DIFFERENCES IN METHODS DETERMINING THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD OF TRIATHLETES IN THE WATER

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "DIFFERENCES IN METHODS DETERMINING THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD OF TRIATHLETES IN THE WATER"

Transcription

1 DIFFERENCES IN METHODS DETERMINING THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD OF TRIATHLETES IN THE WATER Zoretić, D. 1, Wertheimer, V 2,Leko, G. 1 1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb 2 Croatian Academic Swimming Club MLADOST ABSTRACT The goal of this research is to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between three various methods for determining the anaerobic threshold, i.e. differences in heart frequencies with regard to the anaerobic threshold (FS anp-1, FS anp-2, FS anp-3 ) pertaining to a swimmers progressive test. The variable sample consisted of basic anthropometric variables, as well as a set of variables for the evaluation of functional abilities in 13 Croatian triathletes: maximum heart frequency, maximum speed, maximum lactates, anaerobic threshold FS (intersection method 4 mmol/l, Dmax method ), anaerobic threshold lactates (intersection method 4mmol/l D-max method ).The subjects swam a progressive discontinuous test of 7 x 200 meters, the same being used to measure cardiovascular and metabolic responses to swimming speed increase applying the front crawl technique. In order to determine statistically significant differences between various methods used to establish the anaerobic threshold of the subjects, the t-test was used for dependent samples. In the course of this research, the Intersection method and the D-max method have proven to be a reliable means in assessing the anaerobic threshold. Key words: Intersection method, 4 mmol/l method and D-max method, swimming. INTRODUCTION The main problem in testing swimmers and triathletes is the implementation of a protocol in the water where ventilation parameters can t be monitored so only those tests remain that includes monitoring metabolic parameters. Testing these athletes outside the water does not ensure adequate and reliable results due to the specificity of water training: decreased body temperature, higher pressure volume of the heart, lower maximum heart frequency and majority use of smaller energy consumers (Maglischo, 2003). Various methods exist for determining the anaerobic threshold based on the speed-lactate curve. One of the methods used for establishing the anaerobic threshold is

2 the fixed lactate model proposed by Kindermann (1979), and upgraded by Sjodin and Jacobs (1981) by introducing the OBLA (Onset of blood lactate accumulation). Based on that initial model, the anaerobic threshold was fixed at 4mmol/l, while the aerobic threshold precedes it at 2mmol/l. A special interpretation of the lactate threshold arose after the existence of individual differences in the blood lactate concentration, at the lactate anaerobic threshold, was confirmed. The original method by Stegmann and Associates (1981), defining the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) as the exercise intensity at which the speed-lactate curve changes its shape from curviness to a straight linear rise (Maglischo, 2003). This method is also known as the intersection method. Cheng and Kuipers have, in 1992, described a new procedure, they call the D-max method, for determining the anaerobic threshold, using a starting and terminating curve point. The line is set by the basic course of variable change. Thereafter, a point is set on the curve that is the farthest from the line. Said point represents a change in trend and the authors believe it corresponds with the anaerobic threshold (Maglischo, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between 3 various methods of anaerobic threshold determination (the Intersection method, the 4 mmol/l method and the D-max method), i.e. differences in heart frequencies at the anaerobic threshold level (FS anp-1, FS anp-2, FS anp-3 ) during the swimmers progressive test. The importance of the anaerobic threshold determinant lies in the subsequent simplicity in establishing training zones and achieving planned training goals. METHODS The sample examines The sample of examinees was comprised of a group of 13 Croatian triathletes of a recreational and national level, of which there were 10 male triathletes and 3 female triathletes, being an average of 27,1 ± 5,9 years of age. When selecting examinees, the prerequisite was to have at least one year of training and competitive experience in triathlon, as well as being of satisfactory health. Table 1: Descriptive parameters AS±SD (min-max) AGE (yrs) 27,1 ± 5,9 (18-39) ALVT (cm) 174,85 ± 7,28 (165,0-187,0) AVTT (kg) 72,65 ± 11,18 (58,7-92,7) %BF (%) 13,4 ± 7,72 (4,0-26,2) AGE years, ALVT (cm) body height, AVTT (kg) body mass, %BF - Subcutaneous Body Fat Sample of Variables a) A set of variables for evaluating anthropometric characteristics Measurement of examinees morphological characteristics was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the International Biological Program (IBP, Mišigoj-

3 Duraković 2008). Basic morphological variables were measured in order to determine the examinees morphological status. With the help of an anthropometric set and a medical scale, the variables of ALVT and AVTT were measured, while the subcutaneous body fat was established based on the method of biological impedance, using the Tanita BC-418 (TANITA, USA) scale. Eight electrodes (4 for the arms, 4 for the feet) are used to send a weak electric signal through the entire body. In those locations where the resistance, i.e. impedance is higher, the signal needs more time to travel, indicating a higher content of subcutaneous body fat. b) Set of variables for evaluating functional abilities 1)FS max (BPM ) - Maximum Heart Frequency, 2) V max (m/s) Maximum Speed, 3) LAC max (mmol/l) - Maximum Lactates, 4) FS anp-1 (BPM) - Anaerobic Threshold Heart Frequency ( intersection method ), 5) FS anp-2 (BPM) - Anaerobic Threshold Heart Frequency ( 4 mmol/l ), 6) FS anp-3 (BPM) - Anaerobic Threshold Heart Frequency ( D-max method ), 7) LAC anp-1 (mmol/l) - Anaerobic Threshold Lactates ( intersection method ), 8) LAC anp-2 (mmol/l) - Anaerobic Threshold Lactates ( 4 mmol/l ), 9) LAC anp-3 ( mmol/l) - Anaerobic Threshold Lactates ( D-max method ). Specified parameters were measured during one test protocol, while the variables were determined based on three various methods. Test Protocol SWIMMING TEST 7 x 200m progressive step test Prior to testing, the examinees were acquainted with the testing protocol which, with regard to the swimming test, consists of seven (7) 200 meter sections with a 5 minute working regime in a small swimming pool. Each section is covered by applying a faster swimming pace, up to the maximum and at an even pace. How fast each examinee swam through a certain section was determined based on the best 200 meter result, the same being tested a few days prior to the swimming test. The obtained result was increased by 5 seconds in order to get the fastest seventh section. Every previous section is also increased by 5 seconds in order to get the swimming pace for each set section which the swimmer must comply with. An example of calculating swimming speed for each of the set sections is shown in Table 6. Specified swimming pace was dictated by an assistant by the pool, using a whistle every 12,5 m, and if the examinee was swimming at a set pace, then the assistant would whistle every 25 or 50 m. During testing, the examinees wore a pulse meter (Polar RS 400, Finland) the whole time, and at each section s end, the concentration of lactates in the blood was measured with a Lactate Scout device (SensLab, Germany). Immediately prior to starting a new section (about seconds prior), the examinee would enter the pool and prepare for start. In order for the transmitter of the pulse meter to be attached to the examinees chests, all the examinees wore swimsuits.

4 RESULTS Results obtained by measurement procedures were processed by a data analysis software system Statistic version 8.0. Table 2: Descriptive Values of Certain Variables Valid N Mean Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Skewness Kurtosis FS max , ,50 0,065-1,342 LAC max 13 11,31 6,6 19,2 2,99 1,236 4,098 V max 13 1,13 0,96 1,36 0,11 0,415 0,139 LAC anp ,63 3,3 6 0,80 0,015-0,705 LAC anp , , LAC anp ,98 3,3 7,3 1,15 0,521 0,006 Table 3: T-test and Correlation Results p <,05000 FS anp-1 FS anp-2 FS anp-3 FS anp-1 r 1 0,88 0,91 t (p) 3,87 (0,0022) -1,95 (0,07) FS anp-2 r 0,88 1 0,74 t (p) 3,87 (0,0022) -3,92 (0,0020) FS anp-3 r 0,91 0,74 1 t (p) -1,95 (0,07) -3,92 (0,0020) High correlation values (Table 3) are indicative of a link between FS anp-1 and FS anp-2 which shows that the purpose of measurement is the same and that predicting results by using the D-max method based on the intersection method is 82% successful, while predicting results through the D-max method based on the 4 mmol/l method is much less successful, i.e. 54%. DISCUSSION Large differences between maximum values of lactates in the blood speak of various degrees in which the body is able to react to acidosis. Naturally, those values are conditioned by the training as well, and if we look at each examinee separately, it is noticeable that examinees that are more trained are able to increase speed one section after another, regardless of the rise of blood lactates and the decrease of ph value. Said values of maximum blood lactates are a generally accepted aerobic capacity parameter and the buffering ability of the muscles. Values of the maximum heart frequency in this test are the highest value achieved in a test, but not the maximum one. Namely, in order to achieve maximum heart frequency values, the test must be shorter, without intervals and more intense.

5 It would be logical that there are no statistically significant differences between all these measures because the object measured is the same. Table 3 shows a high correlation (r=0,91) between FS anp-1 ( intersection method) and FS anp-3 (D-max method), while the t-test for dependant samples showed (Table 3) that no statistically significant differences exist, the same demonstrating that those two different measures for determining the anaerobic threshold are reliable in evaluating the anaerobic threshold in swimmers. Furthermore, Table 3 shows that a statistically significant difference exists between FS anp-2 (4 mmol/l method) with FS anp-1 and FS anp-3, thereby proving it to be a deviating measure, meaning that it does not target the same measuring object in its entirety. According to Stegmann and associates, 1981, it is impossible to fix the threshold at 4mmol/l with everyone (FS anp-2 ), so therefore it is necessary to determine the so called IAT individual anaerobic threshold (FS anp-1 ). In their research, Stegman and Kindermann have shown that the individual anaerobic threshold is different in relation to the threshold obtained by a fixed concentration of lactates at 4mmol/l. The Intersection method, i.e. the individual anaerobic threshold represents a reliable way of evaluating the lactate anaerobic threshold (Urhausen, 1993), and if carried out carefully it provides overall consistent results with athletes or within the clinical population (Svedahl and MacIntosh, 2003). Establishing the anaerobic threshold at 4mmol/l has its advantages, considering the objectivity of determination, but also a great disadvantage due to ignoring individual differences and individual lactate kinetics. Namely, not all examinees show a significant increase of lactates at 4 mmol/l, but this range is much wider, spanning from 3-6 mmol/l, up to as much as 9 mmol/l (MacIntosh and Assoc., 2002.; Billat and Assoc.2003). A graphical overview of FS anp values shows that the lowest values of FS anp-2, i.e. heart frequency were determined by the 4 mmol/l method. A higher similarity of incidence and higher values between FS anp-1 and FS anp-3 are also clearly visible. Chart 1: Comparison of FS anp Percentage Values from FS max Obtained by Three Different Methods It is important to know that, on average, untrained persons will exceed the threshold at only 50-60% of maximum load, while top athletes in aerobic sports do the same at 85-95% of maximum load (Janssen, 2001). The percentage values of FSanp incidence are very high and should not be taken literally as such, since unfortunately maximum values of heart frequency have not been obtained. According to Maglischu, 2003, the maximum heart frequency value for swimmers must be tested in the water, while an

6 additional prerequisite of obtaining maximum heart frequency values is reading the values during or immediately after maximum performance lasting between one and two minutes. CONCLUSION Today, there are several definitions of the term anaerobic threshold. The anaerobic threshold is considered to be the intensity at which the oxygen supply system activates the mechanism of anaerobic glycolysis in a more significant way, and at which the accumulation of lactic acid is equal to its breakdown. The method most often used in practice is the ventilation method, but its application in water is almost impossible, whereas the second mostly used method is the heart frequency deflection point that can be determined on a heart frequency curve obtained from a continuous test. For that reason, testing in the water is significantly more difficult, thereby making the anaerobic threshold determination more difficult as well. In the course of this research, three methods were used to determine the anaerobic threshold: 1) the intersection method (IAT), 2) the 4mmol/l method, and the 3) D-max method. Both the Intersection method and the D-max method have shown to be a reliable manner of evaluating the anaerobic threshold, and if applied carefully they provide generally consistent results in swimmers. LITERATURE 1. Billat, L.V., Sirvent, P., Py, G., Koralsztein J., Mercier, J. (2003). The Concept of Maximal Lactate Steady State. Sports Med 33(6): Janssen, P. (2001). Lactate Threshold Training. Human Kinetics. USA. 3. Kindermann, W., Simon, G., and Keul, J. (1979). The significance of the aerobic anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 42: MacIntosh, B.R., Esau, S., Svedahl, K. (2002). The lactate minimum test for cycling: Estimation of the maximal lactate steady state. Can. J. Appl. Physiol, 27: Maglischo, E. (2003). Swimming Fastest. Human Kinetics, UK. 6. Mišigoj-Duraković M. Kinantropologija. Biološki aspekti tjelesnog vježbanja (Kinanthropology. Biological Aspects of Physical Exercise). Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 2008; Sjodin, B., Jacobs, I., and Karlsson, J. (1981). Onset of blood lactate accumulation and marathon running performance. Int. J. Sports Med. 2: Stegmann H, Kinderman W, Schnabel A. (1981). Lactate kinetics and the individual anaerobic threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2: Swedahl K., MacIntosh B.R. (2003). Anaerobic threshold: The concept and methods of measurement. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 28 (2): Urhausen, A., Coen, B., Weiler, B., and Kindermann, W. (1993). Individual anaerobic threshold and maximum lactate steady state. Int. J. Sports Med, 14:

STANDARDISATION OF PHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE Rebecca Tanner, Pitre Bourdon

STANDARDISATION OF PHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE Rebecca Tanner, Pitre Bourdon STANDARDISATION OF PHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE Rebecca Tanner, Pitre Bourdon Introduction: In June 2004, the National Sport Science Quality Assurance Program (formerly the Laboratory Standards Assistance Scheme)

More information

Coaching Applications

Coaching Applications Coaching Applications The effects of ten weeks block and reverse periodization training on swimming performance and body composition of moderately trained female swimmers. Arroyo- Toledo, J.J. 1 Clemente,

More information

Coaching Applications Training Zones Revisited

Coaching Applications Training Zones Revisited J. Swimming Research, Vol. 19:2 (2012) Coaching Applications Ernest W. Maglischo, Ph.D. 1970 Lazy Meadow Lane Prescott, AZ 86303 USA ewmaglischo@cox.net Abstract The purpose of this paper will be to describe

More information

THE USE OF LACTATE THRESHOLD IN TRAINING

THE USE OF LACTATE THRESHOLD IN TRAINING THE USE OF LACTATE THRESHOLD IN TRAINING By Richard W. Field Richard Field discusses the concept of pulse rates to determine workout intensities and outlines how the controversial Conconi test can be used

More information

TRAINING FOR ENDURANCE RUNNING EVENTS. Dr. Joe I. Vigil

TRAINING FOR ENDURANCE RUNNING EVENTS. Dr. Joe I. Vigil TRAINING FOR ENDURANCE RUNNING EVENTS Dr. Joe I. Vigil You must believe and adhere to the principle of UNENDING IMPROVEMENT and the setting and achieving of even higher goals. The Biologic Law of Training

More information

Effect of the aerobic capacity on the validity of the anaerobic threshold for determination of the maximal lactate steady state in cycling

Effect of the aerobic capacity on the validity of the anaerobic threshold for determination of the maximal lactate steady state in cycling Anaerobic Brazilian Journal threshold of Medical and maximal and Biological lactate steady Research state (2004) 37: 1551-1556 ISSN 0100-879X Short Communication 1551 Effect of the aerobic capacity on

More information

INTENSITY DIFFERENCES OF INTERVAL TRAINING BETWEEN AEROBICS AND SPINNING

INTENSITY DIFFERENCES OF INTERVAL TRAINING BETWEEN AEROBICS AND SPINNING G Y M N A S I U M Scientific Journal of Education, Sports, and Health No. 1, Vol. XIII /2012 INTENSITY DIFFERENCES OF INTERVAL TRAINING BETWEEN AEROBICS AND SPINNING Gordana Furjan-Mandić 1 *, Martina

More information

BIKE PERFORMANCE TESTING REPORT

BIKE PERFORMANCE TESTING REPORT BIKE PERFORMANCE TESTING REPORT PERSONAL DATA Name: Test Rider Date of Assessment: 1 st January 2015 Sport / Level: Road/ Criterium Racing This report details how you performed in the assessment, and how

More information

A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology

A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology Journal of Advanced Sport Technology 1(3):28-34 Received: May 22, 2018; Accepted: July 8, 2018 Original Research A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology Marefat

More information

ENERGY SYSTEMS 1/27/14. Pieces of Performance. From Puzzles to Practice. Mitigated by: ADAPTABILITY Programming Recovery strategies

ENERGY SYSTEMS 1/27/14. Pieces of Performance. From Puzzles to Practice. Mitigated by: ADAPTABILITY Programming Recovery strategies ENERGY SYSTEMS From Puzzles to Practice Carmen Bott Master s of Science Instructor of Kinesiology, Langara College www.humanmotion.com The Performance Potential of the Human Machine is dictated by how

More information

GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE

GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE Content Title: Application of Principles of Training Key points Application of the principles of training Specific examples of how to apply the principles of specificity,

More information

Lactate Threshold Concepts

Lactate Threshold Concepts REVIEW ARTICLE Sports Med 2009; 39 (6): 469-490 0112-1642/09/0006-0469/$49.95/0 ª 2009 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved. Lactate Threshold Concepts How Valid are They? Oliver Faude, 1,2 Wilfried

More information

Paula Radcliffe is an English marathon runner

Paula Radcliffe is an English marathon runner EXCLUSIVE ACE SPONSORED RESEARCH Validity of the Talk Test in Identifying the Respiratory Compensation Threshold By Maria L. Cress, M.S., John P. Porcari, Ph.D., Carl Foster, Ph.D., Pedro Recalde, M.S.,

More information

PDH&PE Core 2 //Factors Affecting Performance

PDH&PE Core 2 //Factors Affecting Performance 2018+ PDH&PE Core 2 //Factors Affecting Performance SUMMARY NOTES HSC Table of Contents How does training affect performance?... 2 Energy Systems:... 2 Types of training and training methods:... 4 Principles

More information

Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake

Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake R. STUPNICKI, T. GABRYŚ, U. SZMATLAN-GABRYŚ, P. TOMASZEWSKI University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland Summary

More information

Performance Profiling of the Standardbred Athlete. By Dr Michael Ponchard

Performance Profiling of the Standardbred Athlete. By Dr Michael Ponchard Performance Profiling of the Standardbred Athlete By Dr Michael Ponchard Aims of Presentation 1. To explain how exercise physiologists or sports scientists can contribute to the running of a successful

More information

DIFFERENCE IN MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO 2 max) DETERMINED BY INCREMENTAL AND RAMP TESTS

DIFFERENCE IN MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO 2 max) DETERMINED BY INCREMENTAL AND RAMP TESTS STUDIES IN PHYSICAL CULTURE AND TOURISM Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010 MIŁOSZ CZUBA, ADAM ZAJĄC, JAROSŁAW CHOLEWA, STANISŁAW POPRZĘCKI, ROBERT ROCZNIOK The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice,

More information

The impact of hill training on middle and long distance athletes: with specific reference to oromia water works athletics club, Ethiopia

The impact of hill training on middle and long distance athletes: with specific reference to oromia water works athletics club, Ethiopia International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2017 287 The impact of hill training on middle and long distance athletes: with specific reference to oromia

More information

Needs Analysis. Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation LEVEL III COACHES COURSE

Needs Analysis. Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation LEVEL III COACHES COURSE Needs Analysis Machar Reid and Miguel Crespo International Tennis Federation Introduction Principles of physiology Physiological needs analysis Other performance-determining variables Mechanical demands

More information

505 Recovery rates and training (Pulse Oximeter)

505 Recovery rates and training (Pulse Oximeter) Sensors: Loggers: Pulse Oximeter None required Science in Sport Logging time: Not applicable Teacher s notes 505 Recovery rates and training (Pulse Oximeter) Read The Pulse Oximeter is a simple to use

More information

Dep. Educación Física PHYSICAL CONDITION

Dep. Educación Física PHYSICAL CONDITION 1. PHYSICAL FITNESS PHYSICAL CONDITION There are a set of elements that allow us to know the level of physical fitness of a person. One or more of these elements are necessary to perform any activity.

More information

What is the "anaerobic threshold"?

What is the anaerobic threshold? Lactate & Thresholds for Training The Association Of Rowing Coaches, South Africa This blog contains articles of interest to rowing coaches worldwide and includes topics such as rowing technique, exercise

More information

GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE

GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE GCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PE2 UNIT GUIDE Content Title: The Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Body Key points Adaptations to the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems. Practical Application/Explanation

More information

CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY

CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY SECTION A CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY 188 CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE AND RECOVERY Fatigue Effects of fatigue on performance Performance can be affected by muscle fatigue, the depletion of energy stores in muscle

More information

PERIODIZATION. What is Periodization? Why Use Periodization? Why Use Periodization?

PERIODIZATION. What is Periodization? Why Use Periodization? Why Use Periodization? What is Periodization? PERIODIZATION Joe Signorile, Ph.D. Simply stated PERIODIZATION is a TRAINING CALENDAR which provides the proper mix of WORK AND RECOVERY to OPTIMIZE TRAINING BENEFITS. Why Use Periodization?

More information

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN BUCHAREST BUCHAREST 2017

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN BUCHAREST BUCHAREST 2017 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN BUCHAREST BUCHAREST 2017 Abstract of the doctoral thesis: BUILDING EFFORT CAPACITY BY FUNCTIONAL TRAINING AND METABOLIC METHODS TO FOOTBALL PLAYERS,

More information

Chapter 14: Improving Aerobic Performance

Chapter 14: Improving Aerobic Performance Chapter 14: Improving Aerobic Performance Thought Questions Why would aerobic athletes perform resistance training exercises? What are advantages and disadvantages of Fartlek training? What are advantages

More information

Bell Work. Review Total Lung Capacity. (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book)

Bell Work. Review Total Lung Capacity. (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book) VO2 Max Bell Work Review Total Lung Capacity (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book) *This information was discussed at length in A&P classes. Use your worksheet and write down brief descriptions

More information

SPORTS OXYSHOT RESEARCH BULLETIN IN THIS ISSUE 1. More work at the lactate threshold 2. Pb s in training 3. Crossover benefits for triathletes 4. 33 minutes slashed from Foster Ironman? 5. Hard work pays

More information

FitTec Aerobic Data Test 1 Test 2

FitTec Aerobic Data Test 1 Test 2 Date Email: Name: John Doe Gender Age Weight Height % Body Fat Activity Level Aerobic Test Data Resting Resting Heart Rate Resting Systolic B.P. Resting Diastolic B.P. Stage 1 RPE Heart rate METS Stage

More information

Concepts of Health and Fitness Physical Education Final Exam Review

Concepts of Health and Fitness Physical Education Final Exam Review Concepts of Health and Fitness Physical Education Final Exam Review Benefits of Exercise 1. Lowers resting heart rate 2. Releases daily stress 3. Reduces risk of heart disease 4. Improves circulation and

More information

STRENGTH & CONDITIONING

STRENGTH & CONDITIONING Introduction to player profiling Introduction We have previously described the demands of the sevens game for both men and women. We noted that conditioning for the game should take into account the increased

More information

2015 PHYSICAL EDUCATION

2015 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1 2015 PHYSICAL EDUCATION External Examination 2015 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX QUESTION BOOKLET 1 16 pages, 7 questions RE-MARKED Thursday 12

More information

TESTS TO DETERMINATE THE FITNESS LEVEL IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS

TESTS TO DETERMINATE THE FITNESS LEVEL IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Maria Gateva National Sports Academy (Sofia, Bulgaria) UDC 796.412.2 TESTS TO DETERMINATE THE FITNESS LEVEL IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Introduction Rhythmic gymnastics is not one of the most explored topic

More information

LOUDOUN ACADEMY PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT NATIONAL 5 PORTFOLIO PREPARATION

LOUDOUN ACADEMY PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT NATIONAL 5 PORTFOLIO PREPARATION LOUDOUN ACADEMY PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT NATIONAL 5 PORTFOLIO PREPARATION Section 1: Understanding factors that impact on performance In this section you will learn about various Physical (Fitness)

More information

Polarized Training Striking a Balance Between High-Volume and High-Intensity Training

Polarized Training Striking a Balance Between High-Volume and High-Intensity Training Polarized Training Striking a Balance Between High-Volume and High-Intensity Training Frankie TAN, PhD Senior Sports Physiologist Singapore Sports Institute 1 Introduction Exercise intensity and its distribution

More information

Exercise - Getting Started. Part II

Exercise - Getting Started. Part II Exercise - Getting Started Part II By: James L. Holly, MD The goals of exercise are: 1. Increase your aerobic capacity 2. Increase your lean body mass 3. Increase your Basal Metabolism Rate (BMR) Aerobic

More information

How does training affect performance?

How does training affect performance? Name: How does training affect performance? CQ1 DP1 energy systems alactacid system (ATP/PC) lactic acid system aerobic system analyse each energy system by exploring: source of fuel efficiency of ATP

More information

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Revision 1

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Revision 1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Revision 57 minutes 57 marks Page of 23 Q. An athlete did a 6-month training programme. The graph shows the effect of the same amount of exercise on his heart rate before

More information

Foreword Contributors Preface Introduction Laboratory and Athlete Preparation Quality Assurance in Exercise Physiology Laboratories Assessing Quality

Foreword Contributors Preface Introduction Laboratory and Athlete Preparation Quality Assurance in Exercise Physiology Laboratories Assessing Quality Foreword Contributors Preface Introduction Laboratory and Athlete Preparation Quality Assurance in Exercise Physiology Laboratories Assessing Quality Assurance Australian Certification Model Implementing

More information

THEORY OF FIRST TERM. PHYSICAL EDUCATION: 3rd E.S.O.

THEORY OF FIRST TERM. PHYSICAL EDUCATION: 3rd E.S.O. THEORY OF FIRST TERM. PHYSICAL EDUCATION: 3rd E.S.O. 1.- WHAT IS THE PHYSICAL CONDITION? It is a set of characteristics of our body that allows us to perform any physical activity in an appropriate way.

More information

BSX Answers to DCR Questions:

BSX Answers to DCR Questions: BSX Answers to DCR Questions: 1. Question: What are the accuracy and precision of the results compared with blood tests? BSXinsight is over 95% accurate at identifying lactate threshold. It uses novel

More information

BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming

BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming BURNOUT The Overtraining Syndrome in Swimming Dr Ralph Richards Introduction There are numerous terms associated with a state of poor or diminished sporting performance; burnout, staleness, chronic fatigue,

More information

Energy for Muscular Activity

Energy for Muscular Activity Energy for Muscular Activity Chapter 7 Sport Books Publisher 1 Learning Objectives: To develop an awareness of the basic chemical processes the body uses to produce energy in the muscles To develop an

More information

A Two-test Protocol for the Precise Determination of the Maximal Lactate Steady State

A Two-test Protocol for the Precise Determination of the Maximal Lactate Steady State Original Research A Two-test Protocol for the Precise Determination of the Maximal Lactate Steady State DANIEL YAEGER*, KRISTI MURPHY*, JENA WINGER*, and STASINOS STAVRIANEAS Department of Exercise Science,

More information

BEHOLD THRESHOLD. AeT, LT, AT, OBLA, MLSS, FTP, PST OMG Specialists in Sports Performance

BEHOLD THRESHOLD. AeT, LT, AT, OBLA, MLSS, FTP, PST OMG Specialists in Sports Performance BEHOLD THRESHOLD AeT, LT, AT, OBLA, MLSS, FTP, PST OMG the point that must be exceeded to begin producing a given effect, result or to elicit a response Max vs. Threshold MHR is a genetic limit, suggesting

More information

Three Metabolic Pathways. PSK 4U Unit 5: Energy Systems Days 2-3

Three Metabolic Pathways. PSK 4U Unit 5: Energy Systems Days 2-3 Three Metabolic Pathways PSK 4U Unit 5: Energy Systems Days 2-3 The Energy Systems The ability to move, work or play sports is dependant on supplying sufficient energy at the required rate for the duration

More information

Chapter 1: Lesson plan

Chapter 1: Lesson plan Example lesson plan Chapter 1: Lesson plan AQA recognises that the teaching of this qualification will vary greatly from school to school and from teacher to teacher. With that in mind, this example lesson

More information

CHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity

CHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity CHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity Kinesiology Books Publisher 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chemistry of Energy Production Three Energy Systems Immediate Energy: Phosphagen System Short-term Energy: Glycolytic

More information

TALENT SELECTION PROCEDURES

TALENT SELECTION PROCEDURES TALENT SELECTION PROCEDURES By Jaan Loko Talent selection is a long-term procedure that requires careful planning in order to achieve the expected results. In the following text the author, a lecturer

More information

KS4 Physical Education

KS4 Physical Education KS4 Physical Education Principles of Training These icons indicate that teacher s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page. This icon indicates that the slide contains activities created

More information

SHAW ACADEMY NOTES. Diploma in Health and Fitness

SHAW ACADEMY NOTES. Diploma in Health and Fitness SHAW ACADEMY NOTES Diploma in Health and Fitness Lesson 3 Cardiovascular Exercise (Steady State and Interval Training) Notes What is cardiovascular exercise? (Cardio) Cardiovascular exercise Any exercise

More information

CHAPTER 10: Diet and nutrition & effect on physical activity and performance Practice questions - text book pages

CHAPTER 10: Diet and nutrition & effect on physical activity and performance Practice questions - text book pages QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CHAPTER 10: Diet and nutrition & effect on physical activity and performance Practice questions - text book pages 144-145 1) Complex carbohydrates do not include: a. lipids. b. triglycerides.

More information

THE SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING LOAD IN THE TRAINING PROCESS OF YOUNG SKIERS

THE SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING LOAD IN THE TRAINING PROCESS OF YOUNG SKIERS Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 2014. Vol. 20, pp. 60 69 http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2014.20.06 E-B Heinsoo, J Mäestu The subjective assessment of training load in the training process

More information

2015 McGill Triathlon

2015 McGill Triathlon 2015 McGill Triathlon TRAINING CONCEPTS AND PROGRAMMING Presented by Luc Morin 1. Training vs. Working out (5min) 2. Similarities and differences between Sports (10min) 3. Similarities and differences

More information

Energy Systems: Alactacid system - ATP/PC System Phosphate System Lactic acid system Aerobic system

Energy Systems: Alactacid system - ATP/PC System Phosphate System Lactic acid system Aerobic system Energy Systems: Alactacid system - ATP/PC System Phosphate System Lactic acid system Aerobic system Chemical energy (food) is converted to mechanical energy through the energy systems of the body. Carbohydrate,

More information

Grade 7 Life Skills: Physical Education Term 4

Grade 7 Life Skills: Physical Education Term 4 Grade 7 Life Skills: Physical Education Term 4 1 Contents Sport Worksheet... 2 Swimming... 3 Safety rules for children to follow at the pool... 3 Attributes of a good swimmer... 3 Warming up and Cooling

More information

THE EFFECT OF A 6-WEEK INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMME IN A TRADITIONAL ROWING CREW. Accepted for publication

THE EFFECT OF A 6-WEEK INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMME IN A TRADITIONAL ROWING CREW. Accepted for publication Original The effect Paper of 6 weeks of individual anaerobic threshold based program DOI: in 10.5604/20831862.1019886 a traditional rowing crew Biol. Sport 2012;29:297-301 THE EFFECT OF A 6-WEEK INDIVIDUAL

More information

Below is the scoring range for the VO2 test in different sports:the higher the numbers the higher the aerobic capability. Sport Age Male Female

Below is the scoring range for the VO2 test in different sports:the higher the numbers the higher the aerobic capability. Sport Age Male Female Since I have been working with professional hockey one thing that has baffled me is the importance in the VO2 test. I like to think that with all the new studies and data on sports and energy systems,

More information

USSA Cross-Country - Definitions of training. Table of Contents

USSA Cross-Country - Definitions of training. Table of Contents Please use this information to design and understand training programs. Theory and ideas are always changing take from it what you can. We publish this info to help raise the level of ski racing in America.

More information

The Chemistry of Running Interactive Lab. Effort Scale. Introduction

The Chemistry of Running Interactive Lab. Effort Scale. Introduction The Chemistry of Running Interactive Lab Introduction The Chemistry of Running simulation allows students to explore the chemistry and physiology of exercise a field that attracts a lot of interest from

More information

MY SPORTFOLIO ISM PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND FITNESS TEACHER: BLOCK: GRADE:

MY SPORTFOLIO ISM PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND FITNESS TEACHER: BLOCK: GRADE: MY SPORTFOLIO ISM PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND FITNESS TEACHER: BLOCK: GRADE: WHAT IS HEALTHY ACTIVE LIVING? Before starting off on a journey, you need to know what your starting point is. This exercise will

More information

Unit 1: Fitness for Sport and Exercise. Fitness Testing

Unit 1: Fitness for Sport and Exercise. Fitness Testing Unit 1: Fitness for Sport and Exercise Fitness Testing Importance of fitness testing Gives baseline data for monitoring/improving performance Can design training programmes based on test results and determine

More information

Metabolic Testing for Endurance Athletes

Metabolic Testing for Endurance Athletes Metabolic Testing for Endurance Athletes Bob Seebohar, MS, RD, CSSD, CSCS USA Triathlon Level III Elite Coach Sport Dietitian/Exercise Physiologist Objectives 1) Describe principles of advanced metabolic

More information

Volume vs. Intensity in the Training of Competitive Swimmers

Volume vs. Intensity in the Training of Competitive Swimmers 906 Volume vs. Intensity in the Training of Competitive Swimmers Authors O. Faude 1,2,T.Meyer 1,2, J. Scharhag 1,F.Weins 1, A. Urhausen 3, W. Kindermann 1 Affiliations 1 Institute of Sports and Preventive

More information

THIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS

THIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS THIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS. REVIEW CHAPTERS 8, 9, 10, and 12 OF TEXT BOOK Homework Review; Lab 1 Review

More information

The Science of Sustained Excellence

The Science of Sustained Excellence Theory of Monitoring Annual Training Progression with Physical Testing to Prevent Injury and Improve Performance By Troy Purdom, PhD & Kyle Levers, PhD CSCS The Science of Sustained Excellence July 22,

More information

Eat Smart, Train Smart - Part II

Eat Smart, Train Smart - Part II Eat Smart, Train Smart - Part II Physiological Testing for Cycling R. Randall Clark Exercise Science Laboratory and Pediatric Fitness Clinic University of Wisconsin Hospital Sports Medicine Center Overview

More information

by Brian D. Johnston

by Brian D. Johnston Exercise Science Made Simple by Brian D. Johnston For some people, exercise seems like a very complex subject. But like any complex subject, it can be made simple... at least exercise theory is fairly

More information

Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance TOPIC TOPIC The TOPICS. Sources of Nutrients: s, s and Protein.2 Food Breakdown into Nutrients: Glucose, Glycogen, Triglycerides, Free fatty acids.3

More information

Benjamin Klein. Test Report Training Program. July 2015

Benjamin Klein. Test Report Training Program. July 2015 Test Report Training Program July 2015 Functional Threshold Power (FTP) Your score: 230 Watts During the final climb of stage 10 2015 Tour de France Chris Froome averaged 414W. You are over halfway to

More information

BTEC. Name: Student Guide. BTEC Level 2 Unit 1- Fitness for Sport and Exercise

BTEC. Name: Student Guide. BTEC Level 2 Unit 1- Fitness for Sport and Exercise BTEC BTEC Level 2 Unit 1- Fitness for Sport and Exercise Student Guide Name: 1 Before we start Overview This unit covers four keys areas (learning aims): A: Know about the components of fitness and the

More information

Program Design The Science of Fat Loss and changing your Bodies Composition for the Long Term.

Program Design The Science of Fat Loss and changing your Bodies Composition for the Long Term. Program Design The Science of Fat Loss and changing your Bodies Composition for the Long Term. It is impossible to write this article without it going into depth about scientific processes. It would also

More information

w w w. t r i a t h l o n p e r f o r m a n c e s o l u t i o n s. c o m

w w w. t r i a t h l o n p e r f o r m a n c e s o l u t i o n s. c o m w w w. t r i a t h l o n p e r f o r m a n c e s o l u t i o n s. c o m Instructions This document is best used as a reference in conjunction with your Triathlon Performance Solutions (TPS) training plan.

More information

Why is Heart Rate Important to the Progress of your Clients? George Centeio, M.A. Training Resource Specialist

Why is Heart Rate Important to the Progress of your Clients? George Centeio, M.A. Training Resource Specialist Why is Heart Rate Important to the Progress of your Clients? George Centeio, M.A. Training Resource Specialist 1 Webinar Schedule (CST) 1.12:00-12:10pm: Intro/Housekeeping 2.12:10-12:50pm: Why Heart Rate

More information

How does training affect performance?

How does training affect performance? Name: How does training affect performance? CQ1 DP1 energy systems alactacid system (ATP/PC) lactic acid system aerobic system analyse each energy system by exploring: source of fuel efficiency of ATP

More information

CHAPTER 2: Energy systems part two

CHAPTER 2: Energy systems part two CHAPTER 2: Energy systems part two Practice questions - text book pages 35-37 1) Which one of the following is defined as the greatest amount of oxygen the body can take in and use during exercise? a V

More information

PHYSICAL FITNESS 1.- ENDURANCE TRAINING SYSTEMS

PHYSICAL FITNESS 1.- ENDURANCE TRAINING SYSTEMS PHYSICAL FITNESS 1.- ENDURANCE TRAINING SYSTEMS 1.1.- TYPES Last year we learnt that there are two types, depending on the intensity of the exertion: this intensity depends on whether the oxygen for the

More information

Vertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis

Vertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis PDHPE Student Activities Comes to Life Energy Systems and Athlete Performance Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to

More information

2016 PHYSICAL EDUCATION

2016 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1 2016 PHYSICAL EDUCATION External Examination 2016 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX QUESTION BOOKLET 1 16 pages, 6 questions RE-MARKED Thursday 17

More information

quarterly newsletter inside this issue The Importance of Training Intensity

quarterly newsletter inside this issue The Importance of Training Intensity Volume 1 October 2003 inside this issue quarterly newsletter Welcome to the inaugural edition of Endurance Sports Training s Research Newsletter. In producing this newsletter Endurance Sports training

More information

Anthropometrics and Maximal Physiological Responses of Male Olympic Rowers:

Anthropometrics and Maximal Physiological Responses of Male Olympic Rowers: Anthropometrics and Maximal Physiological Responses of Male Olympic Rowers: 1964 2012 Frederick Hagerman PhD Professor Emeritus of Physiology & Jason White PhD Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology

More information

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS (b) The use of CHOs for ATP production greatly increases at around 85 per cent VO 2 max because the body is entering anaerobic metabolism that uses only CHOs as a source. Below 85 per cent there may be

More information

Contact us: +27(0)

Contact us: +27(0) Contact us: scf@scf-nutrition.com +27(0)60 796 7319 Next level Recovery! Reduce muscle soreness is most probably the best recovery aid on the market today. Top class players and athletes makes this their

More information

Physiological and Stroke Parameters to Assess Aerobic Capacity in Swimming

Physiological and Stroke Parameters to Assess Aerobic Capacity in Swimming International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 202, 7, 28-223 202 Human Kinetics, Inc. Physiological and Stroke Parameters to Assess Aerobic Capacity in Swimming Mariana F.M. Oliveira, Fabrizio

More information

performance define indicator

performance define indicator There are three basic ways to determine intensity, each with it s own particular caveats. The most accurate way to measure intensity on a bike at any given moment is through the measurement of power. Power

More information

The Effect of Lower Body Negative Pressure Device on Regeneration of Basketball Players

The Effect of Lower Body Negative Pressure Device on Regeneration of Basketball Players 699 The Effect of Lower Body Negative Pressure Device on Regeneration of Basketball Players * Dr. Abdelaziz A. Elnemr ** Dr. Nariman M. Elkhateb *** Dr. Abdelrahman A. Mohamed **** Dr. Osama A. Elnemr

More information

A Quasi-Experimental Study of Chinese Top-Level Speed Skaters Training Load: Threshold Versus Polarized Model

A Quasi-Experimental Study of Chinese Top-Level Speed Skaters Training Load: Threshold Versus Polarized Model International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012, 7, 103-112 2012 Human Kinetics, Inc. A Quasi-Experimental Study of Chinese Top-Level Speed Skaters Training Load: Threshold Versus Polarized

More information

International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports

International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports INVESTIGATION OF VARIED INTENSITY INTERVAL SPRINT TRAINING AND DETRAINING IMPACT ON SELECTED SPEED PARAMETERS Y. Wise Blessed Singh a,* a Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai

More information

Running Threshold VO2 max Test Results

Running Threshold VO2 max Test Results Running Threshold VO2 max Test Results Peak Centre for Human Performance 1565 Maple Grove Rd Kanata, ON 613-737-7325 www.peakcentre.ca PERSONAL INFORMATION Name: Kristin Marvin Weight: 158.0 lbs Date:

More information

Periodization as a philosophy of training program design

Periodization as a philosophy of training program design Periodization as a philosophy of training program design Introduction The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) helps us understand how a training stress improves an athlete s physiological capacity and why

More information

Key-Words: oxygen uptake, VO2max, altitude, hypoxia, running.

Key-Words: oxygen uptake, VO2max, altitude, hypoxia, running. Pilot Study on VO2max Assessment and Oxygen Uptake on Normal and Hypoxic Environments Patrícia Alexandra Mota Esteves (patricia.a.esteves@gmail.com) Dissertação de Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica

More information

Types of Muscle Movement:

Types of Muscle Movement: Types of Muscle Movement: Concentric: Muscle fibres shorten Eccentric: Muscle fibres lengthen Isometric: Muscle fibres do not change in length Muscle Fibres and Energy Systems ATP=ENERGY Slow-Twitch vs.

More information

Intensity: Intensity:

Intensity: Intensity: NAME HOUR Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences and proper grammar. Answers should be detailed. Give 3 workout examples for steady-state cardio and 3 workout examples for

More information

K-STATE CROSSFIT PROGRAM EVALUATION SYSTEM NORMATIVE VALUES. Table of Contents

K-STATE CROSSFIT PROGRAM EVALUATION SYSTEM NORMATIVE VALUES. Table of Contents K-STATE CROSSFIT PROGRAM EVALUATION SYSTEM NORMATIVE VALUES Table of Contents Item Page(s) Health Measures 1-3 Body Mass Index 1 Waist Circumference 1 Body Fat Percentage 1-2 Resting Heart Rate 2-3 Resting

More information

Guidance. Name and describe the 4 types of guidance. What are the key features of each of the types of guidance?

Guidance. Name and describe the 4 types of guidance. What are the key features of each of the types of guidance? Skill What components make up skill? Describe a motor skill Explain what a skilled performer is What are the main characteristics of skilful movement? Classification What is a continuum? Describe a closed

More information

Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Samaria K. Cooper. Ball State University

Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Samaria K. Cooper. Ball State University Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Samaria K. Cooper Ball State University School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science Advanced Physiology 493s1 Dr. Anthony D. Mahon 6 December

More information

Applied Exercise and Sport Physiology, with Labs, 4e

Applied Exercise and Sport Physiology, with Labs, 4e Applied Exercise and Sport Physiology, with Labs, 4e hhpcommunities.com/exercisephysiology/chapter-10-aerobic-exercise-prescriptions-for-public-health-cardiorespiratory-fitness-and-athletics/chap Chapter

More information

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY. Dr Nicolas Theron Tel : (051)

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY. Dr Nicolas Theron Tel : (051) EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Dr Nicolas Theron Tel : (051)4476559 Cardio-respiratory fitness Heart and blood vessels Lungs Oxygen transport and utilization Neuromuscular function Metabolism Muscle Classification

More information

Billy Poole-Harris Whitney Young H.S

Billy Poole-Harris Whitney Young H.S Florida High Performance Camp USOC ELITE CAMP FLORIDA(ENDURANCE) Billy Poole-Harris Whitney Young H.S Free weekend! ITCCCA-Free Plane Ticket USOC- $115 Stayed with other event specific coaches Focused

More information