Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology
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1 Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology V edit. Pg VI edit. Pg VII edit. Pg
2 Input Zone Dendrites and Cell body Nucleus Trigger Zone Axon hillock Conducting Zone Axon (may be from 1mm to more than 1m long) Arrows indicate the direction in which nerve signals are conveyed. Output Zone Axon terminals
3 Cell body: contains nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Nissl bodies (ER containing chromatophilic substance), ribosomes Dendrites: small cellular processes that receive input signals in a neuron Axon: long cellular process designed for carrying electrical signals to other cells. Bundles of axons form nerves
4 Morphology of various type of neurons in the central nervous system
5 OUT IN
6 Electrical signals are produced by changes in ion movement across the plasma membrane: Action potentials & synaptic (or graded) potentials
7 Ion Channels 1) Leak channels resting membrane potential 2) Voltage-gated ion channels action potential 3) Ligand-gated ion channels graded potential
8 Action potentials are brief changes in membrane potential that occur when the inside of the cell becomes more positive. Action potentials are self-generating signals that can propagate over long distances overshoot Action potential=spike
9 Voltage-gated Sodium Channels Membrane depolarization Closed Open Inactivated
10 Voltage-gated Sodium Channels Membrane depolarization Closed Open Inactivated X Tetrodotoxin X Local anesthetics
11 Voltage-gated Potassium Channels Closed Membrane depolarization Open
12 Action Potential Are triggered once membrane potential reaches threshold All-or-none, with constant amplitude and duration Depolarizing
13
14 At rest: P K :P Na :P Cl = 50/1/10 At the peak of the AP: P K :P Na :P Cl = 1/20/0.45
15 At rest, all voltage-gated channels are closed Threshold Rest
16 The triggering event causes the opening of some voltage-gated Na + channels, which brings the RMP to threshold Threshold
17 The triggering event causes the opening of some voltage-gated Na + channels, which brings the RMP to threshold Threshold
18 Once the membrane potential reaches threshold, all voltagegated Na + channels open Threshold
19 The influx of Na + causes depolarization of the membrane, which generates the rising phase of the action potential Why do Na + ions rush in? Threshold
20 Voltage-gated Na + channels inactivate, Na + ions cease to enter the cell Threshold
21 Simultaneously, voltagegated K + channels open, K + ions leave the cell Threshold
22 Voltage-gated K + channels open, K + ions leave the cell causing membrane repolarization Why do K + ions rush out? Threshold
23 The exit of K + brings the membrane potential close to rest Threshold
24 Membrane potential returns to rest, both voltage-gated Na + and K + channels return to the closed state Threshold Rest
25 Permeability changes during an action potential
26 Generation of an Action Potential g.html
27 Permeability changes during an action potential
28 General considerations of ion changes at rest and during an action potential (for a neuron with a RMP=-70 mv and a diameter of 25 mm) At rest During an action potential (to 30 mv) Number of displaced charges across the membrane Equivalent number of moles 1.4 x (0.014 fm) 2 x (0.02 fm)
29 How can we restore the concentration gradient disrupted by the action potential?
30 The Na + /K + pump restore the concentration gradient disrupted by the action potential OUT IN
31 Action potentials are generated in the axon hillock and they propagate along the axon in order to reach the axon terminal
32
33 What happen to the action potential once is generated in the axon hillock?
34 Propagation of the action potential: always forward
35
36
37 Why is the action potential unable to travel backward? Absolute and relative refractory period
38 Factors that affect Nerve Conduction: Axon Myalination Fiber diameter
39
40 PNS Schwann cells One Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath for one axon CNS Oligodendrocytes One oligodendrocyte forms the myelin sheath for several axon
41 Propagation of the action potential in myelinated axons: Saltatory Conduction
42 Saltatory Conduction
43
44 Conduction of the Action Potential Notice: action potentials do not travel along the axon! Rather, each membrane segment generates its own action potential
45 Factors that affect Nerve Conduction: Axon Myalination Fiber diameter: V=f(d)
46 Why saltatory conduction is the best way to transmit an action potential? 1) Diameter constrains 2) Faster transmission 3) Prevent large scale ionic disruption
47 Action Potential Are triggered once membrane potential reaches threshold All-or-none, with constant amplitude and duration Depolarizing Occurs only in the axon hillock or areas with high density of voltage-activated Na + channels Self-generating spread, propagates continuously or by saltatory conduction Travel in one direction, refractory period
48 Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it sends a chemical signal to other neurons or effector organs: synaptic transmission
49 In chemical synapses, information is transmitted in only one direction: from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron Synapses are places where two neurons meet There are chemical and electrical synapses The main components of a chemical synapse are: presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane
50 Synaptic knob
51 Synaptic transmission
52 Events Leading to Neurotransmitter Release
53 Ion Channels 1) Leak channels resting membrane potential 2) Voltage-gated ion channels action potential 3) Ligand-gated ion channels graded potential
54 Chemically-gated Ion Channels What are ligandgated ion channels?
55 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Excitatory neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, noradrenaline Inhibitory neurotransmitters: glycine, GABA +60 E Na E K Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning
56 Neurotransmitters Small chemical molecules, synthesized and packaged in axon terminal Involve in fast synaptic transmission Can be excitatory or inhibitory Are fast removed from synaptic cleft Examples: Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, GABA, Glycine Neuropeptides Polypeptide molecules, synthesized in cell body Involve in slow synaptic transmission (or neuromodulation) Only regulate a preexisting function Slowly diffuse out of synaptic cleft Examples: Substance P, endorphins, enkephalins
57 Termination of Neurotransmitter Action
58 Synaptic transmission and generation of local potentials (or synaptic potentials, or graded potential)
59 Graded Potentials (also know as local or synaptic potentials)
60 Generation of graded potentials in dendrites
61
62 Local potentials spread by passive current flow
63 Propagation of local potentials Influenced by: 1) voltage difference 2) resistance to current flow
64 Local potentials only propagate over short distances WHY?
65 Local potentials only propagate over short distances
66 Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials What ions are involved in the generation of an EPSP?
67 Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials What ions are involved in the generation of an IPSP?
68 Action Potential Are triggered once membrane potential reach threshold All-or-none, with constant amplitude and duration Depolarizing Occurs only in the axon hillock or areas with high density of voltage-activated Na + channels Self-generating spread, saltatory conduction to inactive membrane areas Travel in one direction, refractory period Graded Potential Linear relationship between amplitude of stimulation and amplitude of local potential Local response, with variable amplitude and duration Depolarizing or hyperpolarizing Occurs in any area of the membrane (except in axons) Passive spread to inactive membrane areas Bi-directional
69 Integration of synaptic potentials
70 Presynaptic inhibition & facilitation
71 Convergence and Divergence
72 Conclusions Local potentials Action potential generation Action potential propagation Synaptic release
73 Central nervous system (spinal cord) Peripheral nervous system Axon terminals Cell body Afferent neuron Receptor Central axon Peripheral axon (afferent fiber) Interneuron Cell body Efferent neuron* Axon (efferent fiber) Axon terminals Effector organ (muscle or gland)
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