Effect of Cessation and Resumption of Static Hamstring Muscle ~tretihin~ on Joint Range of Motion
|
|
- James Williams
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2001;31(3): Effect of Cessation and Resumption of Static Hamstring Muscle ~tretihin~ on Joint Range of Motion Richard W Willy, MPT1 Bryan A. Kyle, MPT1 Shawn A. Moore, MPT1 Gary S. Chleboun, PhD, PTZ Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Study Design: Single group repeated measures. Objectives: To determine the effects of cessation and resumption of a hamstring muscle stretching protocol on knee range of motion (ROM). Background: It is generally accepted that stretching exercises result in an increase in ROM. The ability to maintain ROM once stretching has ceased and the ability to regain ROM after resumption of the stretching exercise is not well-known. Methods and Measures: Evaluated the effect of 6 weeks of static hamstring stretching, 4 weeks with cessation from stretching, and 6 weeks with resumption of stretching on knee ROM in 18 inactive college students (12 men, 6 women, mean age 21.0 years). The hamstring stretching consisted of 2 30-second stretches per day, 5 days per week. Knee ROM was measured before and after each of the above phases with an active knee extension test. Results: Mean knee ROM increased after the initial stretching period ( " to go), decreased to baseline following the cessation period (145 t 8") and again increased following the resumption of stretching but was not different from the initial gains ( "). Unlike the stretch limb, the control limb ROM did not change over the 4 measurement times. Conclusions: There was no retention of knee ROM 4 weeks following a 6-week stretching protocol and a subsequent stretching period did not enhance the gain of knee ROM over the initial stretching period. ) Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001;31: Key Words: muscle flexibility, rehabilitation At the time of this study, a student at the School of Physical Therapy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Associate professor, School of Physical Therapy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. This study was approved by the Ohio University institutional Review Board. Send correspondence to: Gary S. Chleboun, School of Physical Therapy, 172 Convocation Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH chlelwun@ohio.edu S tatic muscle stretching is a foundation for therapeutic exercise programs for recreational or competitive athletes and patients in rehabilitation. Benefits derived from stretching may include gains in range of motion (ROM), decreased muscle soreness, and decreased injury pre~alence.~.~j~ Much of the current research has focused on the proposed mechanisms of these benefits which include potential increases in musculotendinous length, increased stretch tolerance, alteration of muscle stiffness, and viscoelastic stress relaxa- ~on l Static stretching consists of a sustained elongation of the desired muscle group, with a duration of second^.^ Increased ROM has been observed both at the time of a single episode of stretching and after several weeks of stretching. An increase in maximal joint ROM occurs during a single episode of the static stretch and for a short time period after the completion of a single stret~h.~j~j~ Proposed mechanisms behind these gains in maximal joint ROM include viscoelastic
2 stress relaxationi3 and an increased tolerance to stretch.'." Changes in maximal joint ROM also occur after several weeks of performing stretching exercise~.~-~.~.~~ The specific duration, frequency, and number of repetitions varies considerably among the studies cited. The differences in static stretching methodology mirrors the differences in stretching exercise prescription in rehabilitation programs among clinicians. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that a 30-second hamstring stretch performed once a day is sufficient to increase knee joint ROM.Is2 Proposed mechanisms for the benefits derived from static stretching over several weeks include an actual increase in musculotendinous length and an increased tolerance to stretch. A client who has a musculotendinous injury will typically be given a home exercise program with strengthening or stretching exercises. Once the client is discharged from therapy, the rate of continued compliance with the home exercise program has been found to be as low as 35%.19 Evidently, the majority of exclients do not continue their home exercise program after discharge. Therefore, the degree of retention of rehabilitation program benefits, both in strength and stretching gains, is of great interest. Although retention of strength benefits following cessation of a strength training program has been demon~trated?~~ it is unclear whether similar results occur when a stretching program is discontinued. To our knowledge, only 2 studies have addressed whether gains in ROM are retained after a period of stretching. Wallin and colleagues25 determined the amount of stretching that was needed to maintain the ROM that was gained in an initial stretching pre gram. They found that after 30 days of a contractrelax stretching program, once a week of contractrelax stretching was sufficient to maintain the benefits of the initial stretching period.25 Range of motion continued to improve after the initial stretching period if the contract-relax stretching was done 3 and 5 times per week. They did not, however, address the retention of ROM if the stretching is completely stopped. Zebas and Rivera26 did address this issue directly; they evaluated the effects of a &week flexibility program on ankle, hip, trunk, shoulder, and neck ROM. Subjects were divided into ballistic, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), and static stretching groups. Range of motion was evaluated at the conclusion of the &week training period and at 2 and 4 weeks following cessation of the stretching regimen. Ballistic, PNF, and static stretching techniques demonstrated similar ROM gains following stretching. Following the cessation period, the static- and PNF-trained groups showed a significant retention of ROM, but ROM returned to baseline for the ballistic-trained However, the stretching protocols (intensity and duration of stretch and spe- cific stretching exercises) and the methods utilized for measurement of ROM were not well delineated. Despite the results presented by Zebas and RiveraF6 clinical observation suggests that patients who stop a stretching program lose ROM. Due to the previously noted low rate of continued patient compliance with a home exercise program after discharge from a rehabilitation program, retention of the benefits of a muscle-stretching program deserves additional investigation. The effect of resumption of a muscle-stretching program is of interest due to the a p parent lack of consistency in maintaining stretching programs by athletes and previously discharged clients. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of cessation and resumption of a static hamstring stretching protocol on joint ROM. It was hypothesized that ROM would increase after 6 weeks of stretching, but this increase would not be maintained after the 4 weeks of cessation of stretching, and the resumption of stretching would return the ROM to the magnitude similar to or greater than that attained after the initial 6 weeks of stretching. METHODS Subjects Twenty-four college-aged men and women with no history of pathology of the knee, hip, low back, or neurological problems volunteered for participation in this study. After the study was initiated, 6 subjects were excused from the study due to initiation of a fitness program or injury unrelated to participation in this study. Eighteen subjects completed the study (12 men, 6 women, mean age 21.0 years). The subjects were recruited from a sampling of convenience (ie, college students). All subjects signed a consent form approved by the Ohio University Institutional Review Board prior to participation in the study. Subjects were included in the study if they had short hamstrings operationally defined as a knee angle of less than 160" of knee extension with the hip held in 90" of flexion (Figure 1). This inclusion criteria was applied to both lower limbs. The subjects were not allowed to perform any lower extremity exercises with the exception of activities of daily living and occasional recreational activity, which was limited to no more than twice a week. In addition, subjects were excluded if they had been involved in a specific lower extremity flexibility program within the past 2 years. Study Design This study lasted for a total of 16 weeks. The first 6 weeks consisted of the initial stretching period. The next 4 weeks represented the cessation of I Orthoo Swrts Phvs Ther*Volume 31.Number 3-March 2001
3 FIGURE 1. The knee extension range of motion test of hamstring extensibility. stretching period followed by an additional &week stretching period (resumption of stretching). Testing was conducted prior to (Pretest 1) and at the end of the initial stretching period (Posttest 1). at the conclusion of the cessation period (Pretest 2), and at the end of the resumption period (Posttest 2) for a total of 4 evaluation sessions. For each subject, 1 leg was randomly selected for stretching while the other leg served as a control. This design was chosen so that each leg would have the same activity level (with the exception of stretching) and because there is no known effect of stretching 1 leg on the ROM of the other leg. Range of motion measurements were compared between limbs at Pretest 1 and Pretest 2. Within each limb, the ROM was compared between Pretest 1 and Pretest 2 to determine if there were any differences in ROM at the beginning of each &week stretching session. Range of motion testing was done at each of the 4 testing sessions on both legs. Procedure and Equipment The subjects performed a 5minute warm-up session on a stationary bicycle at a moderate intensity where they could easily hold a conversation without hyperventilating. Immediately after the warm-up session was completed, the subjects were placed in a supine position on a plinth, and the pelvis was stabilized with a strap at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine. At this time, the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral malleolus were marked for ROM measurements. Hamstring ROM was assessed by an adaptation of the supine active knee extension test as described by Gajdosik and Lusin4 (Figure 1). The subject's hip was placed in 90" of hip flexion. The subject was asked to actively extend the knee 5 times for an additional warm-up. Following the warm-up, the patient's hip was placed at 90" of hip flexion using a goniometer while an assistant held the thigh without excessively compressing the posterior thigh. The subject was then asked to actively extend the knee to the point of significant stretching pain at which time the knee angle measurement was taken. It is important to extend the knee to the point of significant stretching pain in order to accommodate the increase in "stretch tolerance" with a consistent end point on successive meas~rements.~j~ The testing procedure was repeated for the same leg and the highest knee ROM measurement was recorded. The procedure was then repeated for the contralateral leg. Although there were 3 examiners taking ROM measurements, the examiner remained constant for each respective subject for the duration of the study. In pilot experiments, subjects, other than those involved in the training study, were measured twice by each tester to determine intrarater and interrater reliability of the knee ROM measurement (n = 13, mean age years). Intraclass correlation co- J Orthop Sports Phys Ther-Volume 31.Number 3-March 2001
4 FIGURE 2. Stretching procedure. efficients (ICC) were calculated for the knee ROM measurement and found to be 0.91 (tester l), 0.92 (tester 2), 0.82 (tester 3) for intrarater reliability (ICC,,), and 0.87 for interrater reliability (ICC,,).17 Stretching Protocol All participants were instructed on how to achieve and maintain an anterior pelvic tilt position while standing. It was determined that this position would help the subject achieve maximal stretch of the hamstring~.~~ The leg to be stretched was determined randomly (10 right legs, 8 left legs). To stretch the hamstring musculature, each subject was instructed to stand erect on the control leg with the foot pointing straight ahead. The subjects stretched the other leg by placing the heel on an elevated surface (eg, a chair) approximately knee to waist high, with the knee fully extended, head forward, and the hip in 0" of rotation. Arms were held parallel to the floor to discourage spinal flexion (Figure 2). After achieving the described position, the subject flexed forward at the hip until they perceived significant hamstring discomfort (a stretch sensation). Each subject was instructed to maintain the stretch sensation produced during the 30-second stretch and on any subsequent stretches during the study. This ensured that the sub jects would take up any slack produced during the J Orthop Sports Phys Ther*Volume 31.Number SoMarch
5 TABLE. Two-factor repeated measures ANOVA summary of the effects based on Figure 3 data. Source df MS F Time Error (time) Limb ' Error (limb) Time x limb Error (time x limb) ' Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy duration of the stretch due to possible viscoelastic relaxation of the hamstring musculotendinous unit and due to increases in ROM. Once subjects demonstrated competency in achieving and maintaining the stretch position, they were instructed to perform the stretch for a 30-second interval. This stretching period was followed by a 30- second rest period immediately followed by a second 30-second stretching repetition. Therefore, a total of 2 30-second stretching repetitions were interrupted by a 30-second rest period per stretching session. The subject performed the stretching protocol once per day, 5 times a week. Subjects kept a log stating the specific day and time which they performed the stretches. Subjects were reassessed at 3 weeks into each &week stretching period to assure maintenance of proper stretching techniques. Statistical Analysis A 2-factor (time and limb) repeated measures ANOVA was utilized for this study (SPSS Version 8.0) due to the multiple measures over time. The data were analyzed to determine primarily the significant changes over time and secondarily to compare between stretch and control legs over time. If main effects were found to be statistically significant, Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference post hoc analysis was used to identify which measures were significant. Significant differences were accepted at an alpha level of RESULTS The 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA showed that there was a significant effect of time, limb, and the interaction between time and limb (see Table). Therefore, each limb (stretch limb and control limb) was analyzed with a separate repeated measures ANOVA to analyze the effect of time for each limb. Knee ROM in the stretched leg changed significantly over time (Figure 3, df = 3, F = 33.7, P < 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed that a significant increase (P < 0.05) occurred between Pretest 1 and Posttest 1 (stretching period), and between Pretest 2 and Posttest 2 (resumption of stretching). Knee ROM decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from Posttest 1 to Stretch Control FIGURE 3. Stretch leg knee ROM increased significantly (P < 0.05) from lo to " following the initial stretching period (Post- test 1). Knee ROM decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after the cessation period (Pretest 2) to t 8.4" but was not significantly different from the initial measurement (Pretest 1). Following the final stretching period (Posttest 2), knee ROM increased significantly (P < 0.05) to t 9.6", which was not significantly different than the ROM following the initial stretching period (Posttest 1). Knee ROM of 90" was the starting point of the test and 180" represents full extension. Pretest 2 (cessation period). Post hoc analysis also revealed no significant difference between Pretest 1 and Pretest 2 or between Posttest 1 and Posttest 2 in the stretch limb. Knee ROM in the control limb did not change significantly over time (df = 3, F = 3.0, P > 0.05). The comparison between stretch and control limbs was of interest primarily to determine if there were differences between the limbs at the 2 pretest times. As mentioned above, the 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of limb. However, post hoc analysis showed that there was no difference in knee ROM between the stretch and control legs at either the Pretest 1 or the Pretest 2 measurements. This, combined with the lack of difference between Pretest 1 and Pretest 2 within the control limb, confirms the assumption that the stretching exercises or other daily activities did not have a differential effect on control leg ROM. The stretch limb ROM was significantly greater than the control limb ROM at Posttest 1 and Posttest 2 (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION As expected, the &week hamstring static-stretching regimen resulted in a significant gain in knee ROM, which is consistent with current literat~re.~-~j* More importantly, this study showed there was no retention of the increased ROM. In fact, the ROM returned to baseline following the 4week cessation period so that the Pretest 1 and the Pretest 2 measurements were not statistically different. Resumption of the stretching regimen resulted in a significant gain in ROM, which was similar in magnitude to the gain in ROM J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.Volume 31 -Number 3.March 2001
6 during the initial stretching period. These results differ from Zebas and colleag~es~~ who demonstrated that following a &week static or PNF stretching regimen, significant ROM retention resulted at 2 weeks and again at 4 weeks postcessation. The comparison between the 2 studies is difficult, however, because their description of the stretching protocol and ROM measurements are unclear. For instance, Zebas et a126 described significant ROM changes at the ankle, hip, trunk, shoulders, and neck without defining the duration of stretches or which muscles were evaluated. To our knowledge, no other studies have evaluated the effects of resumption of a static stretching program. The results of this study indicated that the second &week stretching period did not result in greater gains in knee joint ROM compared to the first stretching period. If the first stretching period had some effect on the ROM gains in the second stretching period (a rebound effect), one might expect additional gains in ROM after the resumption period. On the other hand, it may be more likely that a rebound effect would have caused a more rapid return of knee joint ROM than the rate of gain of ROM in the initial stretching period. For instance, a very rap id return to ROM gains may have resulted after only 1 week, but the design of this study did not allow for the investigation of a possible rapid rebound effect. Stretching exercises are widely used in rehabilitation of the recreational or professional athlete. The specific goal of stretching exercises is to increase ROM, thus, increase functional capabilities and prevent injuries. Therapeutically, stretching exercises have been prescribed for patients with adaptive shortening of muscle, tendon, or joint structures due to postural problems, biomechanical problems, immobilization, improper positioning, or long term disability. Patients are likely to perform the stretching exercises during the time that they are being monitored by the therapist; however, after being discharged or when the symptoms subside, the majority of patients do not comply with part or all of the home exercise program.lg Based on the results presented here, the benefits of the stretching exercise will be lost relatively quickly if stretching is not continued. Performing the stretching exercises as little as 1 time per week will be sufficient to maintain the increased ROM.25 Recreational athletes are typically inconsistent in their exercise programs. The stopping and starting of the stretching program appears to add no particular benefit to the athlete. In comparison to muscle stretching, muscle strengthening results in well documented structural and physiological changes that may be related to the retention of strength after long periods of cessation of strengthening exercise^.^" However, the same cannot be said about muscle stretching exercises as they are used ~linically.~j~ This suggests that increased ROM after stretching may not be due to changes in the structure of the muscle and connective tissue, but possibly an increase in the tolerance to stret~h.~.'~ If structural changes do in fact occur with short periods of muscle stretching, they are short lived. CONCLUSION It is evident that this &week static-stretching regimen increased knee joint ROM. There did not a p pear to be a significant retention of the ROM benefits after a 4week cessation period and resumption of a musclestretching program did not appear to enhance the ROM gains that resulted from the initial stretching period. Therefore, once patients are discharged from a rehabilitation program involving muscle stretching, it appears that continuing their stretching programs to maintain ROM gains is necessary. REFERENCES 1. Bandy WD, lrion JM. The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1994;74: Bandy WD, lrion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997;77: Gajdosik RL. Effects of static stretching on the maximal length and resistance to passive stretch of short hamstring muscles. I Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1991;14: Gajdosik RL, Lusin G. Hamstring muscle tightness: reliability of an active-knee-extension test. Phys Ther. 1983; 63: Gleim GW, McHugh MP. Flexibility and its effect on sports injury and performance. Sports Med. 1997;24: Halbertsma JP, Goeken LN. Stretching exercises: effect on passive extensibility and stiffness in short hamstrings of healthy subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:97& Halbertsma JP, van Bolhuis Al, Goeken LN. Sport stretching: effect on passive muscle stiffness of short hamstrings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77: Hakkinen K, Komi PV. Changes in electrical and mechanical behavior of leg extensor muscles during heavy resistance strength training. Scandl Sports Sci. 1985;7: Hutton RS. Neuromuscular basis of stretching exercises. In: Komi PV, ed. Strength and Power in Sport. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science Publications; 1992: Magnusson SP. Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during passive stretch maneuvers. Scand ] Med Sci Sports. 1998;8: Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Gleim GW, McHugh MP, Kjaer M. Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle. Scand] Med Sci Sports. 1995;5: Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Sorensen H, Kjaer M. A mechanism for altered flexibility in human skeletal muscle. ] Physiol. 1996;497(pt 1 ): Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Aagaard P, Mohr T, Kjaer M. Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1996;6: McHugh MP, Kremenic IJ, Fox MB, Gleim GW. The role J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.Volume 31 -Number 3.March 2001
7 of mechanical and neural restraints to joint range of motion during passive stretch. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998; 30~ Moore MP, Hutton RS. Electromyographic investigation of muscle stretching techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12: Muir IW, Chesworth BM, Vande~oort AA. Effect of a static calf-stretching exercise on the resistive torque during passive ankle dorsiflexion in healthy subjects. / Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29: Portney LC, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton and Lange; Prentice WE. An electromyographic analysis of the effectiveness of heat or cold and stretching for inducing relaxation in injured muscle. / Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1982; 3: Sluijs EM, Kok GI, van der Zee J. Correlates of exercise compliance in physical therapy. Phys Ther. 1993;73: Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, et al. Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance trained women after detraining and retraining. / Appl Physiol ;7O: Sullivan MK, Dejulia JJ, Worrell TW. Effect of pelvic position and stretching method on hamstring muscle flexibility. Med Sci Sports Exerc. l992;12: Taylor DC, Dalton JD, Seaber AV, Garrett WE. Viscoelastic properties of muscletendon units: the biomechanical effects of stretching. Am / Sports Med. 1990;18: Thompson DB, Chapman AE. The mechanical response of active human muscle during and after stretch. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1988;57: Toft E, Espersen GT, Kalund S, Sinkjaer T, Homemann BC. Passive tension of the ankle before and after stretching. Am Sports Med. 1989;17: Wallin D, Ekblom B, Grahn R, Nordenbor T. lmprovement of muscle flexibility. A comparison % etween two techniques. Am / Sports Med. 1985;13: Zebas CJ, Rivera ML. Retention of flexibility in selected joints after cessation of a stretching exercise program. Exercise Physiology: Current Selected Research ;l: Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy J Orthop Sports Phys ThereVolume 31.Number 3.March 2001
Effect of intermittent stretching on the maintenance of flexibility in the hamstrings
The University of Toledo The University of Toledo Digital Repository Master s and Doctoral Projects Effect of intermittent stretching on the maintenance of flexibility in the hamstrings Pamela Spradlin
More informationA Comparison of the Immediate Effects of Eccentric Training vs Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility in Basketball Players Dr.
A Comparison of the Immediate Effects of Eccentric Training vs Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility in Basketball Players Dr. Mandeep Thour* *Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education SGGS
More informationStatic stretching is an integral component of rehabilitation
THE EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT STRETCHING FOLLOWING A 4-WEEK STATIC STRETCHING PROTOCOL: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL JESSICA RANCOUR, 1 CLAYTON F. HOLMES, 2 AND DANIEL J. CIPRIANI 3 1 Department of Physical Therapy,
More informationEffect of superficial pre-cooling on a hamstring stretching protocol
The University of Toledo The University of Toledo Digital Repository Master s and Doctoral Projects Effect of superficial pre-cooling on a hamstring stretching protocol Kristin Orwig Medical University
More informationA Comparison of Two Stretching Protocols on Hip Range of Motion: Implications for Total Daily Stretch Duration
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2003, 17(2), 274 278 2003 National Strength & Conditioning Association A Comparison of Two Stretching Protocols on Hip Range of Motion: Implications for Total
More informationJournal of Applied Science and Agriculture
AENSI Journals Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture ISSN 1816-9112 Journal home page: www.aensiweb.com/jasa/index.html The Effects of Static and PNF Stretching on Knee Extension Range of Motion among
More informationThe Effect of Static Stretch and Dynamic Range of Motion Training on the Flexibility of the Hamstring ~uscl&
The Effect of Static Stretch and Dynamic Range of Motion Training on the Flexibility of the Hamstring ~uscl& Copyright 1998. All rights reserved. William D. Bandy, PhD, PT, SCS, ATC' lean M. Irion, MEd,
More informationHamstring Stretches - Frequency Required to Maintain Knee Extension Range of Motion
Hamstring Stretches - Frequency Required to Maintain Knee Extension Range of Motion RESEARCH REPORT The frequency of hamstring of hamstring stretches stretches required to maintain required knee to extension
More informationInt J Physiother. Vol 2(3), , June (2015) ISSN:
Int J Physiother. Vol 2(3), 513-517, June (2015) ISSN: 2348-8336 1 Venkata Naga Prahalada Karnati 2 Ammar Mohammed Ali Mohammed ABSTRACT Background: Stretching used as a technique for injury prevention
More informationIJPHY ABSTRACT. Int J Physiother. Vol 3(2), , April (2016) ISSN: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Int J Physiother. Vol 3(2), 228-232, April (2016) ISSN: 2348-8336 ORIGINAL ARTICLE EFFICACY OF MODIFIED PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCU- LAR FACILITATION STRETCHING WITH CRYOTHERAPY OVER MANUAL PASSIVE STRETCHING
More informationEffect of cold treatment on the concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship of the quadriceps femoris
Effect of cold treatment on the concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship of the quadriceps femoris By: Kerriann Catlaw *, Brent L. Arnold, and David H. Perrin Catlaw, K., Arnold, B.L., & Perrin,
More informationKnee Conditioning Program
Knee Conditioning Program Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following
More informationKnee Conditioning Program
Prepared for: Prepared by: Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following
More informationActive-Assisted Stretches
1 Active-Assisted Stretches Adequate flexibility is fundamental to a functional musculoskeletal system which represents the foundation of movement efficiency. Therefore a commitment toward appropriate
More information1-Apley scratch test.
1-Apley scratch test. The patient attempts to touch the opposite scapula to test range of motion of the shoulder. 1-Testing abduction and external rotation( +ve sign touch the opposite scapula, -ve sign
More informationLow Back Pain Home Exercises
Low Back Pain Home Exercises General Instructions The low back exercise program is a series of stretching exercises and strengthening exercises prescribed by your physician for your medical condition.
More informationNeither Stretching nor Postactivation Potentiation Affect Maximal Force and Rate of Force Production during Seven One-Minute Trials
Neither Stretching nor Postactivation Potentiation Affect Maximal Force and Rate of Force Production during Seven One-Minute Trials David M. Bazett-Jones Faculty Sponsors: Jeffery M. McBride & M. R. McGuigan
More informationMuscle, tendon and neural contributions to flexibility
Muscle, tendon and neural contributions to flexibility Prof Anthony Blazevich Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR) Edith Cowan University, Australia We KNOW we need flexibility which
More informationEVect of stretching duration on active and passive range of motion in the lower extremity
Br J Sports Med 1999;33:259 263 259 School of Health Sciences, University of Sunderland J M Roberts K Wilson Correspondence to: J M Roberts, School of Health Sciences, University of Sunderland, Chester
More informationGeneral Back Exercises
Touch of Life Chiropractic 130-F Montauk Hwy., East Moriches, NY 11940 631-874-2797 General Back Exercises Muscular stretching can be a very important part of the healing process for tightened muscles
More informationWhen a muscle has. Shortwave Diathermy and Prolonged Stretching Increase Hamstring Flexibility More Than Prolonged Stretching Alone
Shortwave Diathermy and Prolonged Stretching Increase Hamstring Flexibility More Than Prolonged Stretching Alone David O. Draper, EdD, ATC 1 Jennifer L. Castro, MS, ATC 2 Brent Feland, PT, PhD 3 Shane
More informationA STUDY TO ANALYSE THE EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS AMONG FOUR TECHNIQUES IN FEMALE PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS
Original Research Article Allied Sciences International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN 0975-6299 A STUDY TO ANALYSE THE EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS AMONG FOUR TECHNIQUES
More informationInt J Physiother. Vol 1(4), , October (2014) ISSN:
Int J Physiother. Vol 1(4), 195-199, October (214) ISSN: 2348-8336 1 Jibi Paul 2 Pradeep Balakrishnan 3 Mohd Izham ABSTRACT Background: Stretching exercises have been routinely used in persons with hamstring
More informationCSEP-Certified Certified Personal Trainer (CSEP-CPT) CPT) Musculoskeletal Fitness Theory
CSEP-Certified Certified Personal Trainer (CSEP-CPT) CPT) Musculoskeletal Fitness Theory 1 Basic Anatomy Key Concepts: 3.23-3.25 3.25 2 Force & Levers 1 st class» seesaw» muscles that extend neck R F AF
More informationWarm-Up and Stretching Exercises
Warm-Up and Stretching Exercises Most athletes (swimmers included) use a combination of controlled movement exercises and specific joint/muscle stretching to improve performance potential. The proposed
More informationPilates for Chronic Low Back Pain
Pilates for Chronic Low Back Pain Julianne Bettencourt March 23, 2015 Course Year: 2014 Integrated Fitness, Visalia, CA Abstract Low back pain is an injury that affects thousands of people every day and
More informationFunctional Movement Screen (Cook, 2001)
Functional Movement Screen (Cook, 2001) TEST 1 DEEP SQUAT Purpose - The Deep Squat is used to assess bilateral, symmetrical, mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. The dowel held overhead assesses bilateral,
More informationExploring the Rotator Cuff
Exploring the Rotator Cuff Improving one s performance in sports and daily activity is a factor of neuromuscular efficiency and metabolic enhancements. To attain proficiency, reaction force must be effectively
More informationEffect of neurodynamic sciatic sliding technique on hamstring flexibility in healthy individuals
2018; 5(3): 09-13 P-ISSN: 2394-1685 E-ISSN: 2394-1693 Impact Factor (ISRA): 5.38 IJPESH 2018; 5(3): 09-13 2018 IJPESH www.kheljournal.com Received: 04-03-2018 Accepted: 05-04-2018 Professor, P.T. Ph.D.
More informationChapter 20: Muscular Fitness and Assessment
Chapter 20: Muscular Fitness and Assessment American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM's resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed.). New York: Lippincott, Williams
More informationTitle. Author(s)Yamaguchi, Taichi; Ishii, Kojiro. CitationThe Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1. Issue Date Doc URL.
Title Effects of static stretching for 30 seconds and dyna Author(s)Yamaguchi, Taichi; Ishii, Kojiro CitationThe Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1 Issue Date 2005-08 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/17085
More informationThere is a lack of research on stretching and flexibility.
A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF HAMSTRING STRETCHING: COMPARISON OF FOUR TECHNIQUES JO M. FASEN, 1 ANNIE M. O CONNOR, 1 SUSAN L. SCHWARTZ, 2 JOHN O. WATSON, 3 CHRIS T. PLASTARAS, 1,4 CYNTHIA W. GARVAN,
More informationInt J Physiother. Vol 2(5), , October (2015) ISSN:
Int J Physiother. Vol 2(5), 718-723, October (2015) ISSN: 2348-8336 ABSTRACT 1 M. Prasad Naik 2 Dr. A. Viswanath Reddy, M.P.T(Sports),PhD 3 Dr. K. Madhavi M.P.T(CT),PhD,FIAP Background: Muscle energy technique
More informationThe Effect of Cervical Spine Isometric Contract-Relax Technique on Hamstring Extensibility
The Effect of Cervical Spine Isometric Contract-Relax Technique on Hamstring Extensibility Drew Taylor B.Sc., M.H.Sc.(Osteo.). Gary Fryer B.App.Sc.(Osteo.)., N.D. Patrick McLaughlin M.App.Sc. Abstract
More informationANTERIOR KNEE PAIN. Explanation. Causes. Symptoms
ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN Explanation Anterior knee pain is most commonly caused by irritation and inflammation of the patellofemoral joint of the knee (where the patella/kneecap connects to the femur/thigh bone).
More informationReliability of Measuring Trunk Motions in Centimeters
Reliability of Measuring Trunk Motions in Centimeters MARGARET ROST, SANDRA STUCKEY, LEE ANNE SMALLEY, and GLENDA DORMAN A method of measuring trunk motion and two related motions using a tape measure
More informationEFFECIVENESS OF THE WILLIAMS EXCERCISE IN MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN
EFFECIVENESS OF THE WILLIAMS EXCERCISE IN MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN Dr.U.Ganapathy Sankar, Ph.D Dean I/C, SRM College of Occupational Therapy, SRMUniversity, Kattankulathur, KancheepuramDistrict, Tamil
More informationMATRIX-INDUCED AUTOLOGOUS CHONDROCYTE IMPLANTATION PHYSICAL THERAPY PRESCRIPTION
UCLA OUTPATIENT REHABILITATION SERVICES! SANTA MONICA! WESTWOOD 1000 Veteran Ave., A level Phone: (310) 794-1323 Fax: (310) 794-1457 1260 15 th St, Ste. 900 Phone: (310) 319-4646 Fax: (310) 319-2269 FOR
More informationThe Long Term Effects of Short-Wave Diathermy and Long-Duration Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2004-12-01 The Long Term Effects of Short-Wave Diathermy and Long-Duration Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility Daniel Joseph
More informationMaximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body weight, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects
Maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body weight, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects Test protocol Muscle test procedures. Prior to each test participants
More informationSpondylolisthesis DESCRIPTION EXPECTED OUTCOME POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS GENERAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS CAUSES
DESCRIPTION is the slippage of one or more vertebrae, the bones of the spine. Many causes of slippage of the vertebra are possible; these include stress fracture (spondylolysis), which is often seen in
More information9/6/2012. Less risk of injury Fewer back & posture problems Function more efficiently
Unit 4 Ability to use your joints fully through a wide range of motion Having long muscles that allow your joints to be free enough to allow adequate movement. People who are flexible are often involved
More informationSpine Conditioning Program Purpose of Program
Prepared for: Prepared by: Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following
More informationResearch Report. Passive Versus Active Stretching of Hip Flexor Muscles in Subjects With Limited Hip Extension: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Research Report Passive Versus Active of Hip Flexor Muscles in Subjects With Limited Hip Extension: A Randomized Clinical Trial Background and Purpose. Active stretching is purported to stretch the shortened
More informationBACK SPASM. Explanation. Causes. Symptoms
BACK SPASM Explanation A back spasm occurs when the muscles of the back involuntarily contract due to injury in the musculature of the back or inflammation in the structural spine region within the discs
More informationFoot and Ankle Conditioning Program
Foot and Ankle Conditioning Program Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle.
More informationFoot and Ankle Conditioning Program
Prepared for: Prepared by: Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF PNF & STATIC STRETCHING ON KNEE ROM OF AMPUTEE ATHLETES
ORIGINAL PAPER (ARTIGO ORIGINAL) THE EFFECTS OF PNF & STATIC STRETCHING ON KNEE ROM OF AMPUTEE ATHLETES Hassan Daneshmandi 1, Ahmad Ebrahimi Atri 2, Ali Ghasemi 3, Pegah Rahmani 3 1 Department of sport
More informationSpondylolysis DESCRIPTION EXPECTED OUTCOME POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS GENERAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS CAUSES
DESCRIPTION is a stress or fatigue fracture of the bones of the spine (vertebrae) that does not involve the main weight-bearing part of those bones, the body of the vertebra. Instead, it involves an area
More informationPrater Chiropractic Wellness Center 903 W. South St. Kalamazoo, MI PH: (269)
Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following a well-structured conditioning
More informationPHASE ONE: THE FIRST SIX WEEKS AFTER INJURY
Exercises After Injury to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) of the Knee Dr. Abigail R. Hamilton, M.D. PHASE ONE: THE FIRST SIX WEEKS AFTER INJURY Initially, the knee needs to be protected-use the knee
More informationLow-Back Strain DESCRIPTION POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS GENERAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS CAUSES FACTORS THAT INCREASE RISK
Page Number: 0 Date:13/6/11 Time:20:10:06 Low-Back Strain DESCRIPTION POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS Low-back strain is an injury to the muscles and tendons of the lower back. These muscles require great force
More informationAcute Effects of PNF Stretching on Maximum Voluntary Contraction in Men
Kamla-Raj 205 Anthropologist, 2(30: 500-504 (205) Acute Effects of PNF Stretching on Maximum Voluntary Contraction in Men Asim Cengiz, Bilal Demirhan 2, Cetin Yaman 3 and Metin Yaman 4 Middle East Technical
More informationMost Dangerous Man! FACTS ON STREGNTH. Session #627 Functionally Fit Seniors
FACTS ON STREGNTH We lose strength as we age. Over a 5 year study, Men experienced a 16.1% loss of muscle torque (isometric strength) and women saw a 13.4% loss. (1) Session #627 Functionally Fit Seniors
More informationMEDIAL HEAD GASTROCNEMIUS TEAR (Tennis Leg)
MEDIAL HEAD GASTROCNEMIUS TEAR (Tennis Leg) Description Expected Outcome Medial head gastrocnemius tear is a strain of the inner part (medial head) of the major calf muscle (gastrocnemius muscle). Muscle
More informationExercise Therapy for Patients with Knee OA Knee Exercise Protocol Knee Home Exercise Programme
Chapter FOUR Exercise Therapy for Patients with Knee OA Knee Exercise Protocol Knee Home Exercise Programme Chris Higgs Cathy Chapple Daniel Pinto J. Haxby Abbott 99 n n 100 General Guidelines Knee Exercise
More informationEFFECT OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION ON LOWER BACK FLEXIBIITY OF MALE SCHOOL STUDENTS OF GWALIOR
EFFECT OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION ON LOWER BACK FLEXIBIITY OF MALE SCHOOL STUDENTS OF GWALIOR Krishna Nibu R Asst. Prof, Lakshmibaibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior,
More informationEvaluating the Athlete Questionnaire
Evaluating the Athlete Questionnaire Prior to developing the strength and conditioning training plan the coach should first evaluate factors from the athlete s questionnaire that may impact the strength
More informationIn the rehabilitation of patients
The Immediate Effects of Soft Tissue Mobilization With Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Glenohumeral External Rotation and Overhead Reach Joseph J. Godges, DPT, MA, OCS 1 Melodie Mattson-Bell,
More informationKnee Capsular Disorder. ICD-9-CM: Stiffness in joint of lower leg, not elsewhere classified
1 Knee Capsular Disorder "Knee Capsulitis" ICD-9-CM: 719.56 Stiffness in joint of lower leg, not elsewhere classified Diagnostic Criteria History: Physical Exam: Stiffness Aching with prolonged weight
More informationPART ONE Stretching Fundamentals
Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xiii Reviewers xv PART ONE Stretching Fundamentals CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Stretching 3 WHY STRETCH: THE BENEFITS OF STRETCHING 3 Maintains and Improves Range of
More informationPT: The Effect of Stretching Duration on Flexibility During Warming Up... Players
1 από 9 9/10/2017 3:20 µµ Physical Training Sept 2005 Our Sponsor, SDKsupplies The Effect of Stretching Duration on Flexibility During Warming Up in Adolescent Soccer Players Zakas Athanasios, Galazoulas
More informationHip Conditioning Program
Prepared for: Prepared by: Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following
More informationPOST-SURGICAL POSTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL STABILIZATION REHABILITATION PROTOCOL (Capsulolabral Repair)
Gregory N. Lervick, MD Andrew Anderson, PA-C 952-456-7111 POST-SURGICAL POSTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL STABILIZATION REHABILITATION PROTOCOL (Capsulolabral Repair) Open Arthroscopic Phase 1: Weeks 0-4 No shoulder
More informationChapter 10: Flexibility
Chapter 10: Flexibility Lesson 10.1: Flexibility Facts Self-Assessment 10: Arm, Leg, and Trunk Flexibility Lesson Objectives: Describe the characteristics of flexibility. Explain how you benefit from good
More informationHome Exercise Program for Knee Conditioning
Prepared for: Prepared by: Instructions: Home Exercise Program for Knee Conditioning Before beginning the conditioning program, warm up the muscles by riding a stationary bicycle or jogging for 10 minutes.
More informationInfluence of different stretching rates on the viscoelastic behaviour of the relaxed human hamstrings
Prof. Dr. Klaus Wiemann, Dr. Andreas Klee, Robert Raser Bergische Universität Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, 1998 Lit: Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft, Köln: Sportwissenschaftliche Forschungsprojekte,
More informationSensory Adaptation After a 2-Week Stretching Regimen of the Rectus Femoris Muscle
1245 Sensory Adaptation After a 2-Week Stretching Regimen of the Rectus Femoris Muscle Martin Björklund, PT, Jern Hamberg, MD, Albert G. Crenshaw, PhD ABSTRACT. Björklund M, Hamberg J, Crenshaw AG. MUSCLE
More informationKNEE AND LEG EXERCISE PROGRAM
KNEE AND LEG EXERCISE PROGRAM These exercises are specifically designed to rehabilitate the muscles of the hip and knee by increasing the strength and flexibility of the involved leg. This exercise program
More informationPilates for Low Back Pain Relief
Pilates for Low Back Pain Relief Tia Stanley May 14, 2017 Course Year: 2015 One Physical Therapy and Wellness, Bryn Mawr, PA Abstract This paper outlines the research and looks at Pilates as a form of
More informationPilates for golfers. SoonHong Min CTTC Seoul, Korea
Pilates for golfers SoonHong Min CTTC 2015.6 Seoul, Korea Abstract Whether twisting the body on a drive or leaning over to pick up a ball, golfers constantly torqueing their bodies. Golf also requires
More informationObesity is associated with reduced joint range of motion (Park, 2010), which has been partially
INTRODUCTION Obesity is associated with reduced joint range of motion (Park, 2010), which has been partially attributed to adipose tissues around joints limiting inter-segmental rotations (Gilleard, 2007).
More informationRotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program
Prepared for: Prepared by: Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy lifestyle. Following
More informationLower Body. Exercise intensity moderate to high.
Lower Body Lower Body Introduction This exercise routine is created for men and women with the goals of strengthening the lower body. Along with increasing strength of the leg muscles this workout will
More informationExercise Safety Basics
Exercise Safety Basics Know the kids & their conditions e.g. mobility restrictions Modify activity to suit ability Safe environment (e.g. level surface, equipment in good repair, heat/cold) Warm up Stretching
More informationGeneral Principles of Stretching. To be effective, stretching must be done slowly, gently and frequently.
General Principles of Stretching To be effective, stretching must be done slowly, gently and frequently. Slowly means that while the exercise is being done the muscle being stretched must be moved slowly
More informationIncreasing Muscle Extensibility: A Matter of Increasing Length or Modifying Sensation?
Perspective Increasing Muscle Extensibility: A Matter of Increasing Length or Modifying Sensation? Cynthia Holzman Weppler, S. Peter Magnusson C.H. Weppler, PT, MPT, is Independent Researcher, Am Honigbaum
More informationAnalysis of a Modified Active Knee Extension Test
Analysis of a Modified Active Knee Extension Test Yvonne Kane, MS, PT' lay Bernasconi, MS, PT2 P hysical therapists frequently assess hamstring muscle length (HML) in patients with hamstring injuries,
More informationTPW 's Shin Splints Menu
TPW 's Shin Splints Menu # Sets Reps Duration E-cise 1 1 40 Supine Foot Circles & Point/Flexes 2 2 1 0:01:00 Supine Calf & Hamstring Stretch 3 1 1 0:02:00 Static Extension Position 4 1 1 0:02:00 Airbench
More informationStatic Stretching Routine (Standing Position), for Warm-Up and Cool-Down
SUBJECT 4: Exercises STRETCHING EXERCISES Static Stretching Routine (Standing Position), for Warm-Up and Cool-Down POINTS TO KEEP IN MIND Static = hold position for 15-20 seconds. Do not over-stretch to
More informationValidity of Data Extraction Techniques on the Kinetic Communicator (KinCom) Isokinetic Device
Validity of Data Extraction Techniques on the Kinetic Communicator (KinCom) Isokinetic Device By: Laurie L. Tis, PhD, AT,C * and David H. Perrin, PhD, AT,C Tis, L.L., & Perrin, D.H. (1993). Validity of
More informationF lexibility is considered an essential element of normal
594 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dynamic soft tissue mobilisation increases hamstring flexibility in healthy male subjects D Hopper, S Deacon, S Das, A Jain, D Riddell, T Hall, K Briffa... See end of article for authors
More informationLumbar Stenosis Rehabilitation Using the Resistance Chair
PRODUCTS HELPING PEOPLE HELP THEMSELVES! Lumbar Stenosis Rehabilitation Using the Resistance Chair a. Description Lumbar spinal stenosis is a term used to describe a narrowing of the spinal canal. The
More informationEffects of Myofascial Release Leg Pull and Sagittal Plane Isometric Contract-Relax Passive Straight-Leg Raise Angle
,....... - -.-. ;.,-... R. *..d->.c'.h-...-.- -.........-- ' S T U D Y ----....--. ---...,.. Effects of Myofascial Release Leg Pull and Sagittal Plane Isometric Contract-Relax Passive Straight-Leg Raise
More informationDynamic Flexibility and Mobility
Dynamic Flexibility and Mobility Below is the standard dynamic flexibility series. Your workout should have a prescribed warm-up, but if it doesn't a three minute total body warm-up, (i.e., jogging, rope
More informationSolving Today s Pain and Injury Puzzle with Erik Dalton An Online Workshop for ABMP Members Session 4 Handout
Solving Today s Pain and Injury Puzzle with Erik Dalton An Online Workshop for ABMP Members Session 4 Handout Please Note: Erik Dalton teaches his Myoskeletal Alignment Techniques with the expectation
More informationHamstring Strain. 43 Thames Street, St Albans, Christchurch 8013 Phone: (03) Website: philip-bayliss.com.
43 Thames Street, St Albans, Christchurch 8013 Phone: (03) 356 1353. Website: philip-bayliss.com Hamstring Strain The hamstring muscles are very susceptible to tears, strains and other common sporting
More informationTime course of changes in passive p. Nakamura, Masatoshi; Ikezoe, Tome; Ichihashi, Noriaki. Citation Manual therapy (2013), 18(3): 211-2
Time course of changes in passive p Titlegastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit du stretching. Author(s) Nakamura, Masatoshi; Ikezoe, Tome; Ichihashi, Noriaki Citation Manual therapy (2013), 18(3): 211-2 Issue
More informationCORE STABILIZATION EXERCISE. Vincent J. Hudson, PhD, DPT, MBA, ATC Chief Operating Officer OAA Orthopaedic Specialists Allentown, PA
CORE STABILIZATION EXERCISE Vincent J. Hudson, PhD, DPT, MBA, ATC Chief Operating Officer OAA Orthopaedic Specialists Allentown, PA Stepping Back What are the goals? What is the value? Is it Sport Specific
More informationRotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program
Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program Purpose of Program After an injury or surgery, an exercise conditioning program will help you return to daily activities and enjoy a more active, healthy
More informationBalanced Body Movement Principles
Balanced Body Movement Principles How the Body Works and How to Train it. Module 3: Lower Body Strength and Power Developing Strength, Endurance and Power The lower body is our primary source of strength,
More informationBeBalanced! total body training
BeBalanced! von Manuela Böhme made in switzerland 1 sponsored by As a therapy and training device, the AIREX Balance-pad Elite covers a large spectrum of possible applications. Thanks to its destabilising
More informationPre and Post pool sessions. County Camps
Pre and Post pool sessions County Camps Key themes of the session PREPOOL Health and safety Environmental factors Swimmers clothing Why warm up? RMAP Which exercises? POST POOL Why do it? Good technique
More informationEffects of Ankle Dorsiflexion on Active and Passive Unilateral Straight Leg Raising
Effects of Ankle Dorsiflexion on Active and Passive Unilateral Straight Leg Raising RICHARD L. GAJDOSIK, BARNEY F. LEVEAU, and RICHARD W. BOHANNON The purpose of this study was to analyze the straight-leg-raising
More informationCERVICAL STRAIN AND SPRAIN
CERVICAL STRAIN AND SPRAIN Description Cervical strain/sprain is an injury to the neck caused when it is forcefully whipped or forced backward or forward. The structures involved are the muscles, ligaments,
More informationCERVICAL STRAIN AND SPRAIN (Whiplash)
CERVICAL STRAIN AND SPRAIN (Whiplash) Description time and using proper technique decrease the frequency of Whiplash is an injury to the neck caused when it is forcefully whipped or forced backward or
More informationTotal Hip Replacement Rehabilitation: Progression and Restrictions
Total Hip Replacement Rehabilitation: Progression and Restrictions The success of total hip replacement (THR) is a result of predictable pain relief, improvements in quality of life, and restoration of
More informationDiagnosis: s/p ( LEFT / RIGHT ) Injury to MCL of the Knee -- Surgery Date:
UCLA OUTPATIENT REHABILITATION SERVICES! SANTA MONICA! WESTWOOD 1000 Veteran Ave., A level Phone: (310) 794-1323 Fax: (310) 794-1457 1260 15 th St, Ste. 900 Phone: (310) 319-4646 Fax: (310) 319-2269 FOR
More information