Endocrine System Nervous System
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1 Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs
2 Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast acting Short-lived Chemical signals (hormones) that travel in the blood Slow response Long lasting
3 The Basic Jobs of the Nervous System Sensory input Integration Motor output
4 Sensory input
5 2 BIG Divisions Central Nervous System Brain & Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Outside the CNS (outside the DBC) Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves
6 2 Big Divisions of the PNS Sensory Afferent S A M E SAD Motor Efferent
7
8
9 Motor Efferent Divisions Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
10 Somatic Nervous System Mostly voluntary Controls skeletal muscles
11 Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary Controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
12 Autonomic NS Divisions Sympathetic Parasympathetic
13 Cells of Nervous Tissue Neurons Glial cells
14 Functions of Neurons Sensation Integration Sending signals from sensory organs to CNS (Sensory input) Sending signals from CNS to effector organs (Motor output)
15 Functions of Glial Cells Maintenance Food delivery Killing and cleaning Lining Insulating
16 Typical Neuron = Cell w/ several processes Cell body Dendrites Dendrites + Axon Axon
17 Nucleus Nissl body Soma Neurofibrils
18 Soma
19 Nucleus Collection of somata in the CNS
20 Ganglion Collection of somata in the PNS
21 Dendrites Receive signals from other neurons/sensory organs Send electrical signals (graded potentials) to the soma and the axon Usually multiple
22 Receive electrical signals (graded potentials) from dendrites/soma Send electrical signals (action potentials) to the axon terminal Axon terminal releases neurotransmitters onto another neuron or an effector cell Node of Ranvier Axon terminals (secretory region) Axon hillock Axon Neurilemma Schwann cell Telodendri
23
24 Synapse = Junction btwn 2 neurons or btwn a neuron and an effector cell
25 Synapse Presynaptic neuron Axon terminal Synaptic vesicles Postsynaptic neuron
26 Structural Classification of Neurons Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar
27 Multipolar Neurons
28 Bipolar Neurons
29 Bipolar Neurons
30 Unipolar Neurons
31 Functional Classification of Neurons Stimulus 1 Receptor Interneuron 2 Sensory neuron 3 Integration center 4 Motor neuron 5 Effector Spinal cord (CNS) Response
32 Membrane Potential = Electrical difference btwn the inside of a cell and the outside Voltmeter Plasma membrane Ground electrode outside cell Microelectrode inside cell Axon Neuron
33 Establishing a Membrane Potential Outside cell Inside cell
34 Establishing a Membrane Potential K+ leakage channels K K+ K+ + + K Cell interior 90 mv
35 Establishing a Membrane Potential K+ K+ Na+ K+ K+ + Na Cell interior 70 mv
36 Polarized Voltmeter Plasma membrane Ground electrode outside cell Microelectrode inside cell Axon Neuron
37 Electrical signals carry info from one end of a neuron to the other. These electrical signals are waves of change in the membrane potential.
38 Changing the Membrane Potential
39 Depolarization
40 Hyperpolarization
41
42
43 Graded Potentials Waves of change in the membrane potential in the dendrites and soma. Get smaller with distance.
44 Action Potentials Waves of change in the membrane potential in the axon. Does not get smaller with distance. All-or-none.
45 Graded Potentials
46 Graded Potentials
47 Graded Potentials Action Potentials
48 Threshold Potential
49 Temporal Summation
50 Spatial Summation
51 Action Potential
52 Action potentials Threshold Stimulus Time (ms)
53 mv 10 Voltagegated Na+ channels are open. 2 Graded potentials reach threshold 3 Depolarization 4 Repolarization 5 Hyperpolarization 6 Return to RMP Voltage-gated K channels are open. Potential below RMP Threshold RMP Resting membrane potential Time (ms ec )
54 Sodium channel Na+ Potassium channel Activation gates Inactivation gate 1 Resting state K+
55 Na+ K+ 2 Depolarizatio n
56 Na+ K+ 3 Repolarizatio n
57 Na+ K+ 4 Hyperpolarization
58 Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period mv 10 Voltagegated Na+ channels are open. 2 Graded potentials reach threshold 3 Depolarization 4 Repolarization 5 Hyperpolarization 6 Return to RMP Voltage-gated K channels are open. Potential below RMP Threshold RMP Resting membrane potential Time (ms ec )
59 Action Potential
60 Depolarization: Consecutive voltage-gated Na+ channels go through the following stages: open, closed (inactivation state), closed (resting state) Interstitial fluid Na Cytosol Closed (resting state) Closed (inactivation state) mv mv Open (activation state) As threshold is reached Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses in; polarity reversed 70 mv Closed (resting state)
61 Repolarization: Consecutive voltage-gated K+ channels go through the following stages: open and closed K Closed 70 mv Open mv Closed K+ channels open and K+ diffuses out; RMP ( 70 mv) is reestablished
62 Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period mv 10 Voltagegated Na+ channels are open. 2 Graded potentials reach threshold 3 Depolarization 4 Repolarization 5 Hyperpolarization 6 Return to RMP Voltage-gated K channels are open. Potential below RMP Threshold RMP Resting membrane potential Time (ms ec )
63
64 Continuous Conduction of an Action Potential Stimulus Voltage-gated ion channel
65 Saltatory Conduction of an Action Potential Myelin sheath Stimulus Node of Ranvier 1 mm Myelin sheath
66 Neurotransmitter Release Presynaptic neuron Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic neuron 1 Action potential arrives at axon terminal. 2 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal. Ca2+ Ca2+ Mitochondrion Ca2+ Ca2+ 3 Ca2+ entry causes neurotransmittercontaining synaptic vesicles to release their contents by exocytosis. Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles 4 Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Postsynaptic neuron
67 Neurotransmitter Disposal
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Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast
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