5. What component of the sarcomere is not attached to the Z line?
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2 Model 2: Anatomy of a Sarcomere 1. Label the thick filament and the thin filament in Model How many sarcomeres are shown in Model 2? 3. Using Model 2, based on the locations of thick and thin filaments, describe each of the following: A Band I Band H Zone Z Line 4. In terms of the types of filament present, how does the H zone differ from the A band? 5. What component of the sarcomere is not attached to the Z line?
3 Model 3 Comparing Relaxed and Contracted Sarcomeres 6. In Model 3, label the A bands, I bands, and H zones. Measure the lengths of the structures listed in the table below in mm and record your measurements in the table. 7. Based in the data you collected, what do you think happens to thick and thin filaments when muscles contract? Model 4 - Contraction takes place at the level of the sarcomere
4 8. What component of the sarcomere is NOT directly attached to the Z line? 9. What component of the sarcomere is pulling on the thin filaments to bring the Z lines closer together? 10. Describe a possible reason that there is a limit to the amount of shortening that can occur in a sarcomere during a muscle contraction. Model 5 Cross Sections through a Sarcomere Figures A, B, and C in Model 5 are cross sections of a sarcomere that show the thick and thin filaments at various locations within the sarcomere. 11. Label the thick and thin filaments in Figures A, B, and C. 12. In the diagram below, draw a vertical line showing a location within the sarcomere from where the cross section for Figure A may have taken. Label it A. Repeat for Figures B and C. 13. Which Figure (A, B, or C) represents a cross section from the H zone? 14. Which Figure (A, B, or C) represents a cross section from the I band? 15. Which Figure (A, B, or C) represents a cross section from the ends of the A band?
5 Model 6 Molecular events of the contraction cycle 16. Describe the change that occurs in the myosin molecule between stage 1 (attachment) and stage 2 (pulling).
6 17. The myosin head does not release from the binding site until a new molecule enters the cycle. According to the model, what is that molecule? What is the function of that molecule? Model 7 Effects of calcium on the thin filament 18. Look at the left half of Model 7. a. Is calcium present? b. Is the myosin binding site exposed so that myosin can bind to it? c. What is blocking myosin s access to the binding site on the actin? 19. Now look at the right side of the model. a. Is calcium present? b. To what molecule did the calcium bind? c. What changed about troponin molecule after it bound calcium? d. What effect did the change in troponin have on tropomyosin? e. Is the myosin binding site of actin exposed when calcium is present? 20. Explain the role of troponin, tropomyosin, and calcium in a muscle cell contraction. 21. What would happen to a muscle cell if it ran out of ATP? 22. What would happen to a muscle cell if it had an excess amount of calcium?
7 23. You have been suffering from recurring muscle cramps. Your mom tells you to drink more milk. Why? Model 8 Neuromuscular Junction 24. Can muscles contract if there is no free calcium in the cell? 25. According to model 5, where is calcium stored inside a muscle cell? 26. What causes the calcium to be released from where it is stored? 27. What chemical messenger transmits the electrical impulse between the nerve cell and the muscle cell? 28. Acetylcholine esterase is an enzyme that degrades Ach in the neuromuscular junction. The nerve gas Sarin blocks this enzyme causing Ach to remain available for binding to the muscle cell receptors. What effect would Sarin gas have on the muscles of your body? 29. Why is Sarin gas a deadly poison?
8 Model 9 Muscle fiber through the microscope 30. When viewing skeletal muscle through a microscope, you can easily see dark and light striations of the muscle fiber. Based on the figure in Model 2 (from page 2), hypothesize what forms the dark and light bands in the muscle fiber as seen through the microscope. 31. On the figure in Model 8, label an A band, an I band, and a Z disc. 32. Muscle cells rarely go through mitosis (make new muscle cells), so how can a muscle increase in size?
9 33. Use the models in this packet to put the following events in order (number them 1 - ) Myosin bends in two places, releasing ADP and pulling on the thin filament A nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron and causes it to release Ach The Z lines are pulled closer together and the A band shrinks An electrical impulse travels down a nerve fiber Ach binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane and causes the electrical impulse to be transmitted to the muscle cell Calcium ions bind to troponin causing it to rotate The myofibril gets shorter (contracts) The electrical impulse inside the muscle cell causes the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum Rotation of troponin moves tropomyosin off of the myosin binding site on actin The myosin head binds to the myosin binding domain of actin
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