Exemplar for Internal Assessment Resource Physical Education Level 1. Resource title: Shoot Hoops

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1 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Exemplar for Internal Assessment Resource Physical Education Level 1 Resource title: Shoot Hoops This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard Demonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity Student and grade boundary specific exemplar The material has been gathered from student material specific to an A or B assessment resource. Date version published by Ministry of Education March 2011 To support internal assessment from 2011 Crown 2011

2 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Please note: the resource used for this exemplar Beyond the Backboard is slightly modified from the TKI Assessment Resource Shoot Hoops. The functional anatomy and biomechanical principles were completed verbally by the student. The teacher asked the student the verbal questions that are seen in the student work. This was completed during class time where the student was able to also demonstrate their verbal account. The teacher videoed each student. For the purpose of providing detailed annotated exemplars, each of the student work has been fully transcribed. The exercise physiology principles were completed as a report, (in class, supervised). Grade Boundary: Low Excellence 1. To meet the criteria for Excellence the student must demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. The student has provided an explanation that has depth and/or breadth of knowledge in : the use of biomechanical principles to explain the performance of a physical activity the relationship of physiological responses to the intensity of a physical activity. Free throw: Force summation which is your force that you are producing. You need to use as many segments of the body as possible, in the correct order along with the correct timing. It is also important to use the larger muscles first such as the gluteals, hamstrings and quadriceps, and the smaller muscles last, like your wrist flexors. You also need to use the greatest range of motion about the joints order to gain maximum momentum. Why It s used because However the player would need to judge the distance they are doing the free throw from, and would then have to take into consideration the amount of force they put into this free throw to ensure it reaches the hoop. If the timing of the body segments is out of order, the free throw will lack co-ordination and maximum force generated will be less, so we need to make sure we use our large muscles first and the smaller muscles last. The short term physiological changes that happens to the body during the game of basketball was, the heart rate starts to increase, so its able to deliver oxygen to the working muscles, which need additional oxygen so the body can exercise.. The major energy system used in a game of basketball is the anaerobic lactic system, meaning the activity is at a shorter duration, but at a higher intensity. The energy is supplied through the burning of carbohydrates, which builds up lactic acid, which eventually causes performance to decrease. The aerobic system allows you to.. Changes that would occur in your body as a result of a six month training programme would be to your heart rate, lungs, heart, muscles, blood and recovery after the games. Your heart would become larger and is able to pump more blood and carry more oxygen to the part of the body where it s needed. The lungs are able to breath in and out a larger proportion of air, and with it oxygen. Your muscles will become larger and bigger and are also able to receive more blood and oxygen as well as. Crown 2011

3 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard The student has demonstrated an in-depth understanding when discussing the relationship between anatomical structure and the performance of a physical activity, however the student needs to be more specific in order to demonstrate comprehensive understanding. Layup: Hip = ball and socket joint. Movement is extension to flexion. When you are in extension, your gluteus maximum is your agonist which is your contracting muscles, and your hip flexors are your antagonist so they relax. But when you go into flexion, the opposite is occurring. So your gluteals are your antagonist and your hip flexors, quadriceps and hamstrings are you agonist. This movement occurs because you are lifting your leg up, your knee into the sky, because your muscles are all contracting, smaller and bigger muscles are contracting to the joint which causes the joint to lift your hip. The student needs to be more specific to demonstrate their knowledge of the relationship between anatomical structure and the performance of the free throw/lay up. They have not clearly explained in detail why this movement occurs This movement occurs because you are lifting your leg up, your knee into the sky, because your muscles are all contracting, smaller and bigger muscles are contracting to the joint which causes the joint to lift your hip. The reason that this sample is viewed as a Low Excellence is that the learner has shown a comprehensive understanding of both the biomechanical principles and the physiological responses, however, to achieve a solid Excellence there needs to be a clearer explanation about why the movement occurs in relation to basic functional anatomy. Crown 2011

4 Student 1 page 1: Low Excellence Consider the movement that occurs at the knee, elbow, hip or shoulder for a free throw/layup in basketball. Explain how this movement occurs Explain why this movement occurs Free throw: Knee = hinge joint. Movement is getting into flexion in the preparation phase for the free throw. Agonist is the hamstring. Quadriceps is the antagonist. This movement occurs because you are bending your knees which is flexion and because your muscles work in pairs, so your hamstrings contract which pulls the joints which then makes you bends your knees. The next movement following on from flexion is extension when you are going to release the ball. The agonist is the quadriceps and the antagonist is the hamstrings. Layup: Hip = ball and socket joint. Movement is extension to flexion. When you are in extension, your gluteus maximum is your agonist which is your contracting muscles, and your hip flexors are your antagonist so they relax. But when you go into flexion, the opposite is occurring. So your gluteals are your antagonist and your hip flexors, quadriceps and hamstrings are you agonist. This movement occurs because you are lifting your leg up, your knee into the sky, because your muscles are all contracting, smaller and bigger muscles are contracting to the joint which causes the joint to lift your hip. Explain in detail how anatomical structure can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: if you were a smaller person, that means you are closer to the ground so your centre of gravity is lower to the ground. This will mean the height of release will be lower so to compensate for this, they will need to have a bigger angle of release to get a more accurate shot. This would mean for the person who is shorter and with potentially shorter limbs, the degree of flexion at the elbow is crucial and must be sufficient to create a larger angle of release to ensure the ball reaches the hoop. Layup: So if you were a taller person, you would not have to push/apply as much force onto the ground to lift yourself off the ground to reach the hoop than a smaller person because they are not as high up as a taller person so the taller person would not have to produce as much force as a smaller person would to reach the hoop. Consider the biomechanical principles involved in a free throw/layup Explain in how they are used to produce a successful free throw Explain why they are used to produce a successful free throw Free throw: Force summation which is your force that you are producing. You need to use as many segments of the body as possible, in the correct order along with the correct timing. It is also important to use the larger muscles first such as the gluteals, hamstrings and quadriceps, and the smaller muscles last, like your wrist flexors. You also need to use the greatest range of motion about the joints order to gain maximum momentum. Why It s used because to do a successful shot you need sufficient velocity and force to ensure the acceleration of the ball is enough to make it travel the distance to the hoop. The whole body is used to generate the maximal effort required to the point of releasing the ball. Your body does not move all at once at the same time, but in the sequential order I have recommended previously in order to maximise the distance of the free throw. However the player would need to judge the distance they are doing the free throw from, and would then have to take into consideration the amount of force they put into this free throw to ensure it reaches the hoop. Layup: Newton s 3 rd law is when every action has an equal and opposite reaction. So when the player is pushing off the ground, that is the action movement, that pushing all that force off the ground and

5 Student 1 page 2: Low Excellence then they push off and the equal reaction is happening which is lifting them into the air. It is the movement of the flexion and extension of the ankle, knee and hips that flex and then extend to create the force applied. So the first force is the pushing into the ground (the action force) and the second force is the reaction force. If I did not apply this law, there would be no force applied, therefore there would be no force being applied to the lay up. Why It is produced for a successful lay up because without this you would not be able to jump of the ground this is why Newton s 3 rd law happens because otherwise you wouldn t be able to lift of the ground and you wouldn t be able to do a successful shot. The basketballer must push down with their muscles, and flex their joints and muscles in order to then create extension or the reaction force. Explain in detail how your chosen biomechanical principles can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: In force summation, we have to make sure that we use the correct timing of our body segments to produce maximum momentum. If the timing of the body segments is out of order, the free throw will lack co-ordination and maximum force generated will be less, so we need to make sure we use our large muscles first and the smaller muscles last. Layup: Newton s 3 rd Law for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. They would not have to push off the ground as much either. A smaller person would need to put more force into the ground to get higher up in the air. This is why they would need more strength in their hamstrings and quadriceps than a taller person would because they have to push off the ground higher because a taller person is able to reach the hoop easier than a smaller person. A taller person would have a flatter angle of release and use less force, but a smaller person would have to increase their angle of release and apply more force. The smaller person would certainly need to generate more force summation than a smaller person because of the distance they are from the hoop compared to the taller person. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of how exercise physiology is involved in basketball. The short term physiological changes that happens to the body during the game of basketball was, the heart rate starts to increase, so its able to deliver oxygenated blood to the working muscles, which need additional oxygen so the body can exercise. My heart beat increases as more blood was needing to be pumped around the body, and my respiratory system showed that my breathing rate increased also. I had to take in more air with each breath to keep up with the oxygen demands of the activity. My muscles needed to receive more blood and hence oxygen. I had to go off the court regularly to keep myself hydrated with water as I was sweating a lot as it was trying to cool my body down. My energy levels were low at the end of the game as I was becoming tired, therefore my concentration was low and I made lots of mistakes. The major energy system used in a game of basketball is the anaerobic lactic system, meaning the activity is at a shorter duration, but at a higher intensity. The energy is supplied through the burning of carbohydrates, which builds up lactic acid, which eventually causes performance to decrease. The aerobic system allows you to pay for a long period of time, running up and down the court. Anaerobic lactic system affects the way you play the game as in basketball you repeat multiple high intensity activities with minimal rest period of short quick burst of runs and jumps, followed by sprints to the other end of the court. Although rests are present, stretches of continuous play can last anywhere from two to three minutes. It also uses the energy system faster making you tired quicker and start to feel the burning sensation of the lactic acid which will build up during the game. Changes that would occur in your body as a result of a six month training programme would be to

6 Student 1 page 3: Low Excellence your heart rate, lungs, heart, muscles, blood and recovery after the games. Your heart would become larger and is able to pump more blood and carry more oxygen to the part of the body where it s needed. The lungs are able to breath in and out a larger proportion of air, and with it oxygen. Your muscles will become larger and bigger and are also able to receive more blood and oxygen as well as storing more energy. Your muscles can also get more flexible. Both your resting and exercise heart rate will decrease as your heart is doing less work because the intake of oxygen is increased and works more efficiently at transporting it around the body. The heart rate also returns to normal after a game. Your will recover quicker as your body is fitter and can handle and take physical activities better.

7 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Grade Boundary: High Merit 2. To meet the criteria for Merit the student must demonstrate in-depth understanding of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. The student has demonstrated comprehensive understanding when explaining the relationship of physiological responses to the intensity of an activity: The short term physiological changes happening while playing basketball was your breathing rate increasing. This occurred because your breathing rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the blood, because my heart rate increased. This is because it is pumping more oxygenated blood around the body For example, when your heart rate is at resting rate, it is pumping 15ml of blood, but when you are exercising it is pumping 50ml of blood a minute. This affected the way I played because You are using all 3 energy systems which are the aerobic, lactic and phosphate systems. An example of using these energy systems is when I jumped up to take a lay-up, the energy system that is used is the phosphate system. It is this energy system because An example that used the lactic acid energy system was If you were wanting to play basketball at the highest level and you have trained for 6 months, the changes that you would see This means that you can... However the student has only demonstrated in-depth understanding (explaining how and why) of basic functional anatomy and basic principles of biomechanics is involved in relation to the chosen physical activity. Shoulder = ball and socket joint. Movement = shoulder flexion. Anterior deltoid and pectorials. When you use shoulder flexion you use your pectorials which is the antagonist and the anterior deltoid which is the agonist to build up force to apply the force up and above your head to fire the ball up and above your head when taking the layup. This movement occurs to push the ball up and above your head during a layup when you are going in for the shot. It depends on how tall you are and how big your leg muscles are like your quads and hamstrings. You will need to apply more force into the ground to get a bigger jump to go for the lay up. When you are taller you don t need to jump as high to get off the ground and to get closer to the basket. Free throw: Newton s 2 nd Law when a force acts upon a mass, the result is acceleration of that mass. This means that. So for my shot to be successful, I need to consider, eg, Force = mass x acceleration. The 2 nd law again if you were taller, and heavier, your muscles would exert greater amount of force and the speed of the ball, therefore you will not need to throw it as high or as hard. The reason that this sample is viewed as a High Merit is that student has demonstrated comprehensive understanding in the area of physiological responses, however, they have only demonstrated an in-depth understanding for the functional anatomy and biomechanical principles. All three areas are required to be demonstrated comprehensively in order for the learner to achieve with Excellence. To gain an Excellence the student needs to provide more depth and breadth for anatomical structure and biomechanical principles to explain the performance of the physical activity. Crown 2011

8 Student 1 page 1: High Merit Consider the movement that occurs at the knee, elbow, hip or shoulder for a free throw/layup in basketball. Explain how this movement occurs Explain why this movement occurs Free throw: Joint= elbow = hinge joint. Movement = elbow flexion and extension. Muscles = Bicep and tricep The muscles work in pairs across a joint. In elbow flexion the agonist is the muscle that contracts to make the movement happen, this is the prime mover (bicep). The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes (tricep). Elbow extension will occur when you are applying force to the ball to shoot it up and the tricep is the agonist and the bicep is the antagonist. This movement occurs because you need to move from elbow flexion to extension to apply force to the ball to shoot. Layup: Shoulder= ball and socket joint. Movement = shoulder flexion. Anterior deltoid and pectorials. When you use shoulder flexion you use your pectorials which is the antagonist and the anterior deltoid which is the agonist to build up force to apply the force up and above your head to fire the ball up and above your head when taking the layup. This movement occurs to push the ball up and above your head during a layup when you are going in for the shot. Explain in detail how anatomical structure can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: It depends on how tall you are, how big your muscles are and the length of your limbs and bones. So if you had bigger muscles you can build up more force to the shot and apply more force to the ball. How tall you are, this will make you closer up to the hoop so the angle and height of release won t be the same as if you are smaller. Layup: It depends on how tall you are and how big your leg muscles are like your quads and hamstrings. You will need to apply more force into the ground to get a bigger jump to go for the lay up. When you are taller you don t need to jump as high to get off the ground and to get closer to the basket. Consider the biomechanical principles involved in a free throw/layup Explain in how they are used to produce a successful free throw Explain why they are used to produce a successful free throw Free throw: Newton s 2 nd Law when a force acts upon a mass, the result is acceleration of that mass. This means that the greater the force I apply to the ball in the free throw, the further it will go. The greater the force from my muscles, the greater the acceleration the ball will have in the air. So for my shot to be successful, I need to consider how much force I apply to the ball because if it is too much, it will hit the backboard and fire straight back, or possibly go over the backboard. If it is too less, it will not even go near the hoop. I would need to take into account how heavy the basketball is when thinking about how much force to apply, eg, Force = mass x acceleration. Layup: 3 rd Law. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. You are applying downwards force, the action force into the ground, and when you are jumping up to take the layup you are using the reaction force. And when you are jumping up you are using your arm and leg which are attached like a string when you are pushing the ball up in a layup.

9 Student 1 page 2: High Merit Explain in detail how your chosen biomechanical principles can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: The 2 nd law again if you were taller, and heavier, your muscles would exert greater amount of force, and the speed of the ball, therefore you will not need to throw it as high or as hard. Layup: The 3 rd law applying action force into the ground. For every action has an equal and opposite reaction and this will, when you are using action force you are pushing into the ground and when you jump up into the lay up - you are applying reaction force its like the ground is pushing back at you. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of how exercise physiology is involved in basketball. The short term physiological changes happening while playing basketball was your breathing rate increasing. This occurred because your breathing rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the blood, because your muscles need more oxygen delivered to them via the pulmonary artery so that they produce more energy so they can work at a higher level of performance. This affected the way I played because when there is more energy being produced, this means that I would be able to play at a higher level of intensity. Another short term effect was sweating. Sweating occurred because your body heats up while you are exercising in this case playing a game of basketball. Sweating is the body s way of cooling itself down. If I didn t sweat then I would overheat. Another short term change was that my heart rate increased. This is because it is pumping more oxygenated blood around the body. Your cardiac output is how many millilitres of blood are pumped every minute. For example, when your heart rate is at resting rate, it is pumping 15ml of blood, but when you are exercising it is pumping 50ml of blood a minute. This affected the way I played because when my heart rate increases, it means that my heart is working harder to pump newly oxygenated blood around the body, so that it will produce more energy during exercise and then I will be able to play at a higher level of intensity. You are using all 3 energy systems which are the aerobic, lactic and phosphate systems. An example of using these energy systems is when I jumped up to take a lay-up, the energy system that is used is the phosphate system. It is this energy system because you use maximal energy in a few seconds to produce the jump. This energy system affects the way that you play basketball because it is the energy system that enables you to jump and do slam dunks. These egs here were the skills that would use the phosphate energy system. This is the system that enables you to work at a high intensity for 1-15 seconds. An example that used the lactic acid energy system was being able to sprint down the court and to do set moves such as a v cut and flare. The lactic acid system is the system that enables you to work at a high level of intensity for 1-3 minutes. It is also what makes your muscles sore during exercise (fatigue). Being able to use these energy systems affected the way I played because I was able to make fast breaks to the other end of the court and be able to jump to make a lay-up. If you were wanting to play basketball at the highest level and you have trained for 6 months, the changes that you would see to your respiratory system is your breathing rate dropping before and during your exercise because your lung capacity would become greater meaning you can inhale more oxygen. This means that you can transfer more oxygen into the blood because you are inhaling more oxygen with every breath you take. Another change that you would see is your cardiovascular system change. Your heart rate would drop before and during exercise. This is because the left ventricle will grow in size. This is the part of the heart that grows in size because

10 Student 1 page 3: High Merit it is the part of the heart that pumps the oxygenated blood through the aorta. It also grows in size because after you have been training for 6 months your muscles will want more oxygenated blood transferred through them though the capillaries so that your muscles will work at a higher level of intensity which then creates more energy. Another change is that you would see your muscles growing in size. This is caused from the muscle fibres tearing and repairing causing the muscle to grow in size. This is why your breathing rate decreases because there is more oxygen being put into the blood which is then passed through the bigger muscles. This is why you will be able to shoot the ball a lot easier in basketball because your muscles that have grown in size will put more force into the basketball shot.

11 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Grade Boundary: Low Merit 3. To meet the criteria for Merit the student must demonstrate in-depth understanding of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. The student has demonstrated an in-depth understanding of how and why basic functional anatomy and basic principles of biomechanics are involved in how the human body works in relation to physical activity: Free throw: The elbow joint is a hinge joint. You start with elbow flexion, which is caused by the biceps being the agonist and the triceps as the antagonist. You would start to extend the elbow which is caused by the tricep being the agonist, and the biceps become the antagonist. This movement would happen to help push the ball towards the hoop. You might want to put backspin on the ball so it bites back on the board and comes down. This would be caused by the wrist. Free throw: By using force summation, the bigger muscles in this case being the quads and hammys, you would want to push off the legs going to the abdominals up through your abdominals to your chest, and then you would want to have the elbow flexed, pushing through the elbow all the way up to the ball and put backspin on the ball so it bites back down, so using force summation to travel momentum through the body Newton s 3 laws. The first law an object at rest will not move until a force is acted upon it. So in this case, the ball will stay in your hand until you have released the ball at the final stage forcing it to. This is caused by elbow extension. The second law the law of acceleration which means how much force you put on the ball will determine And also the third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite effect. So in the free throw case, it will be the jump. How hard you push into the ground will determine how high you will jump to cause a greater of angle of release into the hoop. The student that has demonstrated an understanding of the basic physiological responses. my original breathing rate changed from 26 bpm (breaths per minute) to 40 bpm. My heart rate also rapidly increased from 92bpm to 162 bpm. Also sweat started to occur in my body which was trying to get water vapour to my skin to cool me down. I found it hard to recover from the first games because I was not fit, and struggled to last for 20 minutes. When I went to defend, I was using the lactic acid system. This meant that I was trying to sprint and stay with my partner is short bursts, but I could not maintain these, so defended poorly. If I had to jump up to get the ball, I found that my phosphate system was good at the start of the game, but because I was so unfit I could not keep jumping up to get the ball which is needed to be a good attacker. The reason that this sample is viewed as a Low Merit is that the student has demonstrated an understanding for the physiology responses. They have covered the how but not the why as to why these responses occur. In depth understanding involves explaining how and why the function of the body is related to the performance of the physical activity. All three areas are required to be demonstrated in depth in order for the learner to achieve a clear Merit. Crown 2011

12 Student 3 page 1: Low Merit Consider the movement that occurs at the knee, elbow, hip or shoulder for a free throw/layup in basketball. Explain how this movement occurs Explain why this movement occurs Free throw: The elbow joint is a hinge joint. You start with elbow flexion, which is caused by the biceps being the agonist and the triceps as the antagonist. You would start to extend the elbow which is caused by the tricep being the agonist, and the biceps become the antagonist. This movement would happen to help push the ball towards the hoop. You might want to put backspin on the ball so it bites back on the board and comes down. This would be caused by the wrist. Layup: Shoulder joint = shoulder flexion which is caused by the deltoid being the agonist, and the lastissimus dorsi being the antagonist. You want it so your knee and elbow are on a string, at the same time you want to go into shoulder extension which is caused by the latissimus dorsi being the agonist and the deltoids being the antagonist which will cause the shoulder push into the layup. Explain in detail how anatomical structure can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: This would mean, because I am quite tall, I would have a greater height of release, so I would not have to worry so much about my angle of release caused by flexion of the elbow joint. I would just have to worry about my velocity and speed. Also with my jump I would not have to have such a great jump as all the others because I would already be equal with the basket so I can shoot it better, but if your short, you would want to have a much higher angle of release to get the ball up high enough to get into the hoop. Layup: Your height also comes into play with this. Because I am nice and tall, with a big jump I can be at the hoop, so my force summation will not have to be as great to the ball so I can roll it into the hoop, I won t have to give it a big push into the backboard. Also making sure that your elbow and knee are on a string so they come up together. And if you are short, make sure you have a big jump on you to cause force summation, make sure you push off really hard to cause force summation onto the ball and into the hoop. Consider the biomechanical principles involved in a free throw/layup Explain in how they are used to produce a successful free throw/lay up Explain why they are used to produce a successful free throw/lay up Free throw: Force summation. You would bend your knees which is caused by the Quads and the hamstrings. Quads being the antagonist and your hamstrings being the agonist. By using force summation, the bigger muscles in this case being the quads and hammys, you would want to push off the legs going to the abdominals up through your abdominals to your chest, and then you would want to have the elbow flexed, pushing through the elbow all the way up to the ball and put backspin on the ball so it bites back down, so using force summation to travel momentum through the body Newton s 3 laws. The first law an object at rest will not move until a force is acted upon it. So in this case, the ball will stay in your hand until you have released the ball at the final stage forcing it to. This is caused by elbow extension The second law the law of acceleration which means how much force you put on the ball will determine how fast and how hard by what velocity it will travel towards the hoop. You would want to release it at 45 degrees and put backspin on it so it bites back down and goes into the hoop. And also the third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite effect. So in the free throw case, it will be the jump. How hard you push into the ground will determine how high you will jump to cause a greater of angle

13 Student 3 page 2: Low Merit of release into the hoop. Layup: For force summation you want to put most of it in your right (I am right handed) so for a right handed lay up you so you would want to be off your right leg, so you are using your quads as your biggest muscle for force summation and transferring the energy through to your smaller muscles to cause momentum, so you will be jumping up to do a lay up, your elbow and your knee are like on a string together so when your elbow goes up your knee will have to go up as well. So it will go through your leg as the momentum is going through your arm, bicep, tricep, through your elbow joint, and up into your wrist flexors and your last move should be onto your wrist and onto the ball. This happens to cause you to get nice and high for the jump and it would be easier for you just to put it in the hoop. Newton s first law and object will stay at rest until a force acts upon it. That would be with the ball in your hand it won t move until you put a force on it at the very end of your lay up after the force summation has gone through your body and transfers onto the ball, it won t happen until the very end. The law of acceleration- that would be when you push the ball up the lay up should be a nice easy flick, it should not be a really hard push, so your acceleration, you would not have to put a great deal of force onto the ball. And with the equal and opposite effect, it would be how hard you push off the ground would be how hard you jump. Explain in detail how your chosen biomechanical principles can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: Force summation so that would mean the momentum coming through your body caused by biggest muscles going to your smaller muscles will help the ball flow through the air at a greater velocity so that it reaches the distance of the hoop and you can get it in. Using only the muscles in your arms might not generate enough force to make the ball travel far enough. Layup: so with force summation if your force summation is not that great, if you don t push off hard, you won t have a high jump and you would have to make sure you have a big arm flip to put the ball up. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of how exercise physiology is involved in basketball. During the 4 v s 4 basketball game my original breathing rate changed from 26 bpm (breaths per minute) to 40 bpm. My heart rate also rapidly increased from 92bpm to 162 bpm. Also sweat started to occur in my body which was trying to cool me down. I found it hard to recover from the first games because I was not fit, and struggled to last for 20 minutes. When I went to defend, I was using the lactic acid system. This meant that I was trying to sprint and stay with my partner in short bursts, but I could not maintain this, so defended poorly. If I had to jump up to get the ball, I found that my phosphate system was good at the start of the game, but because I was so unfit I could not keep jumping up to get the ball which is needed to be a good attacker. My lactic acid system will be in play as well because there is a lot of sprinting in basketball. My phosphate system will be in use as well because of all the jumping I will be doing. All of these energy systems will be working more efficiently, so I will be able to last for an entire game of basketball (using the aerobic system). Long term effects of training: The heart gets bigger and the muscles get bigger. This means that I can pump blood to my muscles faster and my muscles will be larger so I can jump high. I will have more blood being pumped around my body to my bigger working muscles, and a greater volume of air can be taken into the lungs.

14 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Grade Boundary: High Achieved 4. To meet the criteria for Achieved the student must demonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. The student has given an account of/provided details on how the human body works in relation to physical activity in all three areas of basic functional anatomy, basic biomechanical principles and physiological responses: Free throw: Knee joint = hinge joint. Movement = starts off with knee flexion which is bending your knees. Hamstrings contract being your agonist, and your quadriceps relax being the antagonist. This movement occurs in preparation for a jump so you can get the best range of movement for your shot. Free throw: For the free throw you are using Newton s second law which is the law of acceleration. It s the amount of force you put behind the ball determines how far and fast the ball will go. We are also using force summation. Force summation is using the big muscles to the small muscles to get the momentum to get the most range out of our shot. During the basketball game my breathing rate changed from 12 breaths per minute to 21. This was after 10 minutes of a 4 v 4 game of basketball. The short term effects this 10 minute game caused were increasing my breathing rate due to me needing to take faster breaths in order for me to get oxygen through my body Long term effects after training hard for 6 months to a year will be my heart will be bigger and stronger in order to take the pressure when pumping more blood around my body. My heart and resting rate decrease as the heart has less work to do. I don t have to breathe as much, so my breathing rate decreases and I become more fit The energy system used in basketball are the aerobic, anaerobic and lactic and phosphate systems. If your aerobic system is good, then Phosphate has a very high intensity and occurs when doing jumps shots or 3 pointers. This work is considered High Achieved because at times the student has explained how the function of the body is related to the performance of the physical activity, such as in the anatomical responses eg: This movement occurs in preparation for a jump so you can get the best range of movement for your shot. However, these responses often lack depth and do not always explain why. To achieve with Merit the student must provide an explanation as to how and why all three functions of the body is related to the performance of the physical activity. Crown 2011

15 Student 4 page 1: Low Merit Consider the movement that occurs at the knee, elbow, hip or shoulder for a free throw/layup in basketball. Explain how this movement occurs Explain why this movement occurs Free throw: Knee joint = hinge joint. Movement = starts off with knee flexion which is bending your knees. Hamstrings contract being your agonist, and your quadriceps relax being the antagonist. This movement occurs in preparation for a jump so you can get the best range of movement for your shot. Layup: Hip = ball and socket. Movement = Hip flexion. Your hip flexors are the agonist they are contracting and your gluts are your antagonist they are relaxing. And when you go up for the lay up, its almost like your elbow and knee has a string attached to it, because when you are flexing your shoulder and hip, when you flex your hip, your shoulder has to flex as well because thats the hand you are going up with. Explain in detail how anatomical structure can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: For the free throw, the anatomical structure that can limit your performance is if you have small muscles compared to someone with big muscles that can affect your shot because you won t be able to put as much force behind it. If your short or have short bones or short limbs, that will affect how much distance your shot has. Layup: I think in the lay up height is definitely going to advantage your performance because you will be taller and that much closer to the hoop. You will be able to push the ball over your opposition and you will be able to have a more accurate shot. Consider the biomechanical principles involved in a free throw/layup Explain in how they are used to produce a successful free throw Explain why they are used to produce a successful free throw Free throw: For the free throw you are using Newton s second law which is the law of acceleration. It s the amount of force you put behind the ball determines how far and fast the ball will go. We are also using force summation. Force summation is using the big muscles to the small muscles to get the best range out of our shot. Layup: Newton s first law, the law of inertia. An object will remain at rest until a force is upon it. The ball is not going to move unless you have the force coming from your arms to put it into the hoop. Why you do this so that the ball is going to go in the hoop. So if we don t exert our arm muscles like our latissimus dorsi, pectorials, tricep and bicep enough, the ball will not go very far and the ball won t go in the hoop. Explain in detail how your chosen biomechanical principles can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: Your height can definitely affect and limit your free throw, because if you are tall, you are going to be closer to the hoop so you will not have to put as much force in it because your height of release is already high, but if you are short you are going to have to put more force on it to get it in the hoop. Layup: I think it will affect it in a good way because you will have that more accurate shot. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of how exercise physiology is involved in basketball. During the basketball game my breathing rate changed from 12 breaths per minute to 21. This was after 10 minutes of a 4 v 4 game of basketball. The short term effects this 10 minute game caused were increasing my breathing rate due to me needing to take faster breaths in order for me to get oxygen through my body. It also caused my heart rate to increase due to it needing to beat faster to pump

16 Student 4 page 2: Low Merit enough blood to my body. I also sweated. This was caused by my body heating up when my muscles were working. Long term effects after training hard for 6 months to a year will be my heart will be bigger and stronger in order to take the pressure when pumping more blood around my body. My heart and resting rate decrease as the heart has less work to do. I don t have to breathe as much, so my breathing rate decreases and I become more fit. My muscles get larger from increasing the size of fibres inside each muscle by using them during training. This allows me to store more energy (glycogen). The energy system used in basketball are the aerobic, anaerobic and lactic and phosphate systems. If your aerobic system is good, then you should be able to play a whole game and not get tired as quick when running from attack to defence and vice versa. Lactic acid is used for breakaways from one side to the other, this has a high intensity and will determine your speed when moving. Phosphate has a very high intensity and occurs when doing jumps shots or 3 pointers.

17 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Grade Boundary: Low Achieved 5. To meet the criteria for Achieved the student must demonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. The students has described how functional anatomy works in relation to their chosen physical activity, and at times attempts to explain why this movement occurs: Shoulder = ball and socket. Movement = it goes from flexion to extension. Agonist is deltoid, antagonist is the latissimus dorsi. As the muscles contract across the shoulder joint it brings your shoulder upward into flexion as you push the ball the opposite happens and the antagonist becomes your deltoid and the latissimus dorsi becomes your agonist. Gives you the force to push the ball. The student has attempted to describe or give an account of how the human body works in relation to physical activity, but more detail is required for the biomechanical principles and physiological responses to the chosen activity. Free throw: making sure you let the ball go at 45 degrees. If I let it go at less than 45 degrees it will not go very far, but down instead, and if I let it go higher than 45 degrees it will go up high in the air and will not make the hoop at all, so you need to think about the angle of release. the muscles get more flexible as they warm up from contracting. Your body starts sweating so you can cool down, this affected the way I played because I could flex more, and I was not getting hot because the sweat was cooling me down. Immediate changes for the cardiovascular system were that the blood is able to carry more oxygen. My heart rate went up. For the respiratory system, my breathing rate increased. My muscles got warmer, so they get more flexible. The major energy systems used was the anaerobic system. Aerobic exercise goes over a long period of time, like in a game of basketball where you are moving the whole game. If I trained hard for 6 months, I would get bigger and stronger muscles, and my heart would get larger, my resting heart rate gets low, heart rate goes to normal faster and my lungs can breath in and out much more air and oxygen. To make this a clear Achieved the student needs to provide more detail in their answers for the biomechanical principles and physiological responses in relation to their chosen physical activity. Crown 2011

18 Student 5: Low Achieved Consider the movement that occurs at the knee, elbow, hip or shoulder for a free throw/layup in basketball. Explain how this movement occurs Explain why this movement occurs Free throw: Elbow = hinge joint. Flexion movement. Agonist = Bicep Antagonist = triceps How As the bicep contracts it pulls the elbow joint into flexion and the agonist the tricep. Layup: Shoulder = ball and socket. Movement = it goes from flexion to extension. Agonist is deltoid, antagonist is the latissimus dorsi. As the muscles contract across the shoulder joint it brings your shoulder upward into flexion as you push the ball the opposite happens and the antagonist becomes your deltoid and the latissimus dorsi becomes your agonist. Gives you the force to push the ball. Explain in detail how anatomical structure can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: If your taller your closer to the basket and longer levers create more force. If your taller, your less stable so your COG is not as low as that if your a smaller player. Lay up: Being taller, you are closer to the hoop, and have longer levers, so can jump higher and its easier to put the ball in the hoop. Consider the biomechanical principles involved in a free throw/layup Explain in how they are used to produce a successful free throw Explain why they are used to produce a successful free throw Free throw: making sure you let the ball go at 45 degrees. If I let it go at less than 45 degrees it will not go very far, but down instead, and if I let it go higher than 45 degrees it will go up high in the air and will not make the hoop at all, so you need to think about the angle of release. Layup: Having a wide base of support is important, this is so if you have an offending player, they can t knock you over as easily. If I was standing with my legs close together, I would be more unbalanced than if I had my legs wider apart with my knees bent. You will be more stable, so you won t be pushed over as much so then I could be in a good place to then do a lay up. Explain in detail how your chosen biomechanical principles can affect/limit the performance of your free throw/layup Free throw: If your taller your closer to the basket, so it s not as far to throw it, and your angle of release is not as high. You just have longer levers which give you more force to throw the ball into the hoop. Layup: You are closer to the hoop which means you don t have to jump as high but you can still jump high if you are taller, and your longer levers give you more force so you can jump high and push the ball in the hoop. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of how exercise physiology is involved in basketball. The short term physiological changes happening to the body short term is that the muscles get more flexible as they warm up from contracting. Your body starts sweating so you can cool down, this affected the way I played because I could flex more, and I was not getting hot because the sweat was cooling me down. Immediate changes for the cardiovascular system was that the blood is able to carry more oxygen. My heart rate went up. For the respiratory system, my breathing rate increased. My muscles got warmer, so they get more flexible. The major energy systems used was the anaerobic system. Aerobic exercise goes over a long period of time, like in a game of basketball where you are moving the whole game. If I trained hard for 6 months, I would get bigger and stronger muscles, and my heart would get larger, my resting heart rate gets low, heart rate goes to normal faster and my lungs can breath in and out much more air and oxygen.

19 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Physical Education 1.2A for Achievement Standard Grade Boundary: High Not Achieved 6. To meet the criteria for Achieved the student must demonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. The student has given a brief description of basic functional anatomy Free throw: Knee, hinge joint, movement = flexion. Agonist = hamstring, Antagonist = Quadricep When the hamstring contracts and the quadriceps relaxes, that pulls the hamstring. However, the students knowledge of basic biomechanical principles and physiological responses was not sufficient for level six of the curriculum in order to demonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. For example: Free throw: if your lower to the ground, you cant jump as high and your angle of release has to be a lot higher than someone who is taller. A taller person has larger levers which is easier to get the shot. With a short person, they have to put more effort in. Before the game of basketball my resting heart rate was 50BPM while during the game it almost tripled to 140BPM. An immediate change to my respiratory system is my breathing rate before the game was 7BPM it also nearly triples like my heart rate. The energy system used in basketball is the anaerobic lactic system; this is high-intensity for medium duration. If I wanted to lay basketball at a very high level and trained for 6 months to a year, there would be significant changes to my muscular, cardio vascular and respiratory systems. To achieve the standard the student needs to demonstrate understanding of basic biomechanical principles and physiological responses to their chosen activity which involves them giving an account of, and/or giving details of, characteristics. Crown 2011

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