Comparison of Intensities and Rest Periods for VO 2 max Verification Testing Procedures

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1 124 Training & Testing Comparison of Intensities and Rest Periods for VO 2 max Verification Testing Procedures Authors P. B. Nolan 1, M. L. Beaven 1, L. Dalleck 2 Affiliations Key words exercise test exercise oxygen consumption physical fitness accepted after revision January 1, 214 Bibliography DOI /s-4-15 Published online: June 2, 214 Int J Sports Med 214; 5: Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart New York ISSN Correspondence Dr. Lance Dalleck Recreation, Exercise and Sport Science Western State Colorado University N. Adams St Gunnison United States Tel.: + 1/9/ Fax: + 1/9/ ldalleck@western.edu 1 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 2 Recreation, Exercise and Sport Science, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, United States Abstract We sought to determine the incidence of true VO 2 max confirmation with the verification procedure across different protocols. 12 active participants (men n =, women n = ) performed in random order 4 different maximal graded exercises tests (GXT) and verification bout protocols on 4 separate days. Conditions for the rest period and verification bout intensity were: A 15 % intensity, 2 min rest; B 15 % intensity, min rest; C 115 % intensity, 2 min rest; D 115 % intensity, min rest. VO 2 max confirmation (difference between peak VO 2 GXT and verification Introduction There is an independent, inverse, dose-response relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and all-cause and CVD mortality [12, 2 ]. Low CRF has been shown to account for more deaths in both men and women than any other CVD risk factor [ ]. In addition, higher levels of CRF are associated with a reduced incidence of metabolic syndrome [18 ] and type 2 diabetes [19, ]. The most widely recognised measure of CRF is aerobic power or maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) [9 ]. However, there is still much debate on how to accurately quantify and identify true VO 2 max [4, 24, 2 ]. Maximal graded exercise testing (GXT) with gas analysis is a common procedure for accurately quantifying a person s VO 2 max and perhaps more importantly a change in VO 2 max [5 ]. In general, this requires participants to voluntarily exert themselves through an ever increasing intensity exercise trial to a state of fatigue where they can no longer continue exercising. If the participant has truly exerted himself to his full physiological capabilities, a levelling off or plateau in the participant s oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) trial < ± %) using the verification trial was 12/12 (1 %), 12/12 (1 %), 8/12 (. %), and 7/12 (58. %) for protocols A, B, C, and D. There was a significant (p <.5) effect of verification intensity on VO 2 max confirmation across all exercise test conditions (intensity effect within recovery 2 min (χ 2 (1) = 4., p <.5), intensity effect within recovery min (χ 2 (1) =.1, p <.5)). No significant effect was found for incidence of VO 2 max confirmation with different rest periods. We recommend the use of 15 % of the maximal GXT workload and 2 min rest periods when using verification trials to confirm VO 2 max in normally active populations. despite an increasing workload should be apparent [1]. This provides evidence that true VO 2 max has been reached. Despite some ambiguity and debate for and against the existence of the VO 2 plateau [1, 24, 2 ], there is good evidence that the VO2 plateau is a real phenomenon demonstrable in most participants [1, 25, 2 ]. Unfortunately, the application of inconsistent and ill-conceived methodologies has created confusion around the VO 2 plateau concept [ 2 ]. The addition of a supramaximal test after the GXT offers the possibility of providing more evidence of the VO 2 plateau phenomenon or as a stand-alone technique to confirm true VO 2 max. The utilisation of a supra-maximal or submaximal test after a GXT was first reported by Niemala et al. [ 2 ] and the evolution of the verification protocol has been well documented by Midgley and Carroll [ 2 ]. The verification trial has typically taken the form of a square wave bout of exercise [ 2 ], although some recent research has focussed on graded verification protocols [21]. Development of verification protocols is still in its infancy and is by no means common [ 2 ],

2 Training & Testing 125 with there being little consensus on standardisation of the verification protocol or the subsequent analysis. Few studies have compared the incidence of true VO 2 max using individual criterion with the verification procedure. Rather, the majority of research has used overall group means comparing the initial exercise test and verification test to confirm true VO 2 max [2 ], despite this approach to statistical analysis of gas exchange data not being recommended [ 27 ]. The comparison of group means does not account for individual differences in the confirmation of true VO 2 max [2 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have explored if there are any differences in the incidence of true VO 2 max confirmation using different verification intensities. Workloads between 9 1 % of the GXT workload achieved have been used [7, 8, 14 ], with 15 % of the GXT workload being a common verification trial intensity [14, 25 ]. There is also no consensus between studies on the optimal rest period between the GXT and verification trial for confirming true VO 2 max. Studies have utilised same day testing [7, 17 ] and multiday testing [8, 14, 25 ]. However, same day testing has been suggested to be preferable to multi-day testing due to the increased control over biological variability [ 17 ] not to mention the extra time commitment from the participant and researcher or clinician. The optimal time between the end of the GXT and start of the verification trial has not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, the aim of this study is twofold: 1) to investigate whether there is a difference in confirmation of true VO 2 max using 2 different verification trial intensities; and 2) to investigate the effect 2 different rest periods have on the confirmation of true VO 2 max with a verification trial. Methods 12 active (physically active 4 days per week for months) male (n = ) and female (n = ) participants (2. ± 2.9 years, body mass 4. ± 9. kg, height 1.8 ±.8 m) from a university in New Zealand took part in the study. All procedures were approved by the University of Auckland Human Participant Ethics Committee (reference number 847) in accordance with international standards [1 ]. Participants provided written informed consent after having the procedures explained to them verbally and in writing. Individuals with known cardiovascular, metabolic or pulmonary disease were excluded. Additionally, any persons with orthopaedic limitations that would prevent them from successfully completing a GXT on a treadmill were excluded. All participants completed an initial 1 h orientation session to familiarise themselves with equipment, procedures and establish a treadmill running speed for the GXT. Participants were then scheduled for 4 GXT-verification trials to be completed on separate days. Each session started with baseline measurements (height, weight, resting HR and blood pressure) before a GXT on a motorized treadmill (Powerjog, M, Biddeford, Maine) was performed. Following 2 min of jogging at a self-selected warm-up speed at % incline, the treadmill speed was increased to the previously determined GXT running speed. This was considered the beginning of the GXT. Each stage was 1 min in duration, with a 1 % gradient increment per stage. The speed was kept constant throughout the test. Participants exercised to volitional exhaustion. When participants did not complete a stage, the speed and gradient at which the participant stopped was considered to be the final GXT workload. Participants performed a self-paced warm-down for approximately 5 min and then rested quietly for the remainder of the allocated rest period. Following the GXT, participants were randomised to 1 of 4 verification trials (A 15 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; B 15 % GXT workload, min rest; C 115 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; D 115 % GXT workload, min rest). Maximal workload was calculated in the following manner. The angle (radians) of the treadmill was determined via the final gradient ( %). Vertical speed (m min 1 ) was then determined by the horizontal speed and the calculated treadmill angle. The final workload was calculated by multiplying the calculated vertical speed by the participant s mass. The intensity for the verification bout was then set by multiplying by 1.5 or 1.15 depending on the protocol employed. This method was performed in reverse to calculate speed (km h 1 ) and incline ( %) of the treadmill for the verification bout. Since the treadmill was limited to.5 % increments for gradient and.1 km h 1 increments for speed, minor adjustments to speed were required to determine precise verification workloads. After the assigned rest, the verification trial started with 2 min at 5 % of the maximal GXT workload increasing to % for a further 1 min. The workload was then increased to the assigned workload (either 15 % or 115 % of the maximal GXT workload) and the participant was strongly encouraged to exercise to exhaustion. The duration of the verification trial included all stages (5,, 15 or 115 %). All sessions were performed with at least 48 h, but no more than 7 days, rest between sessions. Before each exercise test, the metabolic cart (Moxus, AEI technologies, PA) was calibrated with gases of known concentration (14.1 ±.7 % O 2,. ±. % CO 2 ) and with room air (2.9 %O 2 and. % CO 2 ) as per the instruction manual. Volume calibration of the pneumotachometer was done via a -l calibration syringe system (Hans-Rudolph, Kansas City, MO, USA). The Moxus metabolic system with pneumotachometer has been shown to have an average coefficient of variation for VO 2 of. ± 1. % across numerous exercise intensities [28 ]. During the GXT and verification trial, respiratory gas analysis was performed continuously via indirect calorimetry. Heart rate was monitored continuously during the GXT and verification trial with a heart rate strap (Polar Instruments, Oulu, Finland). The last 15 s of the GXT were averaged this was considered the final data point. The closest neighbouring data point was calculated by averaging the data collected 15 s immediately before the last 15 s of the test. The mean of the 2 processed data points represented VO 2 max. Maximal values for all other gas exchange variables were determined in the same manner. The verification trial data was analysed in the same manner and the final values of the GXT and verification trial were compared to establish if the participant achieved their true VO 2 max. True VO 2 max was verified when the VO 2 max values from the GXT and verification trial were within ± %. The rationale for this criteria is described elsewhere [7 ]. Statistical differences among the group means of VO 2 max, VCO 2 max V E max, RERmax, HRmax and protocol duration variables across the 4 protocols were analysed via one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to check for an effect of verification trial intensity and/or rest period effect on confirmation of true VO 2 max. Homogeneity of variance was not violated. Where significant differences between gas exchange

3 12 Training & Testing Table 1 Gas exchange and heart rate (HR) data (mean ± SD, 95 % confidence intervals (CI)) for healthy active participants (n = 12) completing 4 GXTs and verification trials. Protocol A A verify B B verify C C verify D D verify VO 2 max (ml kg 1 min 1 ) 5.9 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % CI VCO 2 max * (ml kg 1 min 1 ).9 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % CI V E max * (L min 1 ) 1.8 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % CI RER max * 1.8 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.7 95 % CI HR max (bpm) 191 ± 9 19 ± 9 19 ± ± ± ± ± ± 9 95 % CI Duration * (min) 1:58 ± 1:47 5:4 ± :7 11:21 ± 2:21 5:24 ± :41 11:11 ± 1:14 4:49 ± :27 11:12 ± 1:27 4:41 ± :41 95 % CI 9:57 11:59 5:1 5:55 1:1 12: 5:1 5:47 1:29 11:5 4:4 5:4 1:2 12:1 4:18 5:4 Treadmill Speed km h ± ± ± ±. 11. ± ± ± ±.7 95 % CI Treadmill Gradient (%) * 1. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % CI A: 15 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; B: 15 % GXT workload, min rest; C: 115 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; D: 115 % GXT workload, min rest *Denotes significant difference between the GXT and verification bout across all 4 conditions (p <.5) variables were found a post-hoc Bonferroni correction was applied to control the family-wise error rate. Chi-square analysis was performed to objectively identify whether the incidence of confirmation of true VO 2 max was associated with the verification trial intensity and rest duration between the GXT and verification trial. When a significant effect was found, post-hoc analysis using Cramer s V statistic was used to determine the strength of association between the incidence of true VO 2 max and the verification trial parameters. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 15.; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL), Microsoft Excel (21, Microsoft Corporation) and GraphPad Prism 5.1 (San Diego, CA). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and 95 % confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set as p <.5. Intra-class correlation of variation, typical error and coefficient of variation for VO 2 max data were calculated as described by Hopkins [ 15 ] for each trial condition (A, B, C and D). Results The incidence of true VO 2 max confirmation using the verification trial was 12/12 (1 %), 12/12/(1 %), 8/12 (. %), and 7/12 (58. %) for protocols A, B, C, and D, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a non-significant difference for VO 2 max and HRmax across all protocols but a significant difference in VCO 2 max, VE max, and RERmax across protocols (p <.5) see Table 1. Overall group means and individual data for all protocols are displayed in Fig. 1. Chi-square analysis revealed a significant (p <.5) effect of verification trial intensity on the incidence of true VO 2 max confirmation across all exercise test conditions (intensity effect within recovery 2 min (χ 2 (1) = 4., p <.5), intensity effect within recovery min (χ 2 (1) =.1, p <.5)). No significant effect was found for the incidence of true VO 2 max confirmation with different rest periods. Post-hoc analysis of verification trial intensity using Cramer s V statistic revealed a moderate to strong association between verification trial intensity and incidence of true VO 2 max confirmation for the 2 min and min recovery periods (Cramer s V (2 min rest trials (A, B)) =.447, Cramer s V ( min rest trials (C, D)) =.51). Table 2 displays reliability analyses for the 4 protocols. Intraclass correlation was similar among protocols. Typical error between the GXT and verification trial ranged from ml kg min 1 with a smaller typical error in the lower intensity verification trials (protocols A and B). The coefficient of variation ranged between % indicating a high level of reliability in all protocols. Discussion This study shows that the intensity of the verification trial has a moderate to strong effect on the ability to confirm true VO 2 max using a verification trial. Secondly, the rest period between GXT and verification trial had no effect on the ability to confirm true VO 2 max. Exercise at 15 % of the maximum GXT intensity confirmed true VO 2 max in all trials irrespective of the rest period between GXT and verification trial. However, the 115 % GXT intensity trials resulted in confirmation of only 7 (protocol D) and 8 (Protocol C) trials. Hawkins et al. [ 14 ] used a verification intensity of 1 % of the GXT workload in 52 participants undergoing incremental exercise tests and subsequent verification trials. It was indicated that the majority, but not all, of the tests revealed no discernible difference in the highest VO 2 reached in both tests (n = 15). This was similar to what we found in protocols C and D (115 % of the GXT workload) with a lower reported incidence of confirmation ( Fig. 2 ). The use of excessively high workload may reduce the ability of participants to consistently achieve their maximum [ 22 ]. Additionally, the lower incidence reported in the current study may indicate poor tolerance of the higher

4 Training & Testing 127 a b VO 2 max (ml kg min 1 ) VO 2 max (ml kg min 1 ) c 5 5 GXT Verification workload of the verification trial [ 2 ]. Therefore a lower intensity may be more suitable. In contrast to our study, Astorino et al. [ ] reported confirmation (defined as a difference of ± 1 ml kg 1 min 1 ) of true VO 2 max in % of sedentary men and women (n = 15) undergoing a maximal GXT and a 15 % verification trial. In the same study, a different sample of sedentary men and women (n = 9) performed a verification trial at 115 % revealing 55. % confirmation of true VO 2 max. Although the verification intensity and data processing techniques are similar to our study, there are differences in the population studied, mode of exercise, rest period (multi-day) and criteria for confirmation of true VO 2 max. There was a very high level of reliability in all protocols utilised in the current study with a tendency for the 15 % intensity verification trials to be more reliable. Previous research has shown 5 d 5 GXT Table 2 Intra-class correlation (ICC), typical error, coefficient of variation (CV) for 4 GXT and verification protocols. Protocol ICC Typical error (ml kg min 1 ) Verification Fig. 1 Overlaid individual scores and group mean ± SD (bar plot) VO 2 max values calculated for 12 participants completing 4 GXTs and verification trials. ( a 15 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; b 15 % GXT workload, min rest; c 115 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; d 115 % GXT workload, min rest). Dashed lines represent individual GXT and verification trial VO 2 max scores within ± %, whereas solid lines reflect individual GXT and verification trial VO 2 max values greater than ± %. CV ( %) A B C D A: 15 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; B: 15 % GXT workload, min rest; C: 115 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; D: 115 % GXT workload, min rest increased reliability of verification trials performed in the same session [17 ] compared to multiday sessions [ ]. Based on the present study, there is a very high probability of being assured

5 128 Training & Testing a b % difference % difference c Participant that an individual s true VO 2 max will be confirmed with a 15 % intensity GXT verification trial if a maximal effort has occurred in the preceding test. Additionally, there is a very low typical error with the 15 % verification protocols suggesting an increased sensitivity to detect changes in VO 2 max following an intervention. This is a particularly useful finding for research looking at changes in VO 2 max with training or detraining and for accurate formulation of exercise prescription based on current guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine [ 1 ]. Previous findings have shown that a GXT on the same day had no impact on the ability to achieve VO 2 peak in the subsequent verification trial with a 1-min rest period between trials [ 29 ]. Furthermore, recent research has shown that a priming bout of exercise prior to a GXT increases the ability to detect a VO 2 plateau [ 11 ]. Therefore, it may be advantageous to have the GXT and verification trial in the same session. In the current study there was no difference in the ability to confirm true VO 2 max with a 2- or -min rest. From a practical standpoint, 2 min appears to be a suitable amount of time to save the GXT data, recalibrate the gas analysis machine and calculate workload intensity for the verification trial while allowing a buffer period for any procedural, participant or technical issues that may arise when setting up for the verification trial. Although this study utilised a robust experimental procedure, there are some limitations that may inform future research in d Participant Fig. 2 Bland-Altman plots for participants GXT vs. verification trial VO 2 max values across all protocols ( a 15 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; b 15 % GXT workload, min rest; c 115 % GXT workload, 2 min rest; d 115 % GXT workload, min rest). The dashed lines represent the difference ( ± %) between GXT and verification trial VO 2 max values. this area. We used 2 different rest periods of 2- and -min durations. Shorter rest periods between the GXT and verification may warrant further attention. Although our study found the rest periods used had no effect on the ability to confirm VO 2 max, we cannot rule out that an even shorter rest period would hinder the ability to confirm VO 2 max with a verification trial. Further research into the optimal criteria for confirming true VO 2 max with a verification trial is warranted. Our criteria (ΔVO 2 ± %) was modelled on previous studies [7, 21 ], however there is no consensus among current research as to the most valid criteria to use. Future studies addressing these issues would be insightful and provide a standardised procedure for exercise physiology labs. Conclusion Our study suggests that the intensity of the verification protocol impacts on the ability to confirm true VO 2 max with the use of 15 % of the GXT workload improving the likelihood of confirming true VO 2 max. Furthermore, the rest period had no significant impact on the ability to confirm true VO 2 max with verification testing. Therefore we recommend the use of 15 % of the maximal GXT workload and a 2-min rest period for

6 Training & Testing 129 researchers and clinicians utilising a verification trial to confirm true VO 2 max in normally active populations. Acknowledgements No financial assistance was received for this project. Disclosures of funding: Nil. Conflict of interest: None References 1 Astorino T A, Robergs RA, Ghiasvand F, Marks D, Burns S. Incidence of the oxygen plateau at VO2max during exercise testing to volitional fatigue. JEPonline 2 ; : Astorino T A, White A C. Assessment of anaerobic power to verify VO2max attainment. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 21 ; : 294 Astorino T A, White AC, Dalleck LC. Supramaximal testing to confirm attainment of VO2max in sedentary men and women. Int J Sports Med 29 ; : Bassett D R Jr, Howley ET. Maximal oxygen uptake: classical versus contemporary viewpoints. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 ; 29 : Bassett D R Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2 ; 2 : 84 Blair S N. 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