Physiological Responses to Treadmill and Cycle Exercise

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Physiological Responses to Treadmill and Cycle Exercise"

Transcription

1 26 Training & Testing Physiological Responses to Treadmill and Cycle Exercise Authors C. Abrantes 1,2, J. Sampaio 1, 2 V. M. Reis 1, 2 N. Sousa 1, 2 J. A. Duarte 3 Affiliations 1 Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 2 Research Center for Sports, Health & Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 3 Sport Biology, University of Porto, Portugal Key words exercise mode cardiorespiratory metabolic perceptual ergometers Abstract This study aimed to identify differences in the acute cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceptual responses between exercise performed on the treadmill and on the cycle ergometer at several intensities. The sample comprised of 20 voluntary male participants (age = 22.5 ± 1.8 years; height = ± 7.0 cm; body mass = 72.6 ± 7.9 kg; fat mass = 7.87 ± 1.3 %) that performed 5 submaximal 8 min exercise bouts, interspersed with a 10 min period of passive recovery. Exercise intensity used on the treadmill was 10, 12, 14, 15 and 16 km/h (0 % gradient), and 80, 120, 160, 180 and 200 W on the cycle ergometer (65 70 rpm). There was a significant mode effect and also mode intensity interaction in oxygen uptake and heart rate with higher values in the treadmill protocol (F = 32.0 p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.65 and F = p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.88, respectively). The respiratory exchange ratio and blood lactate concentrations were not different across modes (F 1, 18 = 1.9 p = and F 1, 17 = 0.1 p = 0.964, respectively) and rate of perceived exertion values were higher in the cycle ergometer (F 1, 12 = 1.2 p = 0.288). Generally, results showed a larger exercise mode effect on the cardio-respiratory variables with higher response patterns on the treadmill, differing according to exercise intensity. accepted after revision July 22, 2011 Bibliography DOI /s Published online: November 3, 2011 Int J Sports Med 2012; 33: Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart New York ISSN Correspondence Prof. Catarina Abrantes, PhD Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Rua Dr. Manuel Cardona Vila Real Portugal Tel.: +351/93/ Fax: +351/25/ abrantes@utad.pt Introduction The acute cardiorespiratory responses to exercise depend upon exercise intensity and duration, however, other conditioning factors related to exercise mode specificities can also promote different responses regarding physiological variables [2, 29, 32 ]. In fact, when exercise is performed in different exercise modes (e. g., treadmill, cycleergometer, elliptical and rowing), there are several characteristics inherent to each mode (i. e., weight bearing tip, body position, muscle mass utilization, upper and/or lower body movement patterns) that together with subjects specificity (i. e., physical activity levels, mode expertise) and the exercise demand (intensity, duration) influence the acute physiological responses [13, 31, 35 ]. Although the influence of the mode might be considered tenuous compared with the strain of intensity and/or duration of exercise, it is important to note that after long periods of exercise training, even tiny characteristics of mode may have important physiological repercussions that later we will describe. A wide number of studies have investigated the acute effect of exercise mode on several physio- logical parameters at the same external workload [25 ], anaerobic threshold [4 ], perceived exertion (RPE) [19, 20, 29 ], absolute or relative heart rate [ 1, 32 ], and absolute or relative oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) [2, 5 ]. For instance, studies comparing the treadmill and cycle ergometer at maximal exercise generally revealed a higher peak oxygen uptake [10, 15, 18 ], higher peak heart rate [5, 15, 30 ] and higher peak minute ventilation [11, 30, 37 ] in treadmill exercise. Conversely, the respiratory exchange ratio [33, 36 ] and blood lactate concentrations [2, 28 ] are higher when maximal exercise is performed on the cycle ergometer. When exercise is performed at maximal intensities it is clear that the exercise mode influences the magnitude of physiological responses. Therefore an influence might also be expected at submaximal intensities (which are the most frequently used for training purposes). However, when comparing responses between ergometers at submaximal intensities, controlling exercise intensity through physiological parameters, as often presented in the literature, there is a high risk of the exercise mode influence being masked by exercise intensity. For example, when exercise intensity is expressed

2 Training & Testing 27 relatively to VO 2max, as it is well known that peak values for cycling are 7 10 % lower than for running [ 2 ], a similar intensity of 70 % could correspond at an absolute value of 3.5 L.min 1 in the treadmill and 3.1 L.min 1 in cycle ergometer. These similar submaximal workloads based on VO 2max for each ergometer could not provide a reliable comparison between exercise modes. This statement can be also applied to other physiological markers such as heart rate, lactate threshold, and perceived exertion, usually used in the literature to normalize submaximal intensity among ergometers. Indeed, the assumption that intensity could be similar between exercise modes is controversial [2, 6, 15, 17 ] and the effect of exercise mode on the physiological responses might be dependent on the criterion used to equalize the exercise intensity. Previous studies on exercise mode effects compared protocols with one supposedly similar exercise intensity [18, 32 ] or VO 2max short stages [ 2 ], thus not allowing to have more precise information about trends between modes. Some studies compared more exercise intensities [1, 10, 19, 29 ], however, the exercise mode effect could not be independent from intensity. Therefore, although the effects of exercise intensities in each exercise mode are understood, there is a gap requiring clarification about the exercise modes effects when in interaction with intensity. A suggested way to control this internal validity threat would be designing a protocol with several intensities (from low to high) in order to identify intensity trends sensitive to the exercise mode effect. Therefore, this study aimed to identify differences in the acute cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceptual responses between exercise performed on the treadmill and on the cycle ergometer at several intensities. Methods Participants 20 healthy volunteers (aged 22.5 ± 1.8 years; height = ± 7.0 cm; body mass = 72.6 ± 7.9 Kg; fat mass = 7.87 ± 1.3 %), physically active males participated in this study (participants were asked about their weekly amount of exercise, and according to physical activity recommendations a minimum amount of 30 min of exercise 3 times per week is sufficient to be considered as physically active) [ 3 ]. All participants were normotensive (resting systolic blood pressure < 130 and resting diastolic blood pressure < 85 mmhg), non-smokers and were not taking any medications. The study conformed to the declaration of Helsinki and the ethical standards of the International Journal of Sports Medicine [ 14 ]. All participants were informed of the objectives, procedures, potential risks or discomfort, and benefits before written informed consent was given. Also, there was a formal approval from the Ethics Committee of the Research Center for Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal. Experimental design All participants carried out 2 exercise sessions separated by 48 h, one performed on a treadmill and the other one on a cycle ergometer. In each session subjects completed 5 submaximal 8 min exercise bouts, interspersed with a 10 min period of passive recovery. Exercise intensity in the treadmill (0 % gradient) was respectively 10, 12, 14, 15 and 16 km/h, whereas in the cycle ergometer the exercise intensity was 80, 120, 160, 180 and 200 W. The workload was adapted from standard graded maximal tests and workloads of anaerobic threshold data from previous mode exercise researches [10, 18, 27 ]. The protocol was designed to include exercise bouts below and above the anaerobic threshold. The blood lactate measurements that were performed confirmed this principle. Before exercise sessions all participants tried the exercise protocol in both ergometers to ensure its completion. 10 subjects were randomly assigned to start the experimental protocol with the treadmill exercise while the remaining subjects started it with the cycle ergometer exercise. For each subject both sessions were performed at the same time of day (± 2 h) in a climate-controlled laboratory (ambient temperature = C; atmos pheric pressure = mmhg; relative humidity = %). On the cycle ergometer, subjects adjusted the seat and handlebars to their specifications and pedal frequency was maintained at rpm [ 5 ]. On the treadmill, they were instructed to run without support of their hands, learn how to support their body mass with their hands and remove their feet from the moving belt, to immediately lie down for measurements. All exercise tests were performed on a calibrated treadmill (Panatta, Space Line) and a cycle ergometer (Panatta, Power Line). Subjects were required to drink 33 ml/kg of water and fill in a 1-day food diary on the day before their first exercise session, and they were asked to repeat this diet before the second session. On the 2 exercise session days, 3 h before the start of the exercise bouts the subjects had a light standard meal and 5 7 ml.kg 1 of water [3, 24 ]. Participants were asked to refrain from exercise and the consumption of alcohol and caffeine for 48 h prior to the test session. Experimental trial Each subject arrived at the laboratory 45 min before starting the exercise bouts protocol, fitted the heart rate monitor, the gas analyzer vest, support and mask, and rested quietly on a bed in the supine position. After at least 15 min of rest (lying on a medical table), a 20 min pre exercise period started and at the same time respiratory gas-exchange variables (oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange ratio) were continuously measured until the end of exercise protocol using a portable gas analyzer (COSMED K4b 2, Rome, Italy) and HR was continuously monitored with a Wireless Double Electrode (Polar, Kempele, Finland). In all studied periods breath-by-breath and beat-by-beat data were smoothed to 20 s average and then to 1 min average. For pre-exercise data, average HR and gas exchange during the last 10 min of pre-exercise period were used [ 26 ]. To determine exercise data, only the values of the last 2 min of each intensity bout were used. The slow component was calculated in each exercise bout for both ergometers. Only the values of the last intensity bout were considered moderate, 268 ml.min 1 in treadmill and 220 ml.min 1 in cycle-ergometer. Before each test the oxygen and carbon dioxide analysis systems were calibrated using ambient air and a gas of known oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations according to the manufacturer s instructions, while the turbine flowmeter was calibrated using a 3-L syringe (COSMED K4b 2, Rome, Italy). Earlobe capillary blood samples (10 μl) were collected into a glass tube at rest (before starting the exercise session), and immediately after the end of each exercise bout in order to assess blood lactate concentration using an automated photometer analyzer (LP-20, Dr. Lange, Berlin, Germany). The automated photometer analyzer was calibrated between each subject with 1 mmol/l, 2.5 mmol/l, 5 mmol/l, 10 mmol/l and 15 mmol/l standard solutions LCQ 140 (ysi 2327 standard CAS , Berlin, Germany). RPE was measured after each bout of exercise using the 6 20 rate of perceived exertion [ 9 ]. All measurements were carried out according to proposed normalized instructions [3, 9 ].

3 28 Training & Testing Table 1 Mean and standard deviation ( ± SD) of VO 2, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate concentration and perceived exertion for pre exercise and during or immediately after (lactate concentration) in each steady-state exercise intensity bout. Variable Workload Ergometer Pre exercise 10 Km/h 80 W 12 Km/h 120 W 14 Km/h 160 W 15 Km/h 180 W 16 Km/h 200 W VO 2 (ml/min) TRDM 317 ± ± ± ± ± ± 629 CYCLE 336 ± ± ± ± ± ± 480 HR (bpm) TRDM 62.1 ± ± ± ± ± ± 11.8 CYCLE 63.9 ± ± ± ± ± ± 15.4 RER TRDM 0.84 ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.10 CYCLE 0.82 ± ± ± ± ± ± Lactate (mmol.l ) TRDM 0.85 ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.7 CYCLE 0.87 ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.5 RPE (6 20) TRDM 8.86 ± ± ± ± ± 2.0 CYCLE 9.94 ± ± ± ± ± 1.5 VO 2 = oxygen uptake; HR = heart rate; RER = respiratory exchange ratio; Lactate = blood lactate concentration; RPE = perceived exertion; TRDM = treadmill; CYCLE = Cycle ergometer a Oxygen uptake (ml. min 1 ) b Heart rate (bpm) (mode and intensity) with a polynomial contrast was performed in all data. The effect sizes were addressed through η 2 values. A repeated measures t-test was carried out to confirm equal pre exercise values between treadmill and cycle exercise. An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine significance and Bonferroni adjustment was used to prevent type I errors. The curves were fitted according to the distance-weighted least squares smoothing procedure, i. e., the influence of individual cases decreases with the horizontal distance from the respective cases on the curve. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica version 7.0 (Statsoft, Inc.). Results Table 1 presents mean and standard deviation values of the studied variables for each intensity bout performed on the treadmill and on the cycle ergometer. There was a simple mode effect in VO 2 and HR, with higher values in the treadmill (F = 55.2 p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.77 and F = p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.86, respectively). The results in both ergometers were similar for blood lactate (F = 0.1 p = 0.760) and RER data (F = 1.1 p = 0.323). Contrarily, the RPE pattern was higher in the cycle ergometer exercise (F = 6.5 p = 0.026, η 2 = 0.35). The mode intensity interaction in VO2 and HR was significant (F = 32.0 p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.65 and F = p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.88, respectively, see Fig. 1a,b ). According to the response patterns, results suggest that at higher exercise intensities there are fewer differences between the 2 exercise modes. In the mode intensity interaction, the results were similar in RER and blood lactate (F 1, 18 = 1.9 p = and F 1, 17 = 0.1 p = 0.964, respectively, see Fig. 2a,b ) and RPE (F 1, 12 = 1.2 p = see Fig. 3 ). Treadmill Cycle ergometer Fig 1 a Response pattern of VO 2 values during steady-state treadmill (black line) and cycle ergometer (grey line) exercise, related to exercise intensity. b Response pattern of Heart Rate values during steady-state treadmill (black line) and cycle ergometer (grey line) exercise, related to exercise intensity. Data analysis Normality of distribution was tested with Shapiro-Wilk s test and, when appropriate, a logarithmic transformation of data was carried out [7, 8, 16 ]. The data are expressed as means ± standard deviation. A general linear model with 2 dependent factors Discussion The purpose of this study was to compare the acute cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceptual responses between exercise performed on the treadmill and on the cycle ergometer at several intensities. Despite divergent results over the two exercise modes responses in VO 2, HR (higher in treadmill) and RPE (higher in cycle exercise), the RER values and blood lactate concentrations were very similar between exercise modes in all studied intensities. Current results suggest that exercise intensity does influence the differences between the two exercise modes, particularly in VO 2

4 Training & Testing 29 a VCO 2 /VO 2 b Blood lactate (mmol. l 1 ) Pre-exercise Watts 120 Watts 160 Watts 180 Watts 200 Watts Fig. 2 a Response pattern of VCO 2 /VO 2 values during steady-state treadmill (black line) and cycle ergometer (grey line) exercise, related to exercise intensity. b Response pattern of Blood Lactate values during steady-state treadmill (black line) and cycle ergometer (grey line) exercise, related to exercise intensity. RPE (Borg 6 20) Pre-exercise Watts 120 Watts 160 Watts 180 Watts 200 Watts 4 Pre-exercise 10 Km/h 12 Km/h 14 Km/h Treadmill Cycle ergometer 15 Km/h 16 Km/h Fig. 3 Response pattern of RPE values during steady-state treadmill (black line) and cycle ergometer (grey line) exercise, related to exercise intensity. [ 10 ] and HR [ 29 ]. In both ergometers, the increases in these variables were larger in transition from rest to the first exercise bout than the subsequent exercise bout transitions. The VO2 and HR tendency lines in cycle ergometer and treadmill seem to suggest that at higher exercise intensities there are fewer differences between the two exercise modes. Usually, in non-trained and trained but non-expert subjects the extrapolation to maximal exercise has predicted VO 2max values higher in treadmill [2, 5, 10 12, 15, 18, 29, 33, 36 ], but in the present study, the tendency lines do not confirm this assumption. For similar HR values, VO 2 is usually higher in treadmill exercise. Thomas et al. [ 33 ] found that, although the HR was similar in treadmill and cycle ergometer for a common intensity (60 % peak VO 2 ), the absolute VO 2 was higher in the treadmill (2.21 vs.1.93 L/min). Generally, the exercise carried out at the same absolute intensity corresponds to higher relative intensity in cycle ergometer [2, 5, 10 12, 15, 18, 29, 33, 36 ]. Our results confirm studies by Thomas et al. [ 33 ] and Kravitz et al. [ 23 ], but not the studies by Thomas et al. [ 32 ] and Abrantes et al. [ 1 ]. The use of different ergometers, starting work rate, the number and duration of exercise stages, rest periods, incremental or steadystate protocols and also the subjects mode expertise are possible causes for these different results between studies. The similar absolute values of VO 2 and HR in treadmill in the present study appear to confirm the tendencies of Thomas et al. [ 32 ]. However, the authors examined only one exercise intensity at 65 % of maximal HR during 60 min. This intensity corresponded in cycle ergometer and in treadmill respectively 57.5 % and 57.8 % of treadmill VO 2max test. We found one single study which compared treadmill, cycle and other ergometers at 3 different exercise intensities at the same maximal HR, and despite the higher absolute VO 2 values in the treadmill at all exercise intensities, the results did not achieve statistical significance [1 ]. The RER and blood lactate concentration values found in the present study confirm a similar response pattern between exercise modes, so the differences between modes did not change with exercise intensity. Despite a similar pattern response in RER and blood lactate between exercise modes, the VO 2 and HR patterns were higher in treadmill exercise. This same tendency was found in other studies. In treadmill and cycle exercise at 60 % of VO 2max and at 14-RPE, the VO 2 values were higher in treadmill, but RER was similar between ergometers [ 33 ]. In another study, the absolute VO 2 was not different between treadmill and cycle, but the RER was higher in cycling exercise [ 1 ]. Also, Thomas et al. [ 32 ] reported identical results, with treadmill promoting lower RER and blood lactate values, and Koyal et al. [22 ] identified higher blood lactate and lower ph values in cycling exercise. According to these studies, an association was found between higher RER and blood lactate values in ergometers, such as cycling, that are non-weight bearing exercise modes, mobilize less muscle mass and possibly use more glycolytic fibers. At maximal intensity, the cycling exercise promotes higher blood lactate concentrations [ 2, 28 ] and higher RER values [ 33, 36 ]. In fact, another study reported that, at several intensity bouts, the blood lactate was not different in several submaximal bouts between treadmill and cycling, but it was higher in maximal cycling exercise [2 ]. In the current study, the RPE was the only variable with higher values in cycle ergometer exercise, as reported previously [1, 12, 33 ]. When these two modes are compared it is common that treadmill effort is underestimated [12, 33 ]. When local and general RPE are measured, in cycling exercise the local effort is strongly perceived and there are no differences in treadmill [12, 21 ]. In the current results, the VO 2 and HR values were higher in the treadmill, although RPE was higher in cycling. However, because blood lactate and RER values were similar, it seems possible that the integration of other sensations related to RPE could

5 30 Training & Testing contribute to influencing the results in cycling exercise [12, 29 ]. In the current study, the RPE and blood lactate responses to exercise intensity increases were not different between ergometers. There is an exercise mode effect in RPE and blood lactate [12, 33, 34 ]. This could be probably related to higher anaerobic threshold, higher oxidative capacity, higher familiarity and higher muscle mass in treadmill exercise [19, 28, 29 ]. Although we identified different patterns in VO 2 and HR responses to exercise intensity increments, the RPE values were identical. In the treadmill and cycle ergometer at 60 % of VO 2max (corresponding to different absolute oxygen uptake, higher in treadmill) the RPE was higher in cycling vs. treadmill (11.4 ± 2.58 and 9.8 ± 2.36, respectively) [ 33 ]. Also, in treadmill and cycling exercise at the anaerobic threshold, the RPE was higher in cycle ergometer exercise [ 12 ]. Several possible reasons have been suggested to explain this RPE response to exercise modes specificities. In cycling exercise the muscle tension imposed by the legs is quite high and able to induce an increase in neural stimulus through proprioreceptors stimulation. In contrast, the tension in the treadmill is uniformly distributed to the active muscle mass and the neural stimulus could be less powerful [28 ]. In essence, the results of this study showed that some variables were affected by mode and mode intensity interaction (VO 2 and HR) and one variable was only affected by exercise mode (RPE). The RER and blood lactate concentration values were not affected by either exercise mode or mode intensity interaction. The cardiovascular responses presented a higher pattern response in treadmill exercise and this effect changed in magnitude with exercise intensity. The exercise prescription should take into consideration mode variability and mode differences across the programmed intensities, having in mind that these differences seem larger, and therefore, more important to consider at lower and moderate intensities. References 1 Abrantes C I, Sampaio AJ, Reis AM, Duarte JA. Resposta aguda cárdiorespiratória a quatro modos de exercício realizado em ergómetros. Rev Port Cien Desp 2004 ; 4 : Achten J, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE. Fat oxidation rates are higher during running compared with cycling over a wide range of intensities. Metabolism 2003 ; 52 : ACSM. ACSM Fitness Book : Human Kinetics, Arkinstall M J, Bruce C R, Nikolopoulos V, Garnham AP, Hawley JA. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolism during running and cycling. J Appl Physiol 2001 ; 91 : Basset F A, Boulay M R. Treadmill and cycle ergometer tests are interchangeable to monitor triathletes annual training. J Sports Sci Med 2003 ; 2 : Bijker K E, De Groot G, Hollander AP. Del t a efficiencies of running and cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 ; 33 : Bland J M, Altman DG. Statistics notes. Logarithms. BMJ 1996 ; 312 : Bland J M, Altman DG. Transforming data. BMJ 1996 ; 312 : Borg G. Borg s RPE Its Value for Sports Testing. New York : Movement Publications, Carter H, Jones AM, Barstow TJ, Burnley M, Williams CA, Doust JH. Ox y- gen uptake kinetics in treadmill running and cycle ergometry: a comparison. J Appl Physiol 2000 ; 89 : Chatterjee S, Chakravarti B. Comparative study of maximum aerobic capacity by three ergometries in untrained college women. Jpn J Physiol 1986 ; 36 : Green J M, Crews T R, Bosak AM, Peveler WW. Overall and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion at the respiratory compensation threshold: effects of gender and mode. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003 ; 89 : Hansen D, Dendale P, Berger J, Meeusen R. Low agreement of ventilatory threshold between training modes in cardiac patients. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007 ; 101 : Harriss D J, Atkinson G. Update Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research. Int J Sports Med 2011 ; 32 : Hill D W, Halcomb JN, Stevens EC. Oxygen uptake kinetics during severe intensity running and cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003 ; 89 : Hopkins W G. A new view of statistics. Dunedin, New Zealand : Sport Science, Johnson J H, Phipps LK. Preferred method of selecting exercise intensity in adult women. J Strength Cond Res 2006 ; 20 : Jones A M, McConnell AM. Effect of exercise modality on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999 ; 80 : Katsanos C S, Cheuvront SN, Haymes EM. Energy expenditure relative to perceived exertion: Stationary cycling versus treadmill walking. Res Q Exerc Sport 2001 ; 72 : Kim J K, Nho H, Whaley MH. Inter-modal comparisons of acute energy expenditure during perceptually based exercise in obese adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2008 ; 54 : Koivula N, Hassmen P. Central, local, and overall ratings of perceived exertion during cycling and running by women with an external or internal locus of control. J Gen Psychol 1998 ; 125 : Koyal S N, Whipp BJ, Huntsman D, Bray GA, Wasserman K. Ventilatory responses to metabolic-acidosis of treadmill and cycle ergometry. J Appl Physiol 1976 ; 40 : Kravitz L, Robergs RA, Heyward VH, Wagner DR, Powers K. Exercise mode and gender comparisons of energy expenditure at self-selected intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 ; 29 : Manore M, Manore M, Meyer N, Thompson J. Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance. Human Kinetics ; Mayo J, Kravitz L, Chitwood L, Kinzey SJ, Waters W, Wongsathikun J. Cardiovascular responses to combined arm and leg exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 ; 31 : S McGarvey W, Jones R, Petersen S. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption following continuous and interval cycling exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2005 ; 15 : McMurray R G, Harrell JS, Bangdiwala SI, Deng SB, Baggett C. Factors contributing to the energy expenditure of youth during cycling and running. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2003 ; 15 : Medelli J, Maingourd Y, Bouferrache B, Bach V, Freville M, Libert J P. Maximal oxygen-uptake and aerobic-anaerobic transition on treadmill and bicycle in triathletes. Jap J Physiol 1993 ; 43 : Moyna N M, Robertson RJ, Meckes CL, Peoples JA, Millich NB, Thompson P D. Intermodal comparison of energy expenditure at exercise intensities corresponding to the perceptual preference range. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 ; 33 : Rice A J, Scroop GC, Thornton AT, McNaughton NS, Rogers KJ, Chapman M J, Greville H W, Scicchitano R, Gore CJ. Arterial hypoxaemia in endurance athletes is greater during running than cycling. Respir Physiol 2000 ; 123 : Scott C B, Littlefield ND, Chason JD, Bunker MP, Asselin EM. D ifferences in oxygen uptake but equivalent energy expenditure between a brief bout of cycling and running. Nutr Metab 2006 ; 3 : 1 32 Thomas T R, Feiock CW, Araujo J. Metabolic responses associated with four modes of prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1989 ; 29 : Thomas T R, Ziogas G, Smith T, Zhang Q, Londeree BR. Physiological and perceived exertion responses to six modes of submaximal exercise. Res Q Exerc Sport 1995 ; 66 : Tsintzas K, Simpson EJ, Seevaratnam N, Jones S. Effect of exercise mode on blood glucose disposal during physiological hyperinsulinaemia in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003 ; 89 : Tuner S L, Easton C, Wilson J, Byrne DS, Rogers P, Kilduff LP, Kingsmore D B, Pitsiladis Y P. Cardiopulmonary responses to treadmill and cycle ergometry exercise in patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Surg 2008 ; 47 : Venkata-Ramana Y, Surya-Kumary M, Sudhakar-Rao S, Balakrishna N. Comparison of training loads and physiological responses in athletes: Consideration of body weight implications. J Exerc Physiol Online 2004 ; 7 : Verstappen F T, Huppertz RM, Snoeckx LH. Effect of training specificity on maximal treadmill and bicycle ergometer exercise. Int J Sports Med 1982 ; 3 : 43 46

Exercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation?

Exercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation? Exercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation? Marshall B. Dunning III, Ph.D., M.S. Professor of Medicine & Physiology Medical College of Wisconsin What is exercise? Physical activity

More information

AEROBIC METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE SYNOPSIS

AEROBIC METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS This chapter begins with a description of the measurement of aerobic metabolism by direct calorimetry and spirometry and proceeds with a discussion of oxygen drift as it occurs in submaximal exercise

More information

CHAPTER THREE JOURNAL MANUSCRIPT

CHAPTER THREE JOURNAL MANUSCRIPT CHAPTER THREE JOURNAL MANUSCRIPT 13 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO CONSTANT-LOAD EXERCISE ON AN INCLINED STEPPER AND TREADMILL by Brian W. Rieger Dr. Shala Davis, Chairman Department of Human

More information

DIFFERENCE IN MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO 2 max) DETERMINED BY INCREMENTAL AND RAMP TESTS

DIFFERENCE IN MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO 2 max) DETERMINED BY INCREMENTAL AND RAMP TESTS STUDIES IN PHYSICAL CULTURE AND TOURISM Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010 MIŁOSZ CZUBA, ADAM ZAJĄC, JAROSŁAW CHOLEWA, STANISŁAW POPRZĘCKI, ROBERT ROCZNIOK The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice,

More information

Pathophysiology Department

Pathophysiology Department UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE - PLOVDIV Pathophysiology Department 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd. Tel. +359 32 602311 Algorithm for interpretation of submaximal exercise tests in children S. Kostianev 1, B. Marinov

More information

Title. Author(s)YANO, T.; OGATA, H.; MATSUURA, R.; ARIMITSU, T.; YUN. CitationPhysiological Research, 56: Issue Date Doc URL.

Title. Author(s)YANO, T.; OGATA, H.; MATSUURA, R.; ARIMITSU, T.; YUN. CitationPhysiological Research, 56: Issue Date Doc URL. Title Comparison of Oxygen Uptake at the Onset of Decremen Author(s)YANO, T; OGATA, H; MATSUURA, R; ARIMITSU, T; YUN CitationPhysiological Research, 56: 169-174 Issue Date 27 Doc URL http://hdlhandlenet/2115/51987

More information

Steven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP

Steven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP Ashley Wagner, Sochi 2014 www.gotceleb.com Steven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP Adjunct Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota http://saliterman.umn.edu/ Aerobic (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

More information

Metabolic Calculations

Metabolic Calculations Metabolic Calculations Chapter 5 and Appendix D Importance of Metabolic Calculations It is imperative that the exercise physiologist is able to interpret test results and estimate energy expenditure. Optimizing

More information

The Work Rate Corresponding to Ventilatory Threshold During Steady-State and Ramp Exercise

The Work Rate Corresponding to Ventilatory Threshold During Steady-State and Ramp Exercise International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2006;1:222-232 2006 Human Kinetics, Inc. The Work Rate Corresponding to Ventilatory Threshold During Steady-State and Ramp Exercise Oliver Faude,

More information

COMPARISON OF OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND OXYGEN DEFICIT IN SEVERELY OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL

COMPARISON OF OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND OXYGEN DEFICIT IN SEVERELY OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2005) 4, 430-436 http://www.jssm.org Research article COMPARISON OF OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND OXYGEN DEFICIT IN SEVERELY OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL WEIGHT ADOLESCENT

More information

RELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS

RELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS RELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS Kirsten Hendrickson, B.S. John P. Porcari, Ph.D. Carl Foster,

More information

FOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING

FOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Chapter 13 FOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING WILLIAM ESCHENBACHER, MD* INTRODUCTION AEROBIC METABOLISM ANAEROBIC METABOLISM

More information

INCLUSION OF EXERCISE INTENSITIES ABOVE THE REGRESSION DOES NOT IMPROVE THE PRECISION OF ACCUMULATED OXYGEN DEFICIT ESTIMATION IN

INCLUSION OF EXERCISE INTENSITIES ABOVE THE REGRESSION DOES NOT IMPROVE THE PRECISION OF ACCUMULATED OXYGEN DEFICIT ESTIMATION IN Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2005) 4, 455-462 http://www.jssm.org Research article INCLUSION OF EXERCISE INTENSITIES ABOVE THE LACTATE THRESHOLD IN VO 2 /RUNNING SPEED REGRESSION DOES NOT IMPROVE

More information

What effect do intensity, mode, duration and other factors have on calorie burning after exercise?

What effect do intensity, mode, duration and other factors have on calorie burning after exercise? EXERCISE AFTER-BURN: What effect do intensity, mode, duration and other factors have on calorie burning after exercise? Just pick up a recent trade magazine and you are almost sure to read about a new

More information

Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for Evaluating Physical Fitness in a Training Cycle

Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for Evaluating Physical Fitness in a Training Cycle Journal of Human Kinetics volume 50/2016, 187-194 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0155 187 Section III Sports Training Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for

More information

MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance

MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance Presented by Coaching and Sports Science Division of the United States Olympic Committee Revised July 2004 MAXIMAL AEROBIC

More information

Exercise physiology and sports performance

Exercise physiology and sports performance Klinikum rechts der Isar Technische Universität München Exercise physiology and sports performance Axel Preßler Lehrstuhl und Poliklinik für Prävention, Rehabilitation und Sportmedizin Klinikum rechts

More information

Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research

Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Elliptical: Forward vs. Backward 25 Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Volume 2 Number 2 May 2007

More information

Key-Words: oxygen uptake, VO2max, altitude, hypoxia, running.

Key-Words: oxygen uptake, VO2max, altitude, hypoxia, running. Pilot Study on VO2max Assessment and Oxygen Uptake on Normal and Hypoxic Environments Patrícia Alexandra Mota Esteves (patricia.a.esteves@gmail.com) Dissertação de Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica

More information

Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees

Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 38 No. 1, January/February 2001 Pages 7 11 Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees T. Chin,

More information

UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016

UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 LH8 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY MODULE NO: SRB3008 Date: Monday

More information

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation has long been known to improve endurance

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation has long been known to improve endurance Effect of a Electrolyte replacement beverage compared with a commercially available Carbohydrate supplement on the rate of fat oxidation during moderate-intensity cycle ergometry exercise INTRODUCTION

More information

A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA:

A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA: A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA: INTRODUCTION: Training: The word Training has been a part of human language

More information

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY School of Recreation, Health, and Tourism. KINE 350-C01: Exercise Prescription and Programming (3) Summer 2015

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY School of Recreation, Health, and Tourism. KINE 350-C01: Exercise Prescription and Programming (3) Summer 2015 GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY School of Recreation, Health, and Tourism KINE 350-C01: Exercise Prescription and Programming (3) Summer 2015 DAY/TIME: M-Th 12:30-2:45 pm LOCATION: Bull Run Hall 246 PROFESSOR:

More information

A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology

A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology Journal of Advanced Sport Technology 1(3):28-34 Received: May 22, 2018; Accepted: July 8, 2018 Original Research A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology Marefat

More information

The effects of music tempo on cycling performance. R. Appell, K. Carnes, S. Haase, C. Haia, E. Smith, K. Smith, and J. Walsh

The effects of music tempo on cycling performance. R. Appell, K. Carnes, S. Haase, C. Haia, E. Smith, K. Smith, and J. Walsh The effects of music tempo on cycling performance R. Appell, K. Carnes, S. Haase, C. Haia, E. Smith, K. Smith, and J. Walsh Department of Exercise Science, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258. Address

More information

Comparison of Metabolic Cart with Douglas Bags and Computerised Metabolic Cart. By [Donny Malin]

Comparison of Metabolic Cart with Douglas Bags and Computerised Metabolic Cart. By [Donny Malin] Comparison of Metabolic Cart with Douglas Bags and Computerised Metabolic Cart By [Donny Malin] Metabolic Cart i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to pay my whole hearted gratitude to my project supervisor

More information

Chapter 21 Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power

Chapter 21 Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Section 06: Exercise Training to Improve Performance Chapter 21 Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Chapter 22 Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger Chapter 23 Special Aids to Exercise

More information

Physiological Responses to Exercise on Different Models of the Concept II Rowing Ergometer

Physiological Responses to Exercise on Different Models of the Concept II Rowing Ergometer Original Investigations International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2007, 2, 360-370 2007 Human Kinetics, Inc. Physiological Responses to Exercise on Different Models of the Concept II

More information

INTERNET BASED SYSTEM FOR ADJUSTING CYCLE ERGOMETER WORKLOAD TO MODERATE EXERCISE

INTERNET BASED SYSTEM FOR ADJUSTING CYCLE ERGOMETER WORKLOAD TO MODERATE EXERCISE INTERNET BASED SYSTEM FOR ADJUSTING CYCLE ERGOMETER WORKLOAD TO MODERATE EXERCISE Tohru Kiryu*, Kenichro Yamaguchi*, Kiyoji Tanaka**, and Akira Shionoya*** *Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata

More information

Title : Adaptation to exercise

Title : Adaptation to exercise Title : Adaptation to exercise Teacher: Magdalena Gibas MD PhD Coll. Anatomicum, 6 Święcicki Street, Dept. of Physiology I. Exercise physiology 1. The acute and chronic responses to exercise depend upon

More information

Ratio of Total Carbon Dioxide produced. during Graded Exercise Testing

Ratio of Total Carbon Dioxide produced. during Graded Exercise Testing VOLUME 12.2, 2016 D.O.I: http: doi.org/10.4127/jbe.2016.0108 Ratio of Total Carbon Dioxide produced to Oxygen consumed is predictive of VO 2 max during Graded Exercise Testing David Bellar 1, Lawrence

More information

The constant work rate critical power protocol overestimates ramp incremental exercise performance

The constant work rate critical power protocol overestimates ramp incremental exercise performance Eur J Appl Physiol (2016) 116:2415 2422 DOI 10.1007/s00421-016-3491-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE The constant work rate critical power protocol overestimates ramp incremental exercise performance Matthew I. Black

More information

"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations"

Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations "Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations" Dott. Anna Baraldo Phd Course In Science of Physical Exercise and Human Movement - 24 Department of Neurological

More information

Comparison of the 45-Second/15-Second Intermittent Running Field Test and the Continuous Treadmill Test

Comparison of the 45-Second/15-Second Intermittent Running Field Test and the Continuous Treadmill Test International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012, 7, 277-284 2012 Human Kinetics, Inc. Comparison of the 45-Second/15-Second Intermittent Running Field Test and the Continuous Treadmill

More information

Applied Exercise and Sport Physiology, with Labs, 4e

Applied Exercise and Sport Physiology, with Labs, 4e Applied Exercise and Sport Physiology, with Labs, 4e hhpcommunities.com/exercisephysiology/chapter-10-aerobic-exercise-prescriptions-for-public-health-cardiorespiratory-fitness-and-athletics/chap Chapter

More information

D uring triathlon racing (swim/cycle/run), the most

D uring triathlon racing (swim/cycle/run), the most 267 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cadence selection affects metabolic responses during cycling and subsequent running time to fatigue F Vercruyssen, R Suriano, D Bishop, C Hausswirth, J Brisswalter... Br J Sports Med

More information

Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Exercise Prescription

Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Exercise Prescription Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Exercise Prescription Jonathan Myers, PhD VA Palo Alto Health Care System Stanford University There are no conflicts of interest to disclose Role of Cardiopulmonary

More information

Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Samaria K. Cooper. Ball State University

Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Samaria K. Cooper. Ball State University Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Samaria K. Cooper Ball State University School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science Advanced Physiology 493s1 Dr. Anthony D. Mahon 6 December

More information

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) Evaluation Report

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) Evaluation Report Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) Evaluation Report Name: Sally Alpha Date: Test 1 November 29, 2015 Test 2 November 30, 2015 Findings: Sally Alpha demonstrates poor functional capacity and early onset

More information

OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AT MODERATE AND EXTREME SWIMMING INTENSITIES

OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AT MODERATE AND EXTREME SWIMMING INTENSITIES OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AT MODERATE AND EXTREME SWIMMING INTENSITIES EXERCISE AND SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC Ana Sousa 1 Kelly de Jesus 1 Pedro Figueiredo 1 João Paulo Vilas-Boas 1,2 Ricardo J. Fernandes 1,2

More information

SPORTS OXYSHOT RESEARCH BULLETIN IN THIS ISSUE 1. More work at the lactate threshold 2. Pb s in training 3. Crossover benefits for triathletes 4. 33 minutes slashed from Foster Ironman? 5. Hard work pays

More information

Comparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling

Comparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling MILITARY MEDICINE, 178, 2:234, 2013 Comparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling LTC Matti Santtila, FDF*; Keijo Häkkinen, PhD ; Kai Pihlainen, MSc*; Heikki

More information

JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline

JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Optimal Duration of VO 2 max Testing 1 JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Official Journal of The American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) ISSN 1097-9751 An International Electronic

More information

Effect of pre-exercise sports drink on cardio-respiratory fitness

Effect of pre-exercise sports drink on cardio-respiratory fitness (0), vol VIII, no, 846-85 Romanian Sports Medicine Society 846 Neeraj Kumar, Rajkumar Agrahari Department of Physiotherapy, Saaii College of Medical Science & Technology, Kanpur, UP, India Abstract. The

More information

Metabolic exercise testing is traditionally performed

Metabolic exercise testing is traditionally performed VALIDATION OF THE CARDIOCoachCO 2 FOR SUBMAXIMAL AND MAXIMAL METABOLIC EXERCISE TESTING CHRISTINA M. DIELI-CONWRIGHT, NICOLE E. JENSKY, GINA M. BATTAGLIA, SCOTT A. MCCAULEY, AND E. TODD SCHROEDER Division

More information

16. Exercise Energetics

16. Exercise Energetics 16. Exercise The performance of muscular exercise not only throws a strain on the musculoskeletal system itself but it also tests the reserves of virtually every system in the body. Exercising muscles

More information

The Relation Between Reactive Strength Index and Running Economy in Long-Distance Runners Nicholas Gallina Dr. David Diggin

The Relation Between Reactive Strength Index and Running Economy in Long-Distance Runners Nicholas Gallina Dr. David Diggin The Relation Between Reactive Strength Index and Running Economy in Long-Distance Runners Nicholas Gallina Dr. David Diggin Introduction: There are several physiological factors that affect long-distance

More information

Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline (JEPonline)

Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline (JEPonline) Energy Expenditure and Power Output 56 Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline (JEPonline) Volume 11 Number 2 April 2008 Managing Editor Tommy Boone, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Jon K. Linderman, Ph.D. Review Board

More information

Chapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise

Chapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise Chapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise Slide Show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College 3.26.13

More information

Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire

Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Predicting Maximal Heart Rate 15 Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Volume 2 Number 1 December 2006

More information

Study on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load

Study on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load Study on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load Virginija Bertašiūtė 1, Algė Daunoravičienė 2, Kristina Berškienė 3, Roza Joffe 4, Alfonsas Vainoras 5 1, 2, 3

More information

A NEW METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMAL FAT OXIDATION: A PILOT STUDY

A NEW METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMAL FAT OXIDATION: A PILOT STUDY Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 2014. Vol. 20, pp. 90 99 http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2014.20.08 P Purge, P Lehismets, J Jürimäe A new method for the measurement of maximal fat oxidation

More information

Exercise Prescription Certificate Course

Exercise Prescription Certificate Course Exercise Prescription Certificate Course Session 2: Principles and Frameworks for Exercise Prescription Dr. Raymond CHAN Hoi-fai MBChB (DUNDEE), MSc Sports Medicine (Glasg), MScSMHS(CUHK), MSpMed (New

More information

Performance Enhancement. Cardiovascular/Respiratory Systems and Athletic Performance

Performance Enhancement. Cardiovascular/Respiratory Systems and Athletic Performance Performance Enhancement Cardiovascular/Respiratory Systems and Athletic Performance Functions of the Cardiovascular System Deliver oxygen & nutrients to body tissues Carry wastes from the cells Anatomy

More information

Chapter 1: Exercise Physiology. ACE Personal Trainer Manual Third Edition

Chapter 1: Exercise Physiology. ACE Personal Trainer Manual Third Edition Chapter 1: Exercise Physiology ACE Personal Trainer Manual Third Edition Introduction Physiology is the study of the myriad functions in a living organism. Exercise physiology is the study of the ways

More information

Paula Radcliffe is an English marathon runner

Paula Radcliffe is an English marathon runner EXCLUSIVE ACE SPONSORED RESEARCH Validity of the Talk Test in Identifying the Respiratory Compensation Threshold By Maria L. Cress, M.S., John P. Porcari, Ph.D., Carl Foster, Ph.D., Pedro Recalde, M.S.,

More information

Are Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Modified When Using a Respiratory Snorkel?

Are Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Modified When Using a Respiratory Snorkel? ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2010, 5, 292-300 Human Kinetics, Inc. Are Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Modified When Using a Respiratory Snorkel? Joana F.

More information

Polarized Training Striking a Balance Between High-Volume and High-Intensity Training

Polarized Training Striking a Balance Between High-Volume and High-Intensity Training Polarized Training Striking a Balance Between High-Volume and High-Intensity Training Frankie TAN, PhD Senior Sports Physiologist Singapore Sports Institute 1 Introduction Exercise intensity and its distribution

More information

Effect of Psycho-physical Stress on the Preference of Non- Athletic Youths for Intermittent or Continuous Bench- Stepping

Effect of Psycho-physical Stress on the Preference of Non- Athletic Youths for Intermittent or Continuous Bench- Stepping ISSN 1750-9823 (print) International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering Vol. 03 (2009) No. 01, pp. 022-026 Effect of Psycho-physical Stress on the Preference of Non- Athletic Youths for Intermittent

More information

Blood Lactate Changes during Isocapnic Buffering in Sprinters and Long Distance Runners

Blood Lactate Changes during Isocapnic Buffering in Sprinters and Long Distance Runners Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science Original Blood Lactate Changes during Isocapnic Buffering in Sprinters and Long Distance Runners Kohji Hirakoba 1) and Takahiro Yunoki 2)

More information

THE USE OF LACTATE THRESHOLD IN TRAINING

THE USE OF LACTATE THRESHOLD IN TRAINING THE USE OF LACTATE THRESHOLD IN TRAINING By Richard W. Field Richard Field discusses the concept of pulse rates to determine workout intensities and outlines how the controversial Conconi test can be used

More information

COMPARISON OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSES OF TRAINED ARABIAN AND THOROUGHBRED HORSES DURING HIGH AND LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE

COMPARISON OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSES OF TRAINED ARABIAN AND THOROUGHBRED HORSES DURING HIGH AND LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE COMPARISON OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSES OF TRAINED ARABIAN AND THOROUGHBRED HORSES DURING HIGH AND LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE A. Prince, R. Geor, P. Harris, K. Hoekstra, S. Gardner, C. Hudson, J. Pagan, Kentucky

More information

Needs Analysis. Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation LEVEL III COACHES COURSE

Needs Analysis. Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation LEVEL III COACHES COURSE Needs Analysis Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation Introduction Principles of physiology Physiological needs analysis Other performance-determining variables Mechanical demands

More information

T he Chester step test (CST) was originally developed by

T he Chester step test (CST) was originally developed by 197 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reliability and validity of measures taken during the Chester step test to predict aerobic power and to prescribe aerobic exercise J P Buckley, J Sim, R G Eston, R Hession, R Fox...

More information

NEW EQUATIONS TO DETERMINE EXERCISE INTENSITY USING DIFFERENT EXERCISE MODES

NEW EQUATIONS TO DETERMINE EXERCISE INTENSITY USING DIFFERENT EXERCISE MODES Original New equations Paper for exercise intensity DOI: 10.5604/20831862.990519 Biol. Sport 2012;29:163-167 NEW EQUATIONS TO DETERMINE EXERCISE INTENSITY USING DIFFERENT EXERCISE MODES Accepted for publication

More information

STANDARDISATION OF PHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE Rebecca Tanner, Pitre Bourdon

STANDARDISATION OF PHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE Rebecca Tanner, Pitre Bourdon STANDARDISATION OF PHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE Rebecca Tanner, Pitre Bourdon Introduction: In June 2004, the National Sport Science Quality Assurance Program (formerly the Laboratory Standards Assistance Scheme)

More information

Effect of Exercise at the AT Point for Children with Cerebral Palsy

Effect of Exercise at the AT Point for Children with Cerebral Palsy 63 Effect of Exercise at the AT Point for Children with Cerebral Palsy Taka-aki Shinohara, M.D., Nobuharu Suzuki, M.D., Ph.D., Michinari Oba, M.D., Motoaki Kawasumi, M.D., Mamori Kimizuka, M.D., and Katsumi

More information

Comparison of Perceived Exertion While Exercising at the Same Intensity on Land and Aquatic Treadmills

Comparison of Perceived Exertion While Exercising at the Same Intensity on Land and Aquatic Treadmills The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Honors Research Projects The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College Spring 2017 Comparison of Perceived Exertion While Exercising at the Same Intensity

More information

todays practice of cardiopulmonary medicine

todays practice of cardiopulmonary medicine todays practice of cardiopulmonary medicine Concepts and Applications of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing* Karl T. Weber, M.D.; Joseph S. Janicki, Ph.D.; Patricia A. McElroy, M.D.; and Hanumanth K. Reddy,

More information

Heart Rate and Perceptual Responses to Graded Leg and Arm Ergometry in Healthy College-Aged Saudis: Effects of Gender and Exercise Mode

Heart Rate and Perceptual Responses to Graded Leg and Arm Ergometry in Healthy College-Aged Saudis: Effects of Gender and Exercise Mode Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation Salwa B. El-Sobkey, and Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa* 1 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University,

More information

Effect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists

Effect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Undergraduate Library Research Award ULRA Awards Effect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists Kelia

More information

Standard Operating Procedure for Cycle Ergometry on Monarks

Standard Operating Procedure for Cycle Ergometry on Monarks Standard Operating Procedure for Cycle Ergometry on Monarks Effective date: 26.07.2017 Review due date: 26.04.2019 Original Author Name: Richard Metcalfe Position: Ph.D. Student Date: 14.12.2012 Reviewer

More information

A Comparison of Methods Used for Quantifying Internal Training Load in Women Soccer Players

A Comparison of Methods Used for Quantifying Internal Training Load in Women Soccer Players International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2008, 3, 320-330 2008 Human Kinetics, Inc. A Comparison of Methods Used for Quantifying Internal Training Load in Women Soccer Players Helen

More information

End-tidal pressure of CO 2 and exercise performance in healthy subjects

End-tidal pressure of CO 2 and exercise performance in healthy subjects DOI 10.1007/s00421-008-0773-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE End-tidal pressure of CO 2 and exercise performance in healthy subjects Maurizio Bussotti Æ Damiano Magrì Æ Emanuele Previtali Æ Stefania Farina Æ Anna Torri

More information

Oxygen uptake efficiency slope calculations based on heart rate reserve endpoints in young, intellectually disabled individuals

Oxygen uptake efficiency slope calculations based on heart rate reserve endpoints in young, intellectually disabled individuals J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 1(4): 703-707 (2012) JPFSM: Regular Article Oxygen uptake efficiency slope calculations based on heart rate reserve endpoints in young, intellectually disabled individuals Tamotsu

More information

PROPEL: PRomoting Optimal Physical Exercise for Life* Submaximal Graded Exercise Assessment Guidelines

PROPEL: PRomoting Optimal Physical Exercise for Life* Submaximal Graded Exercise Assessment Guidelines PROPEL: PRomoting Optimal Physical Exercise for Life* Submaximal Graded Exercise Assessment Guidelines PROPEL: PRomoting Optimal Physical Exercise for Life* Submaximal Graded Exercise Assessment I. Foreword

More information

Exercise Progression for the Cardiac, Pulmonary & PAD Patient

Exercise Progression for the Cardiac, Pulmonary & PAD Patient Exercise Progression for the Cardiac, Pulmonary & PAD Patient Thomas P. Mahady MS CSCS CCRP Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack Meridian Health Learning Objectives The Art of Exercise Prescription.

More information

Critical Power Concept: Males vs. Females and the Impact of Muscle Fiber Composition

Critical Power Concept: Males vs. Females and the Impact of Muscle Fiber Composition Original Research Critical Power Concept: Males vs. Females and the Impact of Muscle Fiber Composition MICHAEL A. KANTOR 1,2, JESSICA ALBERS 1, KATELYN WEED 1, and ZACHARY O. ERICKSON *1 1 Taylor Center

More information

LABORATORY #5: FUEL CONSUMPTION AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE

LABORATORY #5: FUEL CONSUMPTION AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE LABORATORY #5: FUEL CONSUMPTION AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE IMPORTANT TERMS. Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR). Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Indirect calorimetry 4. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) IMPORTANT

More information

Lactate Threshold: Land versus Water Treadmill Running. Aquatic treadmill running has become increasingly popular for rehabilitation and training

Lactate Threshold: Land versus Water Treadmill Running. Aquatic treadmill running has become increasingly popular for rehabilitation and training REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1 Lactate Threshold: Land versus Water Treadmill Running Introduction Aquatic treadmill running has become increasingly popular for rehabilitation and training purposes due to decreased

More information

THE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN. Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of

THE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN. Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of 0 1 2 THE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2000 APPROVED:

More information

BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming

BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming Dr Ralph Richards Introduction There are numerous terms associated with a state of poor or diminished sporting performance; burnout, staleness, chronic fatigue,

More information

Alterations in the VO2-Power Relationship above the Lactate Threshold during a Graded Bicycling Exercise Protocol

Alterations in the VO2-Power Relationship above the Lactate Threshold during a Graded Bicycling Exercise Protocol University of Colorado, Boulder CU Scholar Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors Program Spring 2013 Alterations in the VO2-Power Relationship above the Lactate Threshold during a Graded Bicycling Exercise

More information

Chapter 2 Factors affecting gross efficiency in cycling

Chapter 2 Factors affecting gross efficiency in cycling Chapter 2 Factors affecting gross efficiency in cycling de Koning JJ, Noordhof DA, Lucia A, Foster C. Factors affecting gross efficiency in cycling. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(11):880 885. The original

More information

Exercise Respiratory system Ventilation rate matches work rate Not a limiting factor Elite athletes

Exercise Respiratory system Ventilation rate matches work rate Not a limiting factor Elite athletes Respiratory Exercise Response Chapter 11 Exercise Respiratory system Ventilation rate matches work rate Not a limiting factor Elite athletes Submaximal (

More information

Energy Cost and Energy Sources of Ball Routine in Rhythmic Gymnasts

Energy Cost and Energy Sources of Ball Routine in Rhythmic Gymnasts Training and Testing 205 Energy Cost and Energy Sources of Ball Routine in Rhythmic Gymnasts L. Guidetti 1, C. Baldari 1, L. Capranica 1, C. Persichini 1, F. Figura 2 1 University Institute of Motor Sciences

More information

Game-based conditioning using small-sided games

Game-based conditioning using small-sided games ACUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND TIME- MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO SMALL-SIDED TRAINING REGIMES IN YOUTH SOCCER PLAYERS STEPHEN V. HILL-HAAS, 1 GREG J. ROWSELL, 2 BRIAN T. DAWSON, 1 AND AARON J. COUTTS

More information

Endurance ability characteristics of professional sportsmen

Endurance ability characteristics of professional sportsmen Proceeding 6th INSHS International Christmas Sport Scientific Conference, 11-14 December 2011. International Network of Sport and Health Science. Szombathely, Hungary Endurance ability characteristics

More information

ACUTE EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON RUNNING ECONOMY IN TRAINED RUNNERS

ACUTE EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON RUNNING ECONOMY IN TRAINED RUNNERS ACUTE EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON RUNNING ECONOMY IN TRAINED RUNNERS 1 Richard Marcello, 1 Beau Greer, 1 Anna Greer 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement, Sacred Heart

More information

Maximal power output during incremental cycling test is dependent on the curvature constant of the power-time relationship

Maximal power output during incremental cycling test is dependent on the curvature constant of the power-time relationship Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism Maximal power output during incremental cycling test is dependent on the curvature constant of the power-time relationship Journal: Applied Physiology, Nutrition,

More information

Cardiovascular response to intermittent high intensity double- and single-legged cycling

Cardiovascular response to intermittent high intensity double- and single-legged cycling Cardiovascular response to intermittent high intensity double- and single-legged cycling Miss Nicole Gordon 2013 i This thesis is submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor

More information

reported a considerably greater rate of blood lactate

reported a considerably greater rate of blood lactate 4 Brit J. Sports Med. - Vol. 17 No. 1, March 1983, pp. 4-45 s ~~~~~EFFECT BLOOD OFLACTATE PHYSICALDISAPPEARANCE CONDITIONING ON g AFTER SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE Blanche W. EVANS, EdD and K. J. CURETON, PhD

More information

Validation of the OMNI-Cycle Scale of Perceived Exertion in the Elderly

Validation of the OMNI-Cycle Scale of Perceived Exertion in the Elderly Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 2011, 19, 214-224 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Validation of the OMNI-Cycle Scale of Perceived Exertion in the Elderly Laura Guidetti, Antonio Sgadari, Cosme F. Buzzachera,

More information

Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake

Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake R. STUPNICKI, T. GABRYŚ, U. SZMATLAN-GABRYŚ, P. TOMASZEWSKI University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland Summary

More information

Great deal of our work activities require physical effort and the manual handling of materials, supplies and tools.

Great deal of our work activities require physical effort and the manual handling of materials, supplies and tools. Physical Workload Introduction Great deal of our work activities require physical effort and the manual handling of materials, supplies and tools. 2 Stress & Strain Stress Undesirable condition, circumstance,

More information

THE EFFECT OF CADENCE ON TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN NOVICE FEMALE CYCLISTS. Patricia Graham. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of

THE EFFECT OF CADENCE ON TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN NOVICE FEMALE CYCLISTS. Patricia Graham. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of THE EFFECT OF CADENCE ON TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN NOVICE FEMALE CYCLISTS by Patricia Graham A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

More information

(VE), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT) and end-tidal PCO2 progressively

(VE), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT) and end-tidal PCO2 progressively Journal of Physiology (1988), 396, pp. 389-397 389 With 4 text-figures Printed in Great Britain EFFECTS OF PEDAL RATE ON RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO INCREMENTAL BICYCLE WORK BY NARIKO TAKANO From the Physiology

More information

심폐지구력검사로서 YMCA 스텝테스트와최대산소섭취량 ( O 2max ) 간의상관성

심폐지구력검사로서 YMCA 스텝테스트와최대산소섭취량 ( O 2max ) 간의상관성 원저 심폐지구력검사로서 스텝테스트와최대산소섭취량 ( O 2max ) 간의상관성 이온김성수김연수손현진김유미최보율 서울대학교체육교육과 한양대학교의과대학예방의학교실 서론 [8] [34] [12] ( O 2max) [9] [5] [10] [6] [6-8] 72% 15 1 73 57 45 65 mass index) 4 연구대상및방법 1 연구대상 45 65 62 5 57

More information

ABSTRACT. Lance C. Dalleck 1, Devan E. Haney 1, Christina A. Buchanan 1, Ryan M. Weatherwax 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Purpose:

ABSTRACT. Lance C. Dalleck 1, Devan E. Haney 1, Christina A. Buchanan 1, Ryan M. Weatherwax 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Purpose: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Lance C. Dalleck 1, Devan E. Haney 1, Christina A. Buchanan 1, Ryan M. Weatherwax 1 ABSTRACT 1 Purpose: responses when exposed to regular exercise training. The purpose of this study

More information