel FIRST, WE GIVE THE Na CHANNEL A STIMULUS
22 Na Extracellular Cytoplasmic K
23 Na Extracellular Cytoplasmic K
24 Na Extracellular Cytoplasmic K Voltage
25 Na Extracellular Voltage gated K channel Cytoplasmic K Voltage
26 Extracellular -60mV Na Membrane Voltage Cytoplasmic K Voltage Voltage
27 One more detail... The voltage change travels...
28 Na The basis of propagation... Voltage K
29 Action Potential Summary: 2 direction of travel 1 3 Membrane Voltage 1. Na channels open/na flows into the cell 2. Na channels close while K channels are opening 3. K flow out of the cell dominates
30 NEXT: How do neurons talk to each other?
31 Synaptic Transmission 1 2 Ca axon terminal axon vesicle transmitter postsynaptic receptor dendrite Step 1: Depolarization of the axon terminal Step 2: Voltage dependent Ca entry
32 Synaptic Transmission Ca 4 3 Step 3: Ca dependent vesicle fusion Step 4: transmitter release
33 Synaptic Transmission Ca Na 5 6 Step 5: Activation of ligand gated channel Step 6: Na flux/dendrite depolarization
34 Synaptic Transmission Ca Na Step 5: Activation of ligand gated channel Step 6: Na flux/dendrite depolarization Step 7: Action Potential is regenerated postsynaptically
35 Very large auditory synapse
36 Stain in red marks postsynaptic receptors
37 Evaluating Neural responses Action Potential Electrode Amplifier Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic neuron
38 AND Finally,... How do neurons encode information? there are two simple ways...
39 with action potential TIMING... no sound evoked 100 ms tone
40 ...and Neurons signal by changing their firing rate Intensity (db SPL) 10 Louder ms tone 100 ms tone
41 Spike Rate increases with Intensity Spike Rate Stimulus Intensity
42 What we learned today: 1. Neurons and glia: characteristics and function 2. Ionic basis of electrical signaling 3. Basics of chemical synaptic signaling 4. How neural activity is recorded 5. How neural activity relates to information processing
43 Next time... Brain organization New technology for therapy
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