1. General characteristics of muscle tissues: 2. A. Skeletal muscle tissue ("striated muscle tissue")

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1 1. General characteristics of muscle tissues: Muscle fibers, AKA, muscle cells Vascularized. Other tissues dense and loose C.T. nerves and nerve fibers Muscle fibers (muscle cells) close together. From mesoderm ("striated muscle tissue") Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton. Striated muscle tissue; cross striation pattern Cardiac muscle fibers; also 2

2 Skeletal muscle fiber: development, structure, function, and types Typical cell-stage series: mesenchymocyte > myoprogenitor cell > myoblast > myocyte (AKA, muscle cell; muscle fiber). Muscle fiber: union of tens to thousands of myoblasts Giant syncytium Multinucleate 3 Muscle fiber several nuclei wide Some almost as long as the muscle Uniform fiber diameter Different fibers; different diameter. Nuclei just under PM elongate; not dark-staining. cell membrane of muscle fiber: sarcolemma 4

3 Myofibril; protein filament bundle. Myofibrils occupy most of the volume. Cylindrical and elongate Diameter is 1/50 of myofiber Length = myofiber. Muscle fibers contain thousands of parallel myofibrils Myofibrils do not all contact each other Other organelles between. Mitochondria, ER, and T- tubules of the sarcolemma 5 Able to alter number of myofibrils More myofibrils; increasing diameter and strength response to a series brief, very strong contractions weight-lifting Fewer myofibrils after inactivity and/or starvation. 6

4 Myofibril; composed of repeated arrays of protein filaments actin and myosin. Actin filaments are attached at one end to the Z-line (or disc) Z-lines are oriented perpendicular to the myofibril At intervals along the myofibril; Line s diameter = the myofibril Z-line is a flat hollow membranous sac. 7 Each Z-line has actin filaments extending from each side along the main axis of the myofibril Thousands of actin filaments extend from each side of the Z-line Actin filaments are parallel and are not densely packed 8

5 9 Actin filaments; protein molecules G-actin, troponins, and tropomyosin G-actin protein subunits ; form actin filaments. Myosin filaments; between parallel actin filaments Myosin can repeatedly attach to the actin for contraction. Myosin filament; thousands of myosin proteins A long myosin tail Two heads extend perpendicularly toward actin Several times thicker than the actin filament. 10

6 11 Sarcomere; myofibril consists of a repeated units Each extends from one Z-line to the next Density varies along its length Lowest density, only actin; I band Higher density; only myosin ; H zone Highest density; both actin and myosin; A band Myofibril; a long series of sarcomeres Pattern is repeated along its length. 12

7 During contraction active heads of each myosin filament bind repeatedly to the actin filaments pulls the myosin filament toward the Z-line disc On both sides of the sarcomere sarcomere shortens All sarcomeres of the myofibril are contracting simultaneously (or none)

8 Most-dense and least-dense regions lineup side-by side in the Myofibril a repeated pattern of density-changes the cross-striation pattern of the cell. 15 Dark cross-band; myosin filaments are present; A bands light-(sparse) cross-band; only actin filament (and Z-line) are present; I bands. Pattern is visible in live, unstained skeletal muscle fibers; without special methods 16

9 Neuromuscular junction Each skeletal muscle fiber has a nerveending Flattened ending of the axon collateral of a motor neuron. Somatic motor end plate. Impulses triggers the motor end plate to release acetylcholine (NT) molecules NT molecules can initiate a membrane impulse in the sarcolemma 17 18

10 ` T-tube system of the muscle fiber Membrane impulse travels from the motor end-plate, via sarcolemma, into interior of the muscle fiber via, the T-tube system sarcolemma extensions Impulse triggers the myosin-actin interactions for contraction in all of the sarcomeres 19 Cell is either contracts or not "all-or-none" behavior. All skeletal muscle fibers innervated by one somatic motor neuron contract Most somatic motor neurons have several synapses to many skeletal muscle fibers All receive the same stimulus Motor unit = neuron + skeletal muscle fibers it innervates 20

11 Skeletal muscle always contains many (100s-1000s) of motor-units each innervated by a different neuron some neurons may active others not Muscle is not "all-or-none" in contraction Muscle has the ability to exhibit tone sustained partial contraction 21 General H&E staining characteristics Cytoplasmic region eosinophilic pure pink or pure red. Types of skeletal muscle fibers:: White skeletal muscle fibers: Very light color; low [myoglobin] Large diameter Few capillaries store chemical energy as glycogen Produce ATP anaerobically Contract very strongly, but briefly Quickly fatigue 22

12 Red skeletal muscle fibers Dark in color in life High [myoglobin] and mitochondria Small in diameter; many capillaries Store chemical energy; trigylceides (fats) Aerobic contraction Contract at low to moderate strength very briefly and repeatedly Do not quickly fatigue. 23 Structure and composition of skeletal muscle tissue Skeletal muscle tissue almost entirely of skeletal muscle fibers in a parallel array fibers occupy about 95% to 99% of the volume Overall staining characteristics similar to skeletal muscle fiber Moderately to very eosinophilic pure pink to pure red, with H&E 24

13 Other components of the tissue occupying about 1% to 5% of the tissue's volume blood vessels, dense irregular CT, nerves, and adipocytes areas of loose CT Moderate to highly vascularized capillaries are parallel larger blood vessels in the septa (dense CT) Variable vascularization greater with endurance exercise 25 Skeletal muscle fibers covered by thin layer of CT Layer is not visible Fibers are reticular fibers; Play a role in electrically insulating each muscle cell 26

14 (4) The appearance and structural characteristics of sections of skeletal muscle tissue. Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle tissue: Parallel to the main axis. "side view" of the interior myofibrils are cut longitudinally cross-striation pattern evident Capillaries are seen in longitudinal section endothelial walls difficult to see Notice a single-file of erythrocytes. 27 Nuclei lie below sarcolemma parallel series of elongate nuclei. Distance from series of nuclei to the next width of each skeletal muscle fiber 28

15 Cross section of skeletal muscle tissue: Composed of cross-sections of the skeletal muscle fibers. "end view" transverse cut cross striation is not visible. Capillaries in cross-section. notice an isolated erythrocyte lying between muscle fibers Capillaries are 5% to 10% of the diameter of the muscle fibers. 29 Round to cuboidal outline in crosssection Densely packed; nuclei in the corners Nucleus; elongate, small, round Appears filled with cross sectioned myofibrils, homogeneous, eosinophilic. Artifact cracks between the fibers 30

16 CT elements: Endomysium Very thin, CT between skeletal muscle fibers Fascicle group of skeletal muscle fibers Perimysium Between muscle fascicles Epimysium outer wall of dense interwoven CT covering the muscle 31 32

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