Chapter 2--Introduction to the Physiology of Perception

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1 Chapter 2--Introduction to the Physiology of Perception Student: 1. Our perception of the environment depends on A. the properties of the objects in the environment. B. the properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. C. both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. D. none of these are true. 2. Aristotle believed that the "mind and soul" were located in the A. lungs. B. brain. C. aura surrounding the body. D. heart. 3. Descartes wrote that the "seat of the soul" was the A. pineal gland. B. brain. C. horoptor. D. cornea. 4. authored the first major book on the study of the brain. A. Galen B. Descartes C. Willis D. Arnold 5. Mueller theorized that stimulating the neurons in the eye results in seeing, and that stimulating the neurons in the ear result in hearing. This is known as the A. Four Fluids Theory. B. Law of Cardiocentricism. C. Cartesian Pentagonal Hypothesis. D. Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies. 6. The analogy of listening to a speech in a crowded convention center is used in the textbook to explain the importance of A. studying the pineal gland's role in perception. B. recording from single neurons. C. using lesioning as a technique for studying brain function. D. recording electrical activity in the ventricles. 7. The primary receiving area for hearing is located in the lobe. A. temporal B. occipital C. parietal D. frontal 1

2 8. The principle that specific functions are served by specific cortical areas is called A. cortical magnification. B. modular organization. C. the distribution principle. D. haptic segmentation. 9. The three major parts of a neuron are A. dendrites, cell body, and axon. B. axon, nerve fiber, and receptor. C. receptor, transmitter, and median. D. receptor, dendrites, and conductor. 10. The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is mv. A. -70 B. -10 C. 0 D At the beginning of the action potential, ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber. A. positive potassium B. negative potassium C. positive sodium D. negative sodium 12. The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the of the nerve fiber. A. suppression B. permeability C. accommodation D. assimilation 13. Which of the following statements best defines the "propagated response"? A. Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude. B. Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels down the length of the axon. C. The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon. D. The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites. 14. As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows A. the amplitude of the action potential increases. B. the amplitude of the action potential decreases. C. the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus. D. the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases. 2

3 15. The upper limit of a neuron's firing rate is estimated to be impulses per second. A. 20 B. 100 C. 800 D Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called that are released across the synapse to the next neuron. A. electrolytes B. collagens C. neurotransmitters D. glial cells 17. The analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites. A. "needle in a haystack" B. "lock and key" C. "stadium wave" D. "rolling stone" 18. The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of input it receives from the presynaptic neuron. A. excitation B. inhibition C. equalizing D. both excitation and inhibition 19. is the process by which inhibitory transmitters cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative. A. Hyperpolarization B. Depolarization C. Antipolarization D. Repolarization 20. is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information. A. Inhibition B. Excitation C. Exhibition D. Both inhibition and excitation 21. Converging circuits with excitation and inhibition are associated most closely with which step of the perceptual process? A. recognition B. attention C. neural processing D. the environmental stimulus 22. In a neural circuit with convergence that only involves excitatory synapses, the firing rate of the postsynaptic neuron as the number of receptors stimulated increases. A. does not change B. increases C. decreases D. increases or decreases, depending on the receptor stimulated 3

4 23. The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the A. receptive field. B. amacrine region. C. divergence area. D. inverted fovea. 24. A neuron with an excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate A. only the center. B. only the surround. C. both the center and surround together. D. part of the surround. 25. Center-surround receptive fields occur in neurons A. for vision only. B. for the skin senses only. C. for both skin senses and vision. D. for audition only. 26. "Grandmother cells" are mostly closely associated with coding. A. specificity B. distributed C. olfactory D. invasive 27. An advantage of coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons. A. specificity B. distributed C. extrastriate D. retinal 28. Quiroga et al. (2005) studied sensory coding by A. ablation of the IT in humans. B. ablation of the FFA in humans. C. implanting electrodes in the limbic system of college student volunteers. D. using implanted electrodes in the hippocampus of epileptic patients. 29. A neuron studied by Quiroga et al. responded to A. a photograph of Halle Berry's face. B. a photograph of Halle Berry dressed as Catwoman C. the words "Halle Berry" visually presented. D. All of these caused the cell to fire. 30. Finding the neural correlate of consciousness is related to the A. easy problem of consciousness. B. hard problem of consciousness. C. easy problem of reductionism. D. hard problem of reductionism. 4

5 31. "How do physiological responses transform into perceptual experiences?" summarizes the A. easy problem of consciousness. B. hard problem of consciousness. C. NC state problem. D. NCC-1701 lettering problem. 32. Discuss the contributions of Willis, Golgi, and Mueller to the understanding of brain functioning. 33. Define "modular organization" and specify how the senses are organized into primary receiving areas. 34. (a) What are the basic properties of action potentials? (b) How do these properties relate to perception? 5

6 35. Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters. 36. Using words and/or diagrams, circuits with (a) no convergence; (b) convergence; and (c) convergence with inhibition affect neural firing rate. 37. Describe the procedure involved in mapping receptive fields. 38. Describe the procedure, results, and implications of the Quiroga et al. (2005) "Halle Berry neuron" study. 6

7 7

8 Chapter 2--Introduction to the Physiology of Perception Key 1. Our perception of the environment depends on A. the properties of the objects in the environment. B. the properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. C. both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. D. none of these are true. 2. Aristotle believed that the "mind and soul" were located in the A. lungs. B. brain. C. aura surrounding the body. D. heart. 3. Descartes wrote that the "seat of the soul" was the A. pineal gland. B. brain. C. horoptor. D. cornea. 4. authored the first major book on the study of the brain. A. Galen B. Descartes C. Willis D. Arnold 5. Mueller theorized that stimulating the neurons in the eye results in seeing, and that stimulating the neurons in the ear result in hearing. This is known as the A. Four Fluids Theory. B. Law of Cardiocentricism. C. Cartesian Pentagonal Hypothesis. D. Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies. 6. The analogy of listening to a speech in a crowded convention center is used in the textbook to explain the importance of A. studying the pineal gland's role in perception. B. recording from single neurons. C. using lesioning as a technique for studying brain function. D. recording electrical activity in the ventricles. 7. The primary receiving area for hearing is located in the lobe. A. temporal B. occipital C. parietal D. frontal 1

9 8. The principle that specific functions are served by specific cortical areas is called A. cortical magnification. B. modular organization. C. the distribution principle. D. haptic segmentation. 9. The three major parts of a neuron are A. dendrites, cell body, and axon. B. axon, nerve fiber, and receptor. C. receptor, transmitter, and median. D. receptor, dendrites, and conductor. 10. The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is mv. A. -70 B. -10 C. 0 D At the beginning of the action potential, ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber. A. positive potassium B. negative potassium C. positive sodium D. negative sodium 12. The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the of the nerve fiber. A. suppression B. permeability C. accommodation D. assimilation 13. Which of the following statements best defines the "propagated response"? A. Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude. B. Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels down the length of the axon. C. The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon. D. The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites. 14. As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows A. the amplitude of the action potential increases. B. the amplitude of the action potential decreases. C. the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus. D. the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases. 2

10 15. The upper limit of a neuron's firing rate is estimated to be impulses per second. A. 20 B. 100 C. 800 D Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called that are released across the synapse to the next neuron. A. electrolytes B. collagens C. neurotransmitters D. glial cells 17. The analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites. A. "needle in a haystack" B. "lock and key" C. "stadium wave" D. "rolling stone" 18. The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of input it receives from the presynaptic neuron. A. excitation B. inhibition C. equalizing D. both excitation and inhibition 19. is the process by which inhibitory transmitters cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative. A. Hyperpolarization B. Depolarization C. Antipolarization D. Repolarization 20. is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information. A. Inhibition B. Excitation C. Exhibition D. Both inhibition and excitation 21. Converging circuits with excitation and inhibition are associated most closely with which step of the perceptual process? A. recognition B. attention C. neural processing D. the environmental stimulus 3

11 22. In a neural circuit with convergence that only involves excitatory synapses, the firing rate of the postsynaptic neuron as the number of receptors stimulated increases. A. does not change B. increases C. decreases D. increases or decreases, depending on the receptor stimulated 23. The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the A. receptive field. B. amacrine region. C. divergence area. D. inverted fovea. 24. A neuron with an excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate A. only the center. B. only the surround. C. both the center and surround together. D. part of the surround. 25. Center-surround receptive fields occur in neurons A. for vision only. B. for the skin senses only. C. for both skin senses and vision. D. for audition only. 26. "Grandmother cells" are mostly closely associated with coding. A. specificity B. distributed C. olfactory D. invasive 27. An advantage of coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons. A. specificity B. distributed C. extrastriate D. retinal 28. Quiroga et al. (2005) studied sensory coding by A. ablation of the IT in humans. B. ablation of the FFA in humans. C. implanting electrodes in the limbic system of college student volunteers. D. using implanted electrodes in the hippocampus of epileptic patients. 29. A neuron studied by Quiroga et al. responded to A. a photograph of Halle Berry's face. B. a photograph of Halle Berry dressed as Catwoman C. the words "Halle Berry" visually presented. D. All of these caused the cell to fire. 4

12 30. Finding the neural correlate of consciousness is related to the A. easy problem of consciousness. B. hard problem of consciousness. C. easy problem of reductionism. D. hard problem of reductionism. 31. "How do physiological responses transform into perceptual experiences?" summarizes the A. easy problem of consciousness. B. hard problem of consciousness. C. NC state problem. D. NCC-1701 lettering problem. 32. Discuss the contributions of Willis, Golgi, and Mueller to the understanding of brain functioning. 33. Define "modular organization" and specify how the senses are organized into primary receiving areas. 34. (a) What are the basic properties of action potentials? (b) How do these properties relate to perception? 35. Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters. 36. Using words and/or diagrams, circuits with (a) no convergence; (b) convergence; and (c) convergence with inhibition affect neural firing rate. 5

13 37. Describe the procedure involved in mapping receptive fields. 38. Describe the procedure, results, and implications of the Quiroga et al. (2005) "Halle Berry neuron" study. 6

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