Reproducibility of the Adapted Leger and Boucher Test for wheelchair-dependent athletes
|
|
- Helena Haynes
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Spinal Cord (1999) 7, 9 ã 1999 nternational Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 9/99 $. Reproducibility of the Adapted Leger and Boucher est for wheelchair-dependent athletes M Poulain*,1, A Vinet, PL Bernard and A Varray 1 1 Laboratory `Sports, ntervention, Optimization', School of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, 7 avenue du Pic St Loup, 9 Montpellier, France; Laboratory `Sports, Health, Development', School of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, 7 avenue du Pic St Loup, 9 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Biology, UFR SAPS, 1 route de Grenoble, F-, Nice, France Study design: his study analyzed the reproducibility of a eld test. n a previous study, we showed that this test, the Adapted Leger and Boucher est (ALB), was progressive and maximal. 1 he Leger and Boucher predictive equation for able-bodied subjects was not accurate for WD athletes, however, and a new predictive equation is needed. Objectives: o determine the reproducibility of an adapted incremental eld test for wheelchair-dependent (WD) athletes. Setting: France at Montpellier. Methods: he proposed protocol was conducted on a m track. Eight male paraplegics (mean age:.8+.1 years) performed the test three times in the same conditions, ie same time of day, same wheelchair, same material. Maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal speed (Smax) were measured. Results: We found no signi cant di erences (P.) between tests for either variable. he Bland and Altman graphic analyses showed a good reproducibility for both variables. Lastly, the reproducibility coe cients of HRmax and Smax were very low (% and 1%, respectively). Conclusion: he ALB is reproducible concerning measurements of HRmax and Smax. A valid predictive equation of maximal oxygen uptake from the Smax is now needed for WD athletes during this eld test. Keywords: paraplegia; incremental eld test; reproducibility; maximal speed; Leger and Boucher est ntroduction Research in athletics is focused on the assessment of the factors that constitute performance. Based on the results of the Paralympic Games, one can conclude that wheelchair athletics is expanding and that these athletes would bene t from data geared toward optimizing their performance. For example, today's competitive wheelchair athletes need training programs that are based on regular evaluation of their aerobic metabolism in the wheelchair. Laboratory procedures for cardiorespiratory tness assessment are now wellestablished, with di erent types of ergometer adapted for wheelchair propulsion. Wheelchair ergometers, however, do not accurately reproduce wheelchair propulsion conditions such as rolling resistance. Field testing has been shown to provide an accurate estimation of aerobic metabolism in practice conditions and is easy to conduct in able-bodied (AB) subjects. he di erent eld tests are used regularly to evaluate maximal oxygen uptake (VO max) in order to adapt training programs. he -min test of Cooper *Correspondence: M Poulain, Cinique du Sou e `la Solane', 19 rue des Casteillets, Osse ja, France was validated 7,8 in paraplegic subjects, but its nonprogressive character requires learning and the ability to establish a steady pace. Moreover, the subjects were evaluated with the same standardized wheelchair. Recently, we validated the Adapted Leger and Boucher est (ALB) in wheelchair-dependent (WD) athletes 1 as a progressive and maximal test. However, the predictive equation, based only on maximal speed (Smax) for AB subjects, was not valid. he assumption was therefore made that other parameters, in addition to Smax, would be needed for a valid equation for WD athletes. he next step was thus to assess the reproducibility of this test in terms of: (1) maximal heart rate (HRmax), to verify the reproducibility of the maximal character of the test, and () maximal speed (Smax), to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO max). Methods Subjects Eight male WD athletes, aged.8+.1 years (range to 9 years) participated in this study after giving
2 ncremental field test for wheelchair-dependent athletes MPoulainet al able 1 Subjects (n=8) Mean SD General characteristics of WD athletes Age (years Height (cm) Date of injury Lesion level (-L)* 8 L Lesion type (-C-S-F)** /F C/F /S Sport (F--){ F raining volume (h week 1 ) Level{ h 7 min h min Marathon R N R R R *=thoracic, L=lumbar; **=incomplete, C=complete, S=spastic, F= accid; {F=track and eld, =tennis, =table tennis; {nternational classi cation, R=regional, N=national, =international informed written consent. All were paraplegics with lesion levels of L, stabilized from their injuries, and were classed according to the SMG classi cation. 9 Furthermore, all had spent a minimum of years in a wheelchair. he athletes practiced track and eld (marathon), tennis (regional, national and international competitors) or table tennis (national competitor). hey had acquired good control of their wheelchairs, which was essential for the test, and they were used to all-out e ort. he general characteristics of the subjects are shown in able 1. Protocol Each subject performed the ALB on three separate occasions. he tests were scheduled for the same time of day, with the same material, and in veri ed comparable weather conditions, especially concerning wind speed and temperature. For the analysis of short-term reproducibility (SR), we established a minimal interval of days and a maximal interval of 1 days between the rst and second tests. For the analysis of long-term reproducibility, the intervals ranged from a minimal period of 8 days to a maximal of 1 month between the rst and third tests (LR). his maximal period was chosen to avoid the risk of any signi cant modi cation in the subject's physical tness. he ALB was conducted on a m tartan eld marked-o every m with pylons. he wind speed was measured with an anemometer prior to testing and had to be less than m s 71. he test protocol required each subject to propel his wheelchair as far as possible following the rhythm imposed by means of an audiotape that provided feedback to the subjects. he turning speed of the tape recorder was checked prior to the start of each test to ensure that any deviation waslessthan1smin he athletes adjusted their speed as necessary when crossing a pylon at the sound signal. here was only a general warm-up, which was included in the test. he initial speed was km h 71 able ndividual HRmax and variability coe cients for the three tests HRmax (beats.min 1 ) Var coef Subjects First test Second test hird test HRmax Mean SD Var coef=variability coe cient for 1 min; thereafter it was increased by 1 km h 71 every minute until exhaustion, which was de ned as the inability to maintain the required speed with a -m distance behind the appropriate pylon at the sound signal and the inability to catch up at the next pylon. he number of executed laps, the number of crossed pylons and the duration of the test were noted. he last speed to be reached and maintained 1 min corresponded to the Smax de ned as the speed necessary to attain VO max.,11 hroughout the test, HR was measured every 1 s with a cardiofrequency meter (Sport ester PE, Polar, Finland). he theoretical maximal HR [1 (.age)] was calculated to determine whether subjects reached their maximal values. Statistical analysis Speci c contrasts were calculated to determine whether di erences existed between the theoretical HRmax and the HRmax obtained at the three tests. Results were considered to be signi cant when a risk was less than.. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of
3 ncremental field test for wheelchair-dependent athletes M Poulain et al 1 variance (MANOVA), realized with SYSA., was used to examine the di erences between means (SD) of both Smax and HRmax and temperature. he Bland and Altman procedure and the calculation of reproducibility coe cients (di erence/mean) were used to test the reproducibility of the ALB for HRmax and Smax. For the Bland and Altman procedure, we plotted the di erence of two measurements, ie between the rst and the second test (SR) and the rst and the third test (LR), for each subject against his mean value. Results are reported as mean+standard deviation. Figure 1 Maximal speed (Smax in km h 71 ) obtained during the three tests in each subject
4 ncremental field test for wheelchair-dependent athletes MPoulainet al Results he values of theoretical HRmax ranged from 18. to 19. beats min 71. he values of HRmax (able ) of the ALB ranged from 18 to beats min 71. he mean value was , which represents 9.%+. of theoretical HRmax. he theoretical HRmax compared with the HRmax obtained during the tests presented no signi cant di erence (F=.9, P=.1). he mean temperature in degrees Celsius was and there was no signi cant di erence between the three tests (F=., P=.9). No signi cant di erences were observed between the Figure Maximal heart rate (HRmax in beats min 71 ) measured during the three tests in each subject
5 ncremental field test for wheelchair-dependent athletes M Poulain et al three tests for either Smax or HRmax (F=.8, P=.9 and F=.1, P=.87, respectively). Figures 1 and present the maximal, data for all subjects. he Bland and Altman procedure (Figures and ) de ned the short term (SR) and the long term (LR) reproducibility. his analysis indicated good reproducibility for Smax and HRmax between the three tests in terms of the means of di erence, with no problem of proportionality between the values of the variables and their di erences. he mean di erences of Smax were km h 71 (SR) and km h 71 (LR) (able ). For HRmax, the mean di erences were beats min 71 (SR) and beats min 71 (LR). he reproducibility coe cients of these two variables are presented in ables and. he coe cients were only % for Smax (extreme values=% to %) and 1% (extreme values=% to %) for HRmax (able ). Discussion Eight WD athletes performed the ALB three times. HRmax and Smax did not signi cantly di er between the three tests. he mean values of HRmax were comparable with values reported in previous studies of maximal wheelchair exercise 1,1 and close to those reported by Cooper et al 1 (187 beats min 71 ) in spinal Figure Comparison of maximal speed (Smax in km h 71 ) for rst and second, and rst and third tests. (a) Comparison of Smax for rst and second tests (SR). (b) Comparison of Smax for rst and third tests (LR) Figure Comparison of maximal heart rate (HRmax in beats min 71 ) for rst and second, and rst and third tests. (a) Comparison of HRmax for rst and second tests (SR). (b) Comparison of HRmax for rst and third tests (LR)
6 ncremental field test for wheelchair-dependent athletes MPoulainet al able ndividual Smax and variability coe cients for the three tests Smax (km.min 1 ) Var coef Subjects First test Second test hird test Smax Mean SD Var coef=variability coe cient cord-injury athletes. All subjects reached their HRmax, which con rmed that the ALB is a maximal test. As often reported, the individual values overall re ected the principle of inverse relationship between HRmax and lesion level inferior to. 1 Nevertheless, some of our subjects presented the contrary. hese unusual values may have been due to the di erent neurological and neuro-anatomical factors that a ect medullary functioning, such as complete or incomplete and spastic or accid lesions. 17 Age, athletic activity, training volume, and the number of years of athletic training can also strongly in uence HRmax and, although high and complete paraplegia presents lower HRmax, this last may increase with athletic activity and training volume. 1,18 Determining the reproducibility of a test is one of the steps of validation. HRmax was chosen to con rm the reproducibility of the maximal character of the ABL. Smax was used as a potential predictive variable of VO max in WD athletes, as was done in able-bodied subjects during performance of the original Leger and Boucher test. he eld test of WD athletes proposed in the present study showed good reproducibility for both variables, and the simplicity of the protocol may explain this. he ALB is an incremental and continuous eld test, and the imposed pace facilitates test performance for the subjects. Although the subjects performed the test three times, which may have induced a learning e ect, the Smax variability between tests was less than 1kmh 71 for all athletes. hese stable low values of variability therefore indicate that there was no bias due to learning e ect in the assessment of maximal variables. Subjects did not need to employ a particular technique to propel their wheelchairs during testing. All subjects had been wheelchair-dependent for more than years, and had acquired good control of them. t therefore seems likely that this population's experience and ease with their personal wheelchairs also had an in uence on the reproducibility coe cients and physiological responses that we obtained. Lastly, the good reproducibility may in part be explained by the use of personal general-purpose wheelchairs rather than a standardized chair. ndeed, each wheelchair was speci cally adjusted to each paraplegic, and thus was a function of very speci c characteristics, such as lesion level, lesion character, length of arm, athletic activity, and so on he di erences in HRmax between tests were greater than those observed in Smax, ie, four subjects presented standard deviations of more than beats min. 71 he greatest variability was observed for SR. his variability was not due to wind speed because this parameter was carefully controlled and, moreover, there was no proportionality between SD and wind speed. Stress, however, may explain this relatively high variability. We noted that some of the subjects began the rst test session with resting HR values that had begun to increase. t seems quite likely that lack of familiarity with the test, and thus uncertainty about personal performance capabilities, may have been experienced as stressful. he resulting higher resting HR would have in uenced the HR/VO relationship. However, it is important to note that this greater HRmax variability between the rst and second tests had no e ect on Smax variability. Stress therefore did not a ect Smax and di erences in HRmax between tests would have no in uence on the prediction of VO max. Conclusion Maximal values of heart rate and speed were reached with the adapted Leger and Boucher test for wheelchair-dependent athletes. Moreover, short- and longterm reproducibility were veri ed. he advantages of this eld test include the simplicity of its protocol for both athlete and trainer, and its modest time and equipment requirements. he test uses only two variables, HRmax and Smax, and can be administered by trainers, athletics clubs and rehabilitation centers to adapt training programs with the goal of improving physical tness and the athletic performances of paraplegics. he next step will be to de ne a predictive equation for VO max for this population. his equation will need to take into account variables such as the energy cost of wheelchair propulsion. References 1 Vinet A et al. Validation of an incremental eld test for the direct assessment of peak oxygen uptake in wheelchair-dependent athletes. Spinal Cord 199; : Le ger L, Boucher R. An indirect continuous running multistage eld test: the University of Montral track test. CanJofApplSpt Sci 198; : Bar-Or O and Zwiren LD. Maximal oxygen consumption test during arm exercise-reliability and validity. J of Appl Physiol 197; 8:. Glaser RM. Arm exercise training for wheelchair users. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 1:
7 ncremental field test for wheelchair-dependent athletes M Poulain et al Gass GC, Camp EM. Physiological characteristics of trained Australian paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1979; 11:. Lundberg A. Wheelchair driving: evaluation of a new training out t. Scan J Rehabil Med 198; : Franklin BA et al. Field test estimation of maximal oxygen consumption in wheelchair users. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 199; 71: Rhodes EC, McKenzie CD, Coutts KD, Rogers AR. A eld test for the prediction of aerobic capacity in male paraplegics and quadraplegics. CanJApplSptSci1981; : MacCann B. Classi ction of the locomoter disabled for competitive sports: theory and practice. nt J Sports Med 198; : Le ger L, Rouillard M. Speed reliability of cassette and tape players. CanJApplSptSci198; 8: SjoÈ din B, Svendenhag J. Applied physiology of marathon running. Sports Med 198; : Lange-Anderson K, Shepard RJ, Denolin H. Fundamentals of Exercise esting. Geneva, 1971; World Health Organization. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. he Lancet 198; 1: Cooper RA et al. Maximal exercise responses of paraplegic wheelchair road racers. Paraplegia 199; : Coutts K, Rhodes EC, McKenzie DC. Maximal exercise responses to tetraplegics and paraplegics. J Appl Physiol 198; : Davis GM. Exercise capacity of individuals with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 199; :. 17 VanLoanMD,McCluerS,LoftinJM,BoileauRA.Comparison of physiological responses to maximal arm exercise among ablebodied, paraplegics and quadraplegics. Paraplegia 1987; : Veeger HEJ et al. Peak oxygen uptake and maximal power output of Olympic wheelchair-dependent athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; : Bambhani N, Ertksson P, Steadward D. Reliability of peak physiological responses during wheelchair ergometry in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 7: 9. Bernard PL. Ergonomie du deâ placement en fauteuil roulant chez le traumatiseâ meâ dullaire. Revue SAPS 199; 9: Van Der Woude LHV, Veeger DJ, Rozendal RH, Sargeant J. Seat height in handrim wheelchair propulsion. J Rehabil Research Dev 1989; : 1.
Interval training program on a wheelchair ergometer for paraplegic subjects
(2001) 39, 532 ± 537 ã 2001 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/sc Original Article Interval training program on a wheelchair ergometer
More informationEffects of Upper Limb Exercises on Physical Capacity and Heart Function in Quadriplegics
Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, Vol. 11, No. 18, October 2013 Original Article Effects of Upper Limb Exercises on Physical Capacity and Heart Function in Quadriplegics Kanupriya Arora ISIC Institute of
More informationNormative values and determinants of physical capacity in individuals with spinal cord injury
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 39 No. 1, January/February 2002 Pages 29 39 Normative values and determinants of physical capacity in individuals with spinal cord injury Thomas
More informationChanges in lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein pro les in persons with spinal cord injuries during the rst 2 years post-injury
Spinal Cord (999) 37, 96 0 ã 999 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 36 4393/99 $.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/sc Changes in lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein pro
More informationSUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION
SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION Dr Saari MohamadYatim M.D Rehabilitation Physician Hospital Serdang APCCRC, Hong Kong, 6-9 Nov 2014
More informationOriginal Article. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine INTRODUCTION
Original Article Ann Rehabil Med 1;39(1):91-99 pissn: 34-64 eissn: 34-63 http://dx.doi.org/1.3/arm.1.39.1.91 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Effect of Regular Exercise on Cardiopulmonary Fitness in Males
More informationPhysiological responses of wheelchair athletes at percentages of top speed
36 Division of Sport, Health and Exercise, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom I G Campbell Department of Physical Education, Sports Science and Recreation Management,
More informationAthlete Monitoring Program For HP Development Athletes
Athlete Monitoring Program For HP Development Athletes Developed by Rowing Canada Aviron, LAST UPDATED: OCTOBER 27/2010 New information updated in this version has been highlighted in yellow CONTENTS Targeted
More informationA graphical model for interval training
STUDIES by IAAF 18:3; 49-55 2003 A graphical model for interval training By Guy Thibault The author proposes a model of the dynamic link between the components of an interval training session. It has several
More informationPrediction of functional outcome after spinal cord injury: a task for the rehabilitation team and the patient
() 8, 8 ± ã International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved ± / $. www.nature.com/sc Prediction of functional outcome after spinal cord injury: a task for the rehabilitation team and the
More informationCHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter discussed and interpreted the results of the study presented in the previous chapters. It is concluded in three parts. The first part
More informationEFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC AEROBIC TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY AND MAXIMUM EXERCISE HEART RATE OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
EFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC AEROBIC TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY AND MAXIMUM EXERCISE HEART RATE OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS C. M. Balasubramanian a and Dr. B. Chittibabu b a Ph.D Scholar, Department of Physical
More informationUpper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth With Spina Bifida
ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY, 1993.10.22-28 O 1993 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Upper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth With Spina Bifida Kenneth Coutts, Donald McKenzie, Christine Loock, Richard
More informationBC Alpine Fitness Testing Field Protocols Revised June 2014
BC Alpine Fitness Testing Field Protocols Revised June 2014 The following tests are important markers of athleticism in young athletes and relevant to the development of fitness in alpine ski racers. These
More informationA test of the 1992 International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classi cation of Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Cord (1998) 36, 554 ± 560 1998 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/sc A test of the 1992 International Standards
More informationMAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance
MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance Presented by Coaching and Sports Science Division of the United States Olympic Committee Revised July 2004 MAXIMAL AEROBIC
More informationIntramachine and intermachine reproducibility of concentric performance: A study of the Con-Trex MJ and the Cybex Norm dynamometers
Isokinetics and Exercise Science 12 (4) 91 97 91 IOS Press Intramachine and intermachine reproducibility of concentric performance: A study of the Con-Trex MJ and the Cybex Norm dynamometers C. Bardis
More informationEffect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 38 No. 1, January/February 2001 Pages 7 11 Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees T. Chin,
More informationCervical and breast cancer screening in wheelchair dependent females
Spinal Cord (1998) 36, 340 ± 344 1998 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/sc Cervical and breast cancer screening in wheelchair
More informationPerformance Training with or without Ball: A Comparison between Helgerud Method in Female Soccer
Journal of Sports Science 6 (2018) 103-107 doi: 10.17265/2332-7839/2018.02.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Performance Training with or without Ball: A Comparison between Helgerud Method in Female Soccer Riccardo
More informationDetraining from total body exercise ergometry in individuals with spinal cord injury
Spinal Cord (1998) 36, 782 ± 789 ã 1998 International edical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/sc Detraining from total body exercise ergometry
More informationFREECLIMBER 4400/4600 PT/CL CONSOLE
The StairMaster FreeClimber 4400/4600 PT/CL systems console is divided into seven sections: the display window, the workout options, the numeric keypad, the entertainment keypad, the workout statistics,
More informationThe Work Rate Corresponding to Ventilatory Threshold During Steady-State and Ramp Exercise
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2006;1:222-232 2006 Human Kinetics, Inc. The Work Rate Corresponding to Ventilatory Threshold During Steady-State and Ramp Exercise Oliver Faude,
More informationAustralian Rowing Team Ergometer Protocols
1 Information for Coaches and Scientists 2013-2016 Australian Rowing Team Ergometer Protocols Version 2.9 (September, 2013) Version 3.0 (February, 2015) Compiled by: Dr Tony Rice Lead Physiologist Performance
More informationInter-rater reliability of the 1992 international standards for neurological and functional classi cation of incomplete spinal cord injury
(2000) 38, 675 ± 679 ã 2000 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/sc Inter-rater reliability of the 1992 international standards for neurological
More informationIndirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for Evaluating Physical Fitness in a Training Cycle
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 50/2016, 187-194 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0155 187 Section III Sports Training Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for
More informationComparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling
MILITARY MEDICINE, 178, 2:234, 2013 Comparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling LTC Matti Santtila, FDF*; Keijo Häkkinen, PhD ; Kai Pihlainen, MSc*; Heikki
More information2015 McGill Triathlon
2015 McGill Triathlon TRAINING CONCEPTS AND PROGRAMMING Presented by Luc Morin 1. Training vs. Working out (5min) 2. Similarities and differences between Sports (10min) 3. Similarities and differences
More informationBURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming
BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming Dr Ralph Richards Introduction There are numerous terms associated with a state of poor or diminished sporting performance; burnout, staleness, chronic fatigue,
More informationPlanning a Training Program
Planning a Training Program Planning a training program Devising and implementing a training program requires a carefully considered, step-bystep approach in which the coach and/or athlete incorporates
More informationA Protocol for Establishing Critical Power in Running
A Protocol for Establishing Critical Power in Running A Working Paper Prepared by The Stryd Team 27 September 201 1 Introduction One of the primary reasons for considering one s power consumption during
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for Prediction of VO2max Using a Modified Astrand (1960) Protocol
Standard Operating Procedure for Prediction of VO2max Using a Modified Astrand (1960) Protocol Effective date: 31.10.2016 Review due date: 30.08.2018 Original Author Name: Richard Metcalfe Position: Ph.
More informationLong term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals
Spinal Cord (1997) 35, 1±16 1997 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/97 $12.00 Long term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord
More informationNeeds Analysis. Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation LEVEL III COACHES COURSE
Needs Analysis Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation Introduction Principles of physiology Physiological needs analysis Other performance-determining variables Mechanical demands
More informationThe effects of Aerobic Exercise vs. Progressive Resisted Exercise on body composition in obese children Dr.U.Ganapathy Sankar, Ph.
The effects of Aerobic Exercise vs. Progressive Resisted Exercise on body composition in obese children Dr.U.Ganapathy Sankar, Ph.D Dean I/C, SRM College of Occupational Therapy, SRMUniversity, Kattankulathur,
More informationChapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise
Chapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise Slide Show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College 3.26.13
More informationEXTERNAL POWER OUTPUT CHANGES DURING PROLONGED CYCLING WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
J Rehabil Med 2002; 34: 171 175 EXTERNAL POWER OUTPUT CHANGES DURING PROLONGED CYCLING WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION D. Theisen, 1 C. Fornusek, 2 J. Raymond 2 and G. M. Davis 2 From the 1 Department of Physical
More informationTHIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS
THIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS. REVIEW CHAPTERS 8, 9, 10, and 12 OF TEXT BOOK Homework Review; Lab 1 Review
More informationRELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS
RELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS Kirsten Hendrickson, B.S. John P. Porcari, Ph.D. Carl Foster,
More information"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations"
"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations" Dott. Anna Baraldo Phd Course In Science of Physical Exercise and Human Movement - 24 Department of Neurological
More informationThe U.S. Surgeon General recommended in
Moderate- or Vigorous-Intensity Exercise: What Should We Prescribe? by David P. Swain, Ph.D., FACSM Learning Objectives To understand the potential value of vigorous-intensity exercise in the prevention
More informationUSSA Cross-Country - Definitions of training. Table of Contents
Please use this information to design and understand training programs. Theory and ideas are always changing take from it what you can. We publish this info to help raise the level of ski racing in America.
More informationAssessment of spasticity using isokinetic dynamometry in patients with spinal cord injury
Spinal Cord (1999) 37, 638 ± 643 ã 1999 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/99 $15.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/sc Assessment of spasticity using isokinetic
More informationAEROBIC METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS This chapter begins with a description of the measurement of aerobic metabolism by direct calorimetry and spirometry and proceeds with a discussion of oxygen drift as it occurs in submaximal exercise
More informationSPORT & MEDICAL PRODUCT RANGE
SPORT & MEDICAL PRODUCT RANGE MONARK LC7TT The ultimate research and performance analysis tool. The LC7TT is equipped with Shimano Di2 gear shifters which allow the cyclist to individually adjust the resistance
More informationKey-Words: oxygen uptake, VO2max, altitude, hypoxia, running.
Pilot Study on VO2max Assessment and Oxygen Uptake on Normal and Hypoxic Environments Patrícia Alexandra Mota Esteves (patricia.a.esteves@gmail.com) Dissertação de Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica
More informationweek by week in the Training Calendar. Follow up graphics, sort, filter, merge, and split functions are also included.
Firstbeat ATHLETE The story Firstbeat ATHLETE is one of the most advanced software tools for analyzing heart rate based training. It makes professional level training analysis available to all dedicated
More informationApplied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Predicting peak oxygen uptake from submaximal exercise after spinal cord injury
Predicting peak oxygen uptake from submaximal exercise after spinal cord injury Journal: Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism Manuscript ID apnm-2015-0670.r1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted
More informationThe Chemistry of Running Interactive Lab. Effort Scale. Introduction
The Chemistry of Running Interactive Lab Introduction The Chemistry of Running simulation allows students to explore the chemistry and physiology of exercise a field that attracts a lot of interest from
More informationASSESSMENT OF ENDURANCE FITNESS
ASSESSMENT OF ENDURANCE FITNESS There are two types of tests to assessment of the aerobic resistance: Maximum effort and submaximal effort. In this post, we have written about the submaximal effort because
More informationFitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake
Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake R. STUPNICKI, T. GABRYŚ, U. SZMATLAN-GABRYŚ, P. TOMASZEWSKI University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland Summary
More informationAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(10): , 2011 ISSN
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(): 1195-1, 011 ISSN 1991-17 The Effect of the Sequence of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Anaerobic Capacity and Maximum
More informationGCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE
GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE Content Title: Fitness Testing Key points Why fitness test? Correct procedures for carrying out fitness testing How do we interpret and use the results? Practical
More informationNEW FEATURES ON GARMIN FENIX 5, FR935
NEW FEATURES ON GARMIN FENIX 5, FR935 FIRSTBEAT PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES IN NEW GARMIN PRODUCTS Feature fenix 5 FR935 Anaerobic Training Effect (new) X X Aerobic Training Effect X X Training load (new) X
More informationCHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY
SECTION A CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY 188 CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY Fatigue Effects of fatigue on performance Performance can be affected by muscle fatigue, the depletion of energy stores in muscle
More informationTaranaki Cycle Challenge
Taranaki Cycle Challenge I have been asked to put together a training plan for the Taranaki Cycle Challenge. As a professional coach and sport scientist I know there is not one simple plan for all, but
More informationHands on Sports Therapy KNOWLEDGE REVIEW QUESTIONS 2004 Thomson Learning It can help to shape a basic fitness training programme
Hands on Sports Therapy KNOWLEDGE REVIEW QUESTIONS 2004 Thomson Learning 1 CHAPTER 13 Knowledge Review Q1: Why is fitness testing useful? A1: Fitness testing is useful for various reasons: 1. It can help
More informationDIGEST. Do Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Display Memory Differences? Movement Activities for an Integrated Preschool Program
DIGEST ADAPTED PHYSICALACTIVITY QUAATERLY, 1999,16,187-191 O 1999 Human Kinetics Publishers, lnc. Do Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Display Memory Differences? Researchers compared the difference
More informationThe impact of hill training on middle and long distance athletes: with specific reference to oromia water works athletics club, Ethiopia
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2017 287 The impact of hill training on middle and long distance athletes: with specific reference to oromia
More informationCHAPTER THREE JOURNAL MANUSCRIPT
CHAPTER THREE JOURNAL MANUSCRIPT 13 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO CONSTANT-LOAD EXERCISE ON AN INCLINED STEPPER AND TREADMILL by Brian W. Rieger Dr. Shala Davis, Chairman Department of Human
More informationThe Effect of Lower Body Negative Pressure Device on Regeneration of Basketball Players
699 The Effect of Lower Body Negative Pressure Device on Regeneration of Basketball Players * Dr. Abdelaziz A. Elnemr ** Dr. Nariman M. Elkhateb *** Dr. Abdelrahman A. Mohamed **** Dr. Osama A. Elnemr
More informationUSING PHYSICAL TESTING RESULTS TO PLAN YOUR CONDITIONING SESSIONS
USING PHYSICAL TESTING RESULTS TO PLAN YOUR CONDITIONING SESSIONS 1. Introduction Created by Dr Stuart Cormack, Dr Emerson Franchini and Dr Clare Humberstone It is vital for a Judo athlete to develop a
More informationDemands of Rugby. Liam Hennessy Apr 2006
Demands of Rugby Liam Hennessy Apr 2006 June 2005 Powerade IRFU What type of activity is Rugby? Multi-activity, multi-skilled, multi-phased and multi-paced Duration of game = 80 mins + Energy systems that
More informationCommon injuries in athletes with impairment: do we need different prevention strategies in Paralympic athletes to Olympic athletes?
Common injuries in athletes with impairment: do we need different prevention strategies in Paralympic athletes to Olympic athletes? Nick Webborn Clinical Professor (Sport & Exercise Medicine) Centre for
More informationPeak and submaximal physiologic responses following electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer training
NI%, VZN, Department Veterans Affairs Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 32 No. 4, November 1995 Pages 361 366 Peak and submaximal physiologic responses following electrical stimulation
More information24-Week Off-Season Trainer Series
24-Week Off-Season Trainer Series Improve your aerobic base, pedaling technique, strength, and add intensity prior to your specific in-season race preparation training. The stationary trainer is one of
More informationPaula Radcliffe is an English marathon runner
EXCLUSIVE ACE SPONSORED RESEARCH Validity of the Talk Test in Identifying the Respiratory Compensation Threshold By Maria L. Cress, M.S., John P. Porcari, Ph.D., Carl Foster, Ph.D., Pedro Recalde, M.S.,
More informationAnthropometrics and Maximal Physiological Responses of Male Olympic Rowers:
Anthropometrics and Maximal Physiological Responses of Male Olympic Rowers: 1964 2012 Frederick Hagerman PhD Professor Emeritus of Physiology & Jason White PhD Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology
More information2015 PHYSICAL EDUCATION
1 2015 PHYSICAL EDUCATION External Examination 2015 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX QUESTION BOOKLET 1 16 pages, 7 questions RE-MARKED Thursday 12
More informationAlberta Alpine Ski Association. Physical Testing Protocol
Alberta Alpine Ski Association Physical Testing Protocol Published 13/09/2016 Updated 10/10/2017 Developed in Conjunction with: Alpine Canada Alpin Alberta Alpine Ski Association BC Alpine Alpine Ontario
More informationBell Work. Review Total Lung Capacity. (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book)
VO2 Max Bell Work Review Total Lung Capacity (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book) *This information was discussed at length in A&P classes. Use your worksheet and write down brief descriptions
More informationKnee Joint Moments of Transtibial Amputees While Cycling. Laura Jones April 16, 2008
Knee Joint Moments of Transtibial Amputees While Cycling Laura Jones April 16, 2008 INTRODUCTION Main Goal Improve Quality of Life for Amputees Rehabilitation Exercise Amputees less active than nonamputees
More informationWhy is Heart Rate Important to the Progress of your Clients? George Centeio, M.A. Training Resource Specialist
Why is Heart Rate Important to the Progress of your Clients? George Centeio, M.A. Training Resource Specialist 1 Webinar Schedule (CST) 1.12:00-12:10pm: Intro/Housekeeping 2.12:10-12:50pm: Why Heart Rate
More information2016 PHYSICAL EDUCATION
1 2016 PHYSICAL EDUCATION External Examination 2016 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX QUESTION BOOKLET 1 16 pages, 6 questions RE-MARKED Thursday 17
More informationD uring triathlon racing (swim/cycle/run), the most
267 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cadence selection affects metabolic responses during cycling and subsequent running time to fatigue F Vercruyssen, R Suriano, D Bishop, C Hausswirth, J Brisswalter... Br J Sports Med
More informationIndirect EPOC Prediction Method Based on Heart Rate Measurement
White Paper by Firstbeat Technologies Ltd. This white paper has been produced to review the method and empirical results of an indirect EPOC measurement method developed by Firstbeat Technologies Ltd.
More informationComputing Intensity Increments For Incremental Exercise Protocols
Computing Intensity Increments For Incremental Exercise Protocols 1 Robert A. Robergs, Ph.D., FASEP, EPC Director: Exercise Physiology Laboratories, Exercise Science Program, Department of Health, Exercise
More informationNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS - BUCHAREST DOCTORAL SCHOOL ABSTRACT OF DOCTORAL THESIS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS - BUCHAREST DOCTORAL SCHOOL ABSTRACT OF DOCTORAL THESIS Author: Savu Cristian Florian Scientific coordinator: Prof. univ. dr. Dorina Orţănescu Title
More informationThe Reliability of Four Different Methods. of Calculating Quadriceps Peak Torque Angle- Specific Torques at 30, 60, and 75
The Reliability of Four Different Methods. of Calculating Quadriceps Peak Torque Angle- Specific Torques at 30, 60, and 75 By: Brent L. Arnold and David H. Perrin * Arnold, B.A., & Perrin, D.H. (1993).
More informationVertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis
PDHPE Student Activities Comes to Life Energy Systems and Athlete Performance Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to
More informationPrinciples of Training
Principles of Training The F.I.T.T. Principle Principle of Specificity Principle of Overload Principle of Progression The FITT Principle Frequency Intensity Time Type The F.I.T.T. Principle The F.I.T.T.
More informationParalympic Sports Research from a UK Perspective Dr Vicky Goosey-Tolfrey
Paralympic Sports Research from a UK Perspective Dr Vicky Goosey-Tolfrey Director of the Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport Sport Science Support Applied Research One of the primary aims of a
More informationTHE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE TREATMENT ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis. 2011, Vol. 17 THE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE TREATMENT ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Y. Meckel 1, D. Nemet
More informationPurpose of game/activity analysis
Game Analysis Purpose of game/activity analysis The gathering of knowledge about : Movement Patterns and exercise intensity charts Energy system requirements Work to rest ratios Muscle groups involved
More informationStrength and conditioning? Chapter 4 Training Techniques. Weight gain (24yr, 73kg, 177cm, takes 18% protein) Guidelines.
Strength and conditioning? Chapter 4 Training Techniques Minimise the probability of injury Maximise performance Athletic Training Spring 2014 Jihong Park Guidelines Safety: environment, technique, nutrition
More informationLab Six: Maximal Exercise. Stephanie Smith. University of Otago. PHSE 203: Exercise Physiology. Due 5pm Monday, 9 th May 2011.
Lab 6 PP4, S Smith, 1 LAB REPORT SIX Lab Six: Maximal Exercise Stephanie Smith University of Otago PHSE 203: Exercise Physiology Due 5pm Monday, 9 th May 2011 Lab Stream: PP4 E-mail: smitsm31@suny.oneonta.edu
More informationCHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the procedures followed in the selection of subjects, selection of variables, selection of tests, reliability of the data, competency of the tester, orientation
More informationComparison of three methods to assess muscular strength in individuals with spinal cord injury
Spinal Cord (1998) 36, 716 ± 723 1998 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/sc Comparison of three methods to assess muscular
More informationIntroduction. Coaches should leave the training with a clear understanding of the following: How to use the Special Olympics Athletics Coaching Guide
Introduction On behalf of Special Olympics International, THANK YOU for contributing your time and expertise. The knowledge you share with the course participants will make a significant impact on the
More informationSTRENGTH & CONDITIONING
Introduction to player profiling Introduction We have previously described the demands of the sevens game for both men and women. We noted that conditioning for the game should take into account the increased
More informationw w w. t r i a t h l o n p e r f o r m a n c e s o l u t i o n s. c o m
w w w. t r i a t h l o n p e r f o r m a n c e s o l u t i o n s. c o m Instructions This document is best used as a reference in conjunction with your Triathlon Performance Solutions (TPS) training plan.
More informationPHYSICAL FITNESS 1.- ENDURANCE TRAINING SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL FITNESS 1.- ENDURANCE TRAINING SYSTEMS 1.1.- TYPES Last year we learnt that there are two types, depending on the intensity of the exertion: this intensity depends on whether the oxygen for the
More informationAn Experimental Comparison of the Fairness Models by Bolton and Ockenfels and by Fehr and Schmidt
An Experimental Comparison of the Fairness Models by Bolton and Ockenfels and by Fehr and Schmidt Dirk Engelmann y and Martin Strobel z Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin January 29, 2000 Abstract In this
More informationA DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA:
A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA: INTRODUCTION: Training: The word Training has been a part of human language
More informationAlterations in self-perceptions following childhood onset of spinal cord injury
Spinal Cord (1998) 36, 181 ± 185 1998 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/98 $12.00 Alterations in self-perceptions following childhood onset of spinal cord injury
More informationIntroduction. AC Lynch 1, C Wong 1, A Anthony 2, BR Dobbs 1 and FA Frizelle*,1. New Zealand
() 8, 77 ± 7 ã International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 6 ± 9/ $5. www.nature.com/sc Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured
More informationEXCITE, ENGAGING CARDIO ADVANCED LED DISPLAY RUN User manual
EXCITE, ENGAGING CARDIO ADVANCED LED DISPLAY RUN 1000 User manual Contents Description of the control panel...3 Function keys...4 Manual control keys...5 Profile LEDs...7 Heart rate LEDs...8 The number
More informationExercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation?
Exercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation? Marshall B. Dunning III, Ph.D., M.S. Professor of Medicine & Physiology Medical College of Wisconsin What is exercise? Physical activity
More informationUsing a Robust Design Approach to Optimize Chair Set-up in Wheelchair Sport
Proceedings Using a Robust Design Approach to Optimize Chair Set-up in Wheelchair Sport David S. Haydon 1, *, Ross A. Pinder 2, Paul N. Grimshaw 1 and William S. P. Robertson 1 1 Mechanical Engineering,
More informationTHE LONG RIDE THRESHOLD RIDES HILLS
THE LONG RIDE 6/10 effort focusing on building your time on the bike and developing your aerobic capacity. Start off riding at 65% of MHR (conversational pace). Gradually this will build to 75% of MHR
More information