Chapter-I. Introduction. Success is the ability to go from failure to failure without losing your BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
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1 Chapter-I Introduction Success is the ability to go from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm. ~ Winston Churchill" BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Volleyball is the most popular sport in the world. People of all ages and skill levels play volleyball in over 200 countries around the world. William G. Morgan at the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, invented volleyball in The goal was to create a game that would be less stressful on the bodies of young athletes, yet enjoyable and competitive enough to keep young people fit (Shamus & Shamus, 2001). While most of us envision volleyball as a fun game played occasionally at beach parties or the park, it is a sport with varsity school teams and travelling professional teams. Volleyball was first recognized as an Olympic sport in 1964 in Tokyo for both men and women. At the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, beach volleyball was added as a full medal sport. 65% of the players registered with USA Volleyball are less than 18 years of age. Volleyball is a fast game that changes constantly. To be a successful athlete requires the ability to assess situations as they happen and having the skills to adjust. It is our philosophy to empower the athletes to read the situations on the court and respond accordingly. Volleyball is a dynamic and complex team sport. Therefore, it is important to understand that what may be optimal in terms of mechanical technique may be suicide in terms of real-life game-situation tactics. Expressed differently, mechanically optimal and tactically optimal. Volleyball is a complex game of simple skills. Two teams in the match, as opponents, will exercise various skills and tactic to attack and to defend. The ball is
2 served into play. To attack, the players try to make the ball fall down onto the ground of the opposite side. To defend, they try to prevent the ball from falling down onto the ground of their own side. A team can touch the ball three times on its own side. As a purely rebound ball game (you can't hold the ball), volleyball is a sport of constant motion. The basic pattern of movement in making an attack includes a dig (an underarm pass made with the forearms), a set (an overhead pass made with the hands), and a spike (the overhead attacking shot). Teams can also try to block the opponent's spike as the ball crosses the net. In each team there are six players standing in two rows with three players in each. In a match, every player should change their position in turn except the libero, which means every player on the court should be able to serve, set, pass, spike and block. So it is essential for the players to possess physique and physical performance that allow them to play their roles most effectively (Chen, 1989a). The height over the volleyball net always means the mastery of the game. The height is decided by a combination of the athlete s body height and the jumping height, and usually it is shown in blocking height and spiking height. A team will lose its capacity of winning a score if there is a lack of predominance over the net (Tian, 2006). It has also shown in recent years that there is a trend that more women s teams adopt the technique, tactics and physical performance that were previously seen only in male volleyball players. The skills like higher attack, powerful jumping-serve, attack from the back row and aggressive blocking are now widely used by female volleyball players. All these bring forward greater demand for specific physical fitness and physique of female volleyball players. For example, during the period from 1992 to 2002, the number of female volleyball players who were taller than 190 cm increased rapidly (Gao, 2006). In volleyball, technical and tactical skills, anthropometric characteristics and individual physical performance capacities are most important factors that contribute to the success of a team in competitions (Hakkinen, 1993). Physiologically, a volleyball game is an intermittent exercise that requires the players to perform frequently short bouts of high-intensity activities such as jump and spike, followed by periods of low-intensity activities (Kuenstlinger et al., 1987, Viitasalo et al., 1987). Therefore the players should possess both high aerobic and anaerobic power. 2
3 The instant and explosive spiking and blocking over the net are intense enough to trigger anaerobic metabolism which means lactic acid may accumulate in the blood. Moreover, since the match time is not restricted, a match sometimes may last for more than two hours. Therefore, it also requires a high level of aerobic fitness (Chen, 2005, & Tian, 2006). Volleyball players require well-developed muscular strength, power and endurance, speed, agility, and flexibility, and have a high level of jumping ability, fast reaction time and swift movements (She, 1999). Considerable demand is also placed on the neuromuscular system during sprints, jumps (blocking and spiking), and highintensity court movements that occur repeatedly during competition (Hakkinen, 1993). Versatility and speediness are the trend of development in modern volleyball sport. Versatility means that the athletes should not only be well-prepared for their specific position, but also posses high levels of all-round skills in serving, setting, spiking, blocking and defense. Speediness requires the athletes to be able to move quickly to the optimal place on the court. Speediness and agility in tactics, as the key factors, work together to make suddenness the feature of modern volleyball sport (Huang, 1992). Among all the physical performance indicators, speed and power (eg. in jumping and spiking) are of the most important ones. Particularly, jumping height is decisive for the execution of techniques and tactics (Jin et al., 2007). The research by Japan Volleyball Association demonstrated the significant correlation between the vertical jumping index and the competitive ability of the volleyball players. It was found that the jumping ability had a positive correlation with the number of spiking, and the total success rates of spiking, blocking and serving in a game (Tian, 2006). A key factor underpinning the dearth of research in team sports is the complexity of quantifying the important elements of these sports. Intermittent, highintensity team sports such as the court sports (e.g. basketball, volleyball, netball) and field sports (e.g. football, field hockey) have many complex demands that require a combination of fitness, skills, team plays, tactics & strategies, and motivational aspects. 3
4 Despite these complexities, it seems likely that a key area that plays an important role in volleyball success is a player s physical fitness and body size. These research outcomes and the practical experience obtained on court has increased the interest of coaches in the size and physical fitness of their players. While many volleyball players participate in resistance training, the rationale for this element of the physical preparation is widely debated. Research conducted on resistance trained athletes such as bodybuilders, Olympic lifters, or powerlifters, typically examines dedicated programs focusing exclusively on hypertrophy, power, or strength development, given these are athletes with dedicated or specialist needs. Team sport athletes, such as an American football lineman, a basketball centre, or a rugby forward, and volleyball require a balance of strength, power, and hypertrophy for success, and have different requirements to the specialist needs of athletes such as powerlifters or bodybuilders. In order to develop new ideas in resistance training, researchers and practitioners must first have a clear understanding of the physiological mechanisms responsible for strength and power development. Unfortunately, the high training volume and intensity performed by elite team sport athletes may increase the risk of overuse injuries, even when the athletes are carefully monitored by a medical team of health professionals. Biomechanics is often applied to volleyball to define the characteristics of skills, to gain an understanding of their mechanical effectiveness and to identify factors essential for optimal performance. There has been a considerable amount of biomechanical literature concerning the volleyball sport, both in training (Samson & Roy, 1975 & Oka et al., 1975) and competitive matches (Coleman, 1993& Katsikadelli, 1996). The determination of the anthropometric and performance characteristics of athletes is invaluable to coaches and sport scientists alike as it assists with various aspects of sport such as performance enhancement, talent identification and training/recovery recommendations. Previously, the anthropometric and performance characteristics have been described within a number of athletic populations, such as basketball, rugby league, rugby union, soccer, cyclists and runners. However, limited research has examined these responses within volleyball players. 4
5 The identification of physical characteristics in a sport modality contributes to its success and enables to spot differences among athletes of different modalities, which is of great interest for both sport coaches and scientists. Sports performance is based in a complex and intricate diversity of variables, which include physical (general and specific conditions), psychological (personality and motivation) anthropometrical (body morphology, anthropometry and body composition) and biomechanical factors. Co-ordinative abilities are also needed for maximum utilization of conditional abilities, technical skills and tactical skills. Without the adequately developed coordinative abilities, a sportsman cannot make maximum use of his psycho-biological capacities and reserves. The co-ordinative abilities, a great extent, determine the maximum limits to which sports performance can be improved in several sports especially the sports which depends largely on technical and tactical factors. Because of this reason assessment of co-ordinative and the possibilities of their further development from an important parts of the process of talent identification in sports. Differentiation ability is the ability to achieve high level of fine tuning or harmony of individual movement phase and body parts movements. Its finds expression in high degree of accuracy and movement economy. Differentiation ability depend on conscious and precise perception of temporal, dynamic and spatial parameters of movements execution and there comparison with the similar parameters of movements concepts at different level of control and regulation. The high level of differentiation ability depends on movement experience (i.e. motor memory) and the degree of mastery over motor action. It enables the sportsman to perceive microdifference regarding the temporal, dynamic and spatial aspects of movement execution. Differentiation ability is to be particularly stressed when the aim is to achieve high level of mastery over sports movements and their effective application in competition. High level of differentiation ability is expressed in difference sports as a feeling or sense of an implement or movement e.g. balls sense, movement s sense, water feeling etc. The ability to execute highly skillful movements with hand, feet or head is also a special type of differentiation ability. Muscles relaxation ability is also a type of differentiation ability. 5
6 Differentiation ability appears in different forms in different sports as each sport puts different type of demands on the control regulation processes. In gymnastics differentiation ability enables highly precise and accurate movements according to given model of movement. In football it finds expression in dexterity of feet and head. In different sports, therefore, different means and methods should be adopted for the improvement of differentiation ability. Orientation ability is the ability to determine and change the position and movements of the body in time and space in relation to a definite field of action (e.g. playing field, boxing ring, apparatus and /or moving object e.g. ball, opponent, and partner. The perception of position and movement and the motor action to change the body position should be understood as a unity for the ability for space-time oriented movement regulation. The demands on the orientation ability are vastly different in different sports e.g. team games, combats games, technical sports. In gymnastics the positions and movement of head and eyes is important for orientation. In wrestling, on the other hand, kinesthetic sense organs assume more important for orientation. In team games vision, especially peripheral vision is decisive for orientation. Reaction ability is the ability to react quickly and effectively to various signals and changing situation. Reaction time is a component of reaction ability which also includes the time of reaction or response. Hence, in sports the speed of movement (i.e., response) is an important part of the total reaction. Reaction time is most commonly taken as a measure of reaction ability. But it must be considered that reaction time does not include the reaction itself. It is the time interval between the signal and the start of the movement. In sports except in a few events like 100m sprint, reaction ability cannot judge simply by considering the reaction time. The speed and correctness of the reaction also has to be considered. But if others things are constant than reaction assume high importance for the judgments of reaction ability. Balance ability is the ability to maintain balance whole body movements to regain balance quickly after the balance disturbing movements. Balance ability can be of two types one is ability to maintain balance during stationary position or slow movements (static balance). It depends primarily on kinesthetic, tactile and to some extent on vestibular sense organs. Ability to maintain or regain balance during large 6
7 range movements and during rapidly changing position of the body. It depends primarily on the functional capacity of the vestibular sense organs. Rhythm ability is the ability to perceive the externally given rhythm and to reproduce it in motor action. It also denotes the ability to reproduce a rhythm, existing in motor memory, in motor action. In some technical sports like gymnastics, figures skating the sportsman have to perceive an external rhythm, given in the form of music, and to express it in his movements. In many sports rhythm is not given from out side. In these cases the sportsman has to make use of the rhythm stored in his motor memory. This is essential for effective motor learning as well as for high quality of movement execution. The rhythm ability, like balance ability, is of fundamental importance in sports. This ability is not limited to the movement of the sportsman himself but extends to the perception of rhythm of others movement also e.g. group rhythm. The ability to perceive the rhythm of movement of others is the basis for sound perception of technical errors by coaches. It also finds expression in the tendency to flow along with the rhythm of someone else s action. The motor educability is generally defined as The ability to learn well different motor skills quickly and easily. In other words, motor educability refers to one s level of ease with which one learns new motor skills. As in intelligence testing in education, so is motor educability testing (Motor intelligence) in physical education. Although, the validity of motor educability tests at their ability to predict motor skill learning has not been established, yet a large number of motor educability test batteries have been published. Earlier, in 1958, Franklin Henrys Memory-Drum theory of narrow muscular reaction advocated that motor learning ability is task specific rather than general to various motor skills. Development of the motor ability is an important part of a child s physical development. In motor development, changes in activity can be observed through the physical progress Motor development is an important prerequisite for man s motor leaning. Along with other development, motor development continues during childhood and adolescence. An in this, much importance is attached to various physical movements and exercises. 7
8 It is for this reason that modern colleges, academic teaching and training is accompanied by various physical exercises, games and many activities that require motor activity. It helps to develop in child many handicrafts that assist him in his adopting some particular career. Some such handicrafts are stitching and sewing, wood work, typewriting, cooking, etc. Motor control is essential in all handicrafts. Motor development is an important part of overall comprehensive development. This promoted us to undertake this study with the aim to determine the relationship of gross motor proficiency, coordinative abilities and motor educability with selected volleyball skills. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem is stated as A STUDY OF GROSS MOTOR PROFICIENCY, COORDINATIVE ABILITIES AND MOTOR EDUCABILITY OF YOUNG VOLLEYBALL PALYERS. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To find out the significant relationship of Gross Motor Proficiency, Coordinative Abilities and Motor Educability with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 2. To find out the significant relationship of Gross Motor Proficiency with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 3. To find out the significant relationship of Coordinative Abilities with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 4. To find out the significant relationship of Motor Educability with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 5. To find out the significant difference of Gross Motor Proficiency, Coordinative Abilities and Motor Educability among district and state level young volleyball players. 6. To find out the significant difference of serve, fore-arm pass and set-up skills among district and state level young volleyball players. 8
9 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 1. There would be no significant relationship of Gross Motor Proficiency, Coordinative Abilities and Motor Educability with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 2. There would be no significant relationship of Gross Motor Proficiency with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 3. There would be no significant relationship of Coordinative Abilities with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 4. There would be no significant relationship of Motor Educability with selected volleyball skills of young volleyball players. 5. There would be no significant difference of Gross Motor Proficiency, Coordinative Abilities and Motor Educability among district and state level young volleyball players. 6. There would be no significant difference of serve, fore-arm pass and set-up skills among district and state level young volleyball players. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. The study was delimited to the Punjab, northern state of India. 2. The study was delimited to the male district and state level volleyball players of years of age group. 3. The study was delimited to the selected gross motor abilities, coordinative abilities, motor educability and volleyball skills i.e., Gross Motor Abilities: 1. Strength and Power Abilities i. Muscular Strength ii. Muscular Power 2. Endurance Abilities i. Muscular Endurance ii. Cardio respiratory Endurance 3. Basic Movement Patterns i. Running Speed ii. Running Agility 9
10 iii. Jumping Ability iv. Throwing Ability 4. Neuromuscular Abilities i. Flexibility ii. Balance iii. Kinesthetic Perception Coordinative Abilities: i. Orientation Ability ii. Differentiation Ability iii. Reaction Ability iv. Balance Ability v. Rhythm Ability Motor Educability: i. Front Roll ii. Back Roll iii. Jumping Half-Turns iv. Jumping full-turns Volleyball Skills: i. Serve ii. Fore arm pass iii. Set-up LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. No special motivational technique was used during the test, therefore, the difference that may occurred in performance due to lack of motivation was recorded as the limitation of the study. 2. The investigator was unable to control their daily routine, training and competition schedules. 3. The investigator did not control other variables such as interest, attitude, cooperation, home environment, genetic makeup, socio-economic, cultural, religious, educational background and diet which might serve as the limitation of the study. 10
11 DEFINITION & EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED Muscular Strength Muscular Strength is the amount of force you can put forth with your muscles. Muscular Power Power is the capacity of the individual to bring into play maximum muscle contraction at the fastest rate of speed. Muscular Endurance Endurance is the ability of an individual to sustain a work load for a relatively prolonged period. Cardio respiratory Endurance Cardio respiratory endurance is the ability of the body's circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel and oxygen during sustained physical activity. Running Speed It has been defined as the capacity of an individual to perform successive movements of the same pattern at a fast rate. Running Agility It has been defined as one s controlled ability to change body position and direction rapidly and accurately. Jumping Ability The ability to expend maximum energy in one explosive act, projecting the body through space. Throwing Ability The capacity to throw a relatively light ball over arm for distance. Flexibility It has been defined as the ability to execute the sports movements with greater amplitude or range. Balance It has been defined as the state of equilibrium. Kinesthetic Perception Kinesthesis or kinesthetic perception, is the ability to perceive the body`s position space and the relation of this part. 11
12 Coordinative Abilities It is coordinative abilities are performance prerequisite which are primarily determined by mechanism involved in the control and regulation of movement. Orientation Ability This is the ability to determine the body position and its part in time and space in relation to gravity playing field player s ball equipment etc. Differentiation Ability It is the ability to achieve a high accuracy and economy (time adjustment) of separate body movements and mechanical phase of total movement. It is based upon conscious precise destination between force, space and time parameters of motor process and those existing in the athlete s mind. Reaction Ability Reaction ability is the ability to initiate quickly and perform rapid and well directed actions following signal. Balance Ability Balance is the ability to maintain body position which is necessary for the successful performance of sports skills. Rhythm Ability It is the ability to perceive the externally given rhythm and to reproduce it in motor action. It also denotes the ability to reproduce a rhythm, existing in motor memory in motor action. Motor Educability It is defined as the ones level of ease with which one learns new motor skills. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study may contribute towards promotion of volleyball performance in following ways: 1. The findings of the study may provide criteria for selecting potential beginners in volleyball who are likely to benefit from coaching in order to achieve competitive success. 2. It is likely that the result of the study may be used as a screening tool in success and classifying volleyball players. 12
13 3. The study may help physical education teacher and coaches by way of informing them about the significance of gross motor proficiency, coordinative abilities and motor educability of young volleyball players. 4. The study shall offer a wide semantic scope for the researches leading to intellectual enrichment of the knowledge discipline of physical education & sports. 13
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