YEAR 8 REVISION BOOKLET 2018

Transcription

1 Name: PE Teacher YEAR 8 REVISION BOOKLET 2018

2 Year 8 End of Year Exam Revision - Physical Education Section 1: The Skeletal System, Types of Joint and the Functions of the Skeleton Cranium Scapula Clavicle Sternum Radius Ulna Pelvis Patella Humerus Ribs Vertebrae Phalanges Femur Fibula Tibia There are two types of joint that you need to be aware of. These are: Hinge Joints: These work like the hinge on a door and can only bend to allow movement in two directions. Ball and Socket Joints: These are the most moveable joints in the body and allow movement in all directions. Type of Joint: Type of Joint: Elbow Hip Knee Shoulder 2

3 The Functions of the Skeleton: Movement: The bones are attached to muscles and when the muscles contract they pull on the bone causing it to move. Who would need this: Protection: The bones are made of hard tissue which helps to protect important organs such as the brain and the lungs. Who would need this: Posture: The bones create a framework which helps to keep our body upright. Who would need this: Red Blood Cell Production: Long bones contain red bone marrow where oxygen carrying red blood cells are produced. Who would need this: 3

4 Section 2: Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Key Terms Heart Rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. Breathing Rate is the amount of breaths taken per minute. Section 3: The Immediate/Short Term Effects of Exercise There are four body systems. These are: 4

5 To allow us to exercise our body must respond and make changes to supply the oxygen needed. This is how the cardiovascular system responds to exercise: Heart rate increases. Stroke volume increases. Cardiac output increases. The system responds in this way to supply the working muscles with more blood which carries oxygen. This is how the respiratory system responds to exercise: Breathing rate increases. Deeper breaths are taken. The system responds in this way to get more oxygen into the lungs then into the blood stream to be transported by the heart. This is how the muscular system responds to exercise: Muscles get warmer (temperature increases) Lactic acid is produced. The system responds in this way to make the muscles more flexible reducing the chance of injury. Lactic acid is poison that builds up as a result of creating energy. 5

6 Section 4: The Long Term Effects of Exercise When we exercise regularly the body adapts to the pressures it is put under to cope with exercise easier, this means we are fitter. This is how the cardiovascular system is effected by regular exercise: The heart increases in size (heart hypertrophy) As the heart is a muscle it increases in size and becomes stronger with use, this allows an athlete to pump out more blood per beat. This is how the muscular system is effected by regular exercise: Muscles get larger (muscular hypertrophy) Muscles get stronger. The muscles increases in size and become stronger with use, this allows an athlete to exert more force for example a gymnast to propel themselves off the vault. This is how the skeletal system is effected by regular exercise: Bone density increases allowing bones to get stronger. Stronger bones allow more force to be delivered. 6

7 Section 5: The Principles of Training When athletes train for their sport they should follow certain principles of training to improve their performance. Specificity Definition: Matching the training to the needs of the sporting activity and individual. Who would use it and why? Progression Definition: Gradually increasing the amount of exercise in order for the body to adapt. Who would use it and why? Overload Definition: When a greater than normal stress is applied on the body for training adaptations to take place. Who would use it and why? Reversibility Definition: When any adaptation of training is lost as a result of not training. Who would experience this and why? 7

8 Section 6: The Components of Fitness There are ten components of fitness which athletes must have high levels of in order to be good at their sport. Certain sports require some components more than others. Cardiovascular Endurance ability of the heart and circulatory system to meet the demands of the body for a long period of time. Muscular Endurance ability to move your muscles repeatedly without tiring. Speed ability to move quickly across the ground or move the limbs rapidly. 8

9 Strength maximum force a muscle can apply against a resistance. Power Definition: A combination of strength and speed. Flexibility range of movement available around a joint. Agility Definition: The ability to change direction at speed. 9

10 Balance ability to retain the centre of mass over their base of support without falling. Coordination Definition: The ability to move two or more body parts at the same time. Reaction Time time between the presentation of a stimulus and movement. You need to: Know the names of the components. Be able to identify the correct definitions. Give a sporting example explaining why each component would be needed in sport. 10

11 Revision Checklist Do you know...? The location of the 15 major bones The two types of joint with examples The functions of the skeleton The key terms for the cardiovascular and respiratory system The short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system The short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system The short term effects of exercise on the muscular system The long term effects of exercise on the muscular system The long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system The long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system The 10 components of fitness, their definitions and sporting examples The four principles of training, their definitions and when they would be used 11