Exam 1 PSYC Fall 1998

Transcription

1 Exam 1 PSYC 2022 Fall 1998 (2 points) Briefly describe the difference between a dualistic and a materialistic explanation of brain-mind relationships. (1 point) True or False. George Berkely was a monist. (1 point) True or False. George Berkely was a materialist. (2 points) Why do we usually only talk about localization of function within "gray matter", not within "white matter"? 1

2 (2 points) What cortical landmark separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe? (2 points) What cortical landmark forms the superior boundary of the temporal lobe? (6 points) Match the following. Mass action of brain function Aggregate Field View Speech production brain region Speech comprehension brain region Mapped function of sensorimotor strip Bumps on skull correspond to regional A. Wilder Penfield B. Phrenologists C. Karl Lashley D. Paul Broca E. Pierre Flourens F. Karl Wernicke differences in brain size (3 points) Wilder Penfield's experiments demonstrated that A. the postcentral gyrus is the location of primary motor cortex B. electrical stimulation of the postcentral gyrus results in sensation of pain and temperature in various regions of the body C. the sensorimotor strip has very little distortion in its representation of body regions D. the sensorimotor strip has a contralateral representation of the body E. all of the above are true 2

3 (3 points) Bob has a mild case of epilepsy and periodically has "partial" seizures. Typically, when Bob has a seizure he feels a tingling sensation which begins in his left hand, moves up his left arm, travels down his back and his left leg, ending in his left foot. Where in Bob's brain would you predict that the seizure begins and to where does the seizure spread? (Be as specific about the anatomical regions involved as possible in your answer) (2 points) How can you account for the fact that electrical stimulation of the precentral gyrus in the right hemisphere results in muscle contractions on the left side of the body? 3

4 (3 points) We have better motor control of our fingers than our toes because: A. more of our motor cortex is devoted to the control of finger muscles than toe muscles B. nerve impulses have to travel a longer distance to control toe muscles than finger muscles C. we are trained as children to use our fingers more than our toes D. toes have contralateral representation in the motor cortex whereas fingers have ipsilateral representation E. all of the above are true (2 points) Where in the body do motor efferents from the precentral gyrus decussate? (3 points) Tertiary cortex A. receives input from more than one primary cortical region B. serves to associate information from more than one sensory system C. is proportionately larger in the frontal lobe of humans than in any other species D. is believed to be more responsible for "higher" cognitive processes than is primary and secondary cortex E. all of the above are true 4

5 (7 points) Label the following cortical regions on the diagram below: A. temporal lobe B. pars orbitalis C. Sylvian fissure D. central sulcus E. middle frontal gyrus F. superior temporal sulcus G. inferior temporal gyrus H. primary motor cortex I. primary somatosensory cortex J. supramarginal gyrus K. superior parietal lobule L. Broca's area M. premotor cortex N. frontal eye fields (5 points) Label the following cortical regions on the diagram below: A. transverse temporal gyri of Heschl B. planum temporale C. primary auditory cortex D. Wernicke's area E. longitudinal fissure 5

6 (4 points) Match the following items on the left with the neuronal cell types on the right. Note in some cases more than 1 cell type is the appropriate match indicate all cell types that are appropriate. projection neuron interneuron uses glutamate as neurotransmitter A. pyramidal cells B. spiny stellate cells C. aspiny stellate cells uses GABA as neurotransmitter has an axon has an apical dendrite has dendritic spines produces lateral inhibition (4 points) For each of the following cell types or events list all of the cortical cell layers where these cells/events are most likely to be found. pyramidal cells densest layer of spiny stellate cells site of specific sensory input pyramidal neurons that project to the thalamus pyramidal neurons that project to the spinal cord site of non-specific input from the brain stem pyramidal neurons that project to cortical regions in the same hemisphere site of input from cortical regions in the opposite hemisphere 6

7 (4 points) Describe one difference between the cellular organization of the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus. How does this cellular difference contribute to a functional difference between these two cortical regions? (2 points) True or False. Pyramidal neurons have an inhibitory effect on their target neurons. (2 points) What is a cortical column? (2 points) Give an example of laterality of brain function. (2 points) True or False. Language function is localized in the right hemisphere in the majority of left handed individuals. 7

8 (3 points) Which of the following is not a supportive piece of evidence for less laterality of language function in women compared to men? A. women on the average have less asymmetry in the size of their planum temporale B. women on the average have greater blood flow in the parietal lobe than the frontal lobe when performing a reading task C. women on the average have less laterality in frontal lobe blood flow when performing a non-sense rhyming task D. women are less apt to have aphasia or have less severe aphasia after a stroke which affects the left hemisphere (8 points) Match the following brain regions with a cognitive function that appears to be especially dependent on that brain region. being able to demonstrate the use of an object recognizing the object depicted in a drawing categorization and classification of objects temporal memory cortex recognition of the emotional tone in cortex A. dorsal-lateral frontal lobe B. ventral-medial frontal lobe C. left angular gyrus D. left parietal association E. right parietal association someone's speech socially appropriate behavior being able to remember the name of objects junction being able to attend to the left side of your body F. superior temporal sulcus G. right occipital-temporal H. right planum temporale (5 points) Fill in the blanks. The dorsal visual stream initially makes connections with association cortex in the lobe and this connection is important for knowing objects are. The ventral visual stream initially makes connections with association cortex in the lobe and this connection is important for knowing objects are. Both visual streams then converge on the portion of the frontal lobe. 8

9 (2 points) What is ideomotor apraxia, and which brain region is likely to be damaged? (2 points) What is prosopagnosia, and which brain region is likely to be damaged? (3 points) Which of the following is not a general function associated with the frontal lobe? A. motor control B. behavioral inhibition C. IQ score D. planning behavior E. all of the above are associated with the frontal lobe (3 points) Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint's syndrome? A. finger agnosia B. visual gaze is directed degrees right of center C. able to attend to only one item at a time D. impaired visually guided movement E. all of the above are symptoms of Balint's syndrome 9

10 (10 points) Fill in the table below based on the Oliver Sacks' neurological cases: Case Type of Disorder Likely brain region affected Likely brain hemisphere affected "The man who mistook his wife for a hat" "The man who fell out of bed" The individual described in "Eyes Right!" The individual described in "Reminiscence" Epilepsy The individuals described in "The president's speech" Wernicke's Aphasia 10