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1 Measures have been taken, by the Utah Department of Health, Bureau of Health Promotions, to ensure no conflict of interest in this activity
2 Seizures in the School Setting Meghan Candee, MD MS Assistant Professor of Pediatric Neurology Primary Children s Hospital/University of Utah
3 Seizures by the # s 1 in 10 people will have at least 1 seizure in their life 1 in 25 children will have a generalized seizure before 5 years of age 1 in 100 people will have epilepsy
4 Objectives Review definitions Identify various seizure types & categories Understand potential causes for seizure List aspects of the initial workup after a 1 st time seizure List common anti-epileptic medication side effects Know how to keep a child safe during a seizure
5 Definition Seizure (ictus): abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain when brain cells send messages again and again in an uncontrolled manner can cause sudden change in level of consciousness, behavior, actions or sensation Epilepsy syndrome of recurrent unprovoked seizures Status (Epilepticus) Prolonged/persistent seizure
6 Seizure Characterization Age Semiology = what it looks like (LOC, head/eyes limbs) Onset Duration Behavior before & after (pre & post-ictal) Etiology provoked (e.g. febrile, abscess, structural) vs unprovoked symptomatic vs idiopathic
7 2 Main Categories Generalized Tonic-clonic (convulsive, grand mal) Absence (staring, petit mal) Onset 3-6y, <15 seconds ADHD overlap Abrupt onset, + LOC No postictal period Child often unaware May including blinking, chewing or hand movements Atonic (drop) Myoclonic (single jerk) Focal/Partial Simple Affects only one part of the body Consciousness is not affected Complex Includes change in consciousness & automatisms followed by confusion Often have aura Secondary generalization
8 Tonic-clonic seizure Epilepsyclassroom.com
9 Absence Seizure Epilepsyclassroom.com
10 Focal Seizures Epilepsyclassroom.com
11 Common Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes Febrile Seizure -6m-6y; good prognosis -simple vs complex -2-5% of all children -antipyretics don t prevent -recurrence: 50% for <12 30% for >12m -2 nd feb sz 50% risk of 3rd Benign Rolandic Epilepsy GTCS on awakening Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) -mixed disorder -lifetime risk Childhood Absence Epilepsy -4-14y; good prognosis
12 Rare Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes Lennox-Gastaut Landau-Kleffner Dravet syndrome Doose syndrome
13 First unprovoked seizure Untreated: 40% at 2y Treated: 32% at 2 years 80-90% of 2 nd seizures occur within 2 years Highest risk within 1 st 6 months
14 Causes for seizure CNS infection meningitis, encephalitis, abscess Trauma acute, scarring Vascular stroke, hemorrhage, vessel malformation, clot Hypoxia hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy Metabolic/Electrolyte Imbalance hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia, inborn errors of metabolism Drugs/Toxins/Withdrawal Structural Mass, tumor, cortical malformations/dysplasia Idiopathic - genetic
15 First-time Seizure Workup Depends on context E.g. age, fever, trauma, infection, duration Should include: Thorough history (including birth, development & family history) Physical exam (head size, skin findings) May include: Head CT (if concerned for head trauma) EEG Brain MRI ECG Labs Lumbar puncture
16 EEG
17 Brain MRI
18 MRI cortical dysplasia
19 Conditions that Mimic Seizures Tics Shivering Syncope Breath Holding Spells Reflux Excessive startle Psychogenic/Pseudoseizures Behavioral Variants self-stimulation
20 When to Treat Rarely after first event
21 Safety Water Heights Medications Helmets
22 Medications Preventive Rescue
23 Common Preventive Medications Levetiracetam (Keppra) Ethosuximide (Zarontin) Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Valproic acid (Depakote) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Topiramate (Topamax) Zonisamide (Zonegran) Lacosamide (Vimpat) Phenobarbital Fosphenytoin (Dilantin)
24 Side Effects Medication Levetiracetam (Keppra) Ethosuximide (Zarontin) Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Valproic acid (Depakote) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Topiramate (Topamax) Zonisamide (Zonegran) Lacosamide (Vimpat) Phenobarbital Fosphenytoin (Dilantin) Side effect Irritability, fatigue Fatigue Nausea, hyponatremia Tremor, nausea, wt gain, hair loss Rash Fatigue, cognitive slowing Rash Fatigue Sedation, lower IQ Rash, gum overgrowth, bone loss
25 Common Rescue Medications Diazepam (Diastat) - rectal Lorazepam (Ativen) - oral Midazolam (Versed) - nasal
26 Other Therapies Vagal Nerve Stimulator Ketogenic Diet Epilepsy Surgery
27 What to Do Remain calm Lay child down on his/her side & turn head to side if possible Keep objects away from face to help breathing & prevent injury Do not put anything in mouth or between teeth Protect head and body from banging, sharp or hard objects Do not restrain limbs >5 minutes or > 2 seizures without recovery call EMS
28 After a Seizure Allow child to lie quietly Reorient to surroundings & recent events Reassure recovering child that he/she is safe Do not give food/drink until fully alert If not breathing or having difficulty, call 911 & start CPR Record an accurate description of seizure Length, context, semiology Call family Discuss event with class as soon as possible
29 Accommodations IEP or 504 Rescue medication Time to recover after an event
30 Promote Epilepsy Awareness Teaches acceptance of others De-stigmatizes epilepsy and other health conditions Advances learning of brain function Enriches health and science lessons Epilepsyclassroom.com
31 For more information
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