3. Which famous building s design was inspired by the structure of bone?

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1 MUSCLES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS Objectives for Exam #1: 1. Provide an overview of the systems and structures of the human body. 2. Describe the sectional planes and directions that can be used to describe the orientation of a tissue or body part. 3. Provide information on muscle cells, tissue and organs, as well as the tendons and ligaments connecting organs. 4. Describe impacts of exercise on organ systems. Objective for Portfolio #1: Observe, draw, and label microscopic views of muscle tissues. Part I: Video Questions 1. How many humans are born each day? 2. How are thigh bones engineered to absorb impact? 3. Which famous building s design was inspired by the structure of bone? 4. Why are cells constantly remodeling bone? 5. How can you strengthen your bones? 6. Approximately how many years does it take to completely remodel your skeleton? 7. What is the biggest organ of the body? 8. How does skin keep the body cool? 9. Why is it important to have collagen in the skin? 10. What do platelets do? 11. What type of information is used to help us balance? 37

2 12. What problems with balance do astronauts experience after returning to Earth? 13. How may NASA solve the loss of balance associated with long space flights, such as a mission to Mars? Part II: Muscle and Organ System Stations Station A: Body Sections 1. In order to examine an organ or tissue in detail, a section (slice) is often cut through it. There are various terms used to describe the orientation of a section, so it is clear what you are looking at under the microscope. On the human body images below, label the three slices, or sectional planes, that can be made: transverse (cross-section), sagittal (longitudinal), and frontal. 2. Add directional information to your drawing: Superior (top), Inferior (bottom), Anterior (front), Posterior (back), left, and right. 38

3 Station B: Overview of Organ Systems 1. Use the Systems of the Human Body poster and the Human Body book (p ) to fill in the basic functions of the various organ systems (the organ systems are listed in the order we cover them in BI 103): Organ System Integumentary System Basic Functions Skeletal System Muscular System Digestive System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Urinary (Excretory) System Nervous System Endocrine System Reproductive System(s) Lymphatic System Station C: Muscular Tissues and Cells 1. Using the display, record (write and/or sketch) the following information about muscle types: Characteristic Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle General Shape Striated or not Voluntary or Involuntary Easily fatigued or can sustain long contractions Location in the Body 39

4 2. In the three following photos, label which model represents skeletal muscle, which represents smooth muscle, and which represents cardiac muscle. 3. A muscle cell is also called a muscle fiber. From the Muscle Tissues poster s longitudinal section (L.S.) of skeletal muscle (middle), how many muscle fibers can be seen? 4. Cardiac muscle fibers are connected by intercalated discs. What function do these intercalated discs serve? What do they look like under the microscope? Station D: Muscular System 1. The muscular system is comprised of skeletal muscles. How many muscle organs make up the skeletal muscle system? Label below each of the skeletal muscle organs (and groups of muscles) you are responsible for in this course: deltoid, pectoral, tricep, bicep, abdominals, oblique, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, hamstring, tibialis anterior (shin), gastrocnemius (calf). Mouth/face muscles are addressed in the TMJ section. 40

5 2. From the display, sketch and label the following parts of a muscle organ (bundles within bundles): Fascicle, muscle fiber (cell), myofibrils, myofilaments. Station E: Muscular and Skeletal Interactions Moving Together 1. Interact with the moving arm display. From the display, describe what happens to the biceps and triceps (which contracts, which relaxes) when you lift toward the body, and then lower away from the body. 2. The biceps and triceps muscles flank the humerus bone of the upper arm. How, then, are these muscles able to raise the forearm? Tendons and Ligaments 3. From the Skeletal poster, tendons connect to, and the ligaments connect to. 4. Tendons and ligaments are primarily composed of connective tissue. What cells produce the collagen fibers? Sketch what a tendon looks like under the microscope and label the fibroblasts: 5. From the Understanding Carpal Tunnel Syndrome mini-poster, how does carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) relate to the transverse carpal ligament? 41

6 The Knee 6. A majority of humans experience disorders associated with the knee joint at some time in their lives. This is in part due to the degree of impact on the joint through frequent use. Referring to the model of the knee and The Knee Joint poster, label the bones that come together in the knee joint (Human Body, p.76-77): 7. In addition to tendons and ligaments, the knee joint has cartilage connective tissue. The meniscus is made of one type of cartilage, called. Find the meniscus in the model. From the Knee Injuries mini-poster what is the function of the meniscus? If a knee is twisted quickly, what can happen to the menisci? Considering what the menisci do, why is this potentially a serious injury? 8. In addition to fibrocartilage, the other two types of cartilage are hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage. Describe the differences in appearance between the three types of cartilage as well as locations in the human body. Cartilage Type Appearance Location in the Body Fibrocartilage Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage TMJ 9. From the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) mini-poster, TMJ syndrome is a disorder of the temperomandibular joint. What types of organs come together at the TMJ? 42

7 10. From the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) mini-poster, what can cause TMJ? 11. From the TMJ model, label the following on the photo below: inflamed area, displaced temporo-mandibular disc, tooth problems (cracks, cavities, plaque) Station F: Exercise and Muscles 1. Try the hand grip strength test. How many PSI (pounds per square inch) do you get for your right hand? Your left hand? Referring to The Muscular System poster (bottom right), do only a few muscles contract as you grip, or do many muscles contract together? 2. Sitting down, lay one forearm on the table, palm up. Holding a tennis ball in the palm of the hand, squeeze the tennis ball firmly and repeatedly for 30 seconds. Rest for 30 seconds and then repeat. Describe what is happening to hand muscles. 3. Stand in the doorway and with your hands at your side (see demonstration image in doorway). With your hands, press outwards on the doorframe with force and hold that position for several seconds. When you release and walk away from the door frame, what happens to your arms? With assistance of the display, explain what is happening. 43

8 4. From the Sports Injuries poster (bottom) describe each of the following injuries (what happens and typical locations): Sprain Injury What happens Typical Locations Strain Contusion Fracture Dislocation Rupture Station G: Physiological Impact of Exercise 1. Thought Question: List all of the organ systems that have to coordinate activity when you exercise (if you cannot visualize exercising, jog briefly in place to see what happens). 2. Think about the last time you exercised. In response to (during) exercise, fill in what happens to each of the following: Physiological Response Muscle cell oxygen consumption Increase or Decrease? Breathing rate Tidal volume (respiratory) Heart rate Heart stroke volume (blood moved) Systolic blood pressure Blood flow to digestive organs Blood flow to muscle & heart Blood flow to skin Sweating 44

9 3. Fuel for exercise and activity is stored in three different forms: ATP, glycogen (carbohydrates), and triglycerides (lipids). Fill in the amount stored and rate of use for each of these three energy-rich molecules. Fuel Amount Stored (Time) Amount Stored (Distance) Rate of Use (Power) ATP Glycogen Triglycerides Station H: Exercise Guidelines In 2008 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. If you would like a copy of the guidelines, the document is available on-line at: 1. What is the recommended duration of daily physical activity recommended for children and adults? 2. What three types of physical activity are recommended? 3. List examples of moderate exercise and examples of vigorous exercise. Part III: Muscle Microscope Observations (for Portfolio #1) Skill: Observe, draw, and label microscopic views of muscle tissues. Drawing and labeling microscopic images can make it easier to interpret lecture and media images. Assignment: Draw and correctly label microscope views of muscle tissues (cardiac, skeletal, smooth). You will need to move the slides around to find the correct cells to draw and label. Use the handouts provided to find the correct tissue under the microscope before you start drawing. Be sure not to copy the photos in the handouts or other student s drawings. Draw and label the tissues and cells you actually see under the microscope. You may need to use an arrow to point to the specific structure you are labeling. These drawings need to be completed in lab (or week 2 office hours) and stamped in order to receive credit. Assessment: This assignment is worth 3.0 points. Each labeled drawing is worth 1.0 point (0.5 pt for drawing the correct specimen, 0.5 pt for correct labeling). Deductions will be made if drawings are direct copies of the handouts. This assignment requires a stamp to receive credit. 45

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11 Muscle Microscope Observations (Include this page in Portfolio #1) Keep your other Muscles and Organ Systems activity pages to study for the exam STAMP Sketch the three different types of muscle tissue at 400X Hint: Plasma membranes are the edges of cells. Cardiac (400X) Label: plasma membrane of the cardiac muscle cells Skeletal (400X) Label: plasma membrane & nuclei of the skeletal muscle cells Smooth (400X) Label: plasma membrane of the smooth muscle cells 47

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