Chapter 30 How Animals Move

Transcription

1 Chapter 30 How Animals Move PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

2 Introduction: Man Versus Horse Horses are well adapted for long-distance running Longer legs Lighter legs Increased oxygen-carrying capacity Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Introduction: Man Versus Horse Humans have a more versatile body Humans run, crawl, swim, tumble, and throw Flexibility generally reduces efficiency Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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7 MOVEMENT AND LOCOMOTION Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8 30.1 Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion Animal movement is very diverse Locomotion Active travel from place to place Requires energy to overcome friction and gravity Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9 30.1 Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion Swimming Supported by water But slowed by friction Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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11 30.1 Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion Walking, hopping, or running Less affected by friction But must resist gravity Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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14 30.1 Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion Burrowing or crawling Must overcome great friction May move by side-to-side undulations Or may move by a form of peristalsis Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15 Longitudinal muscle relaxed (extended) Circular muscle contracted Circular muscle relaxed Longitudinal muscle contracted Head 1 Bristles 2 3

16 30.1 Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion Flying Wings are airfoils that generate lift Flying is seen in birds, bats, and most insects Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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18 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. SKELETAL SUPPORT

19 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection Skeletons provide Body support Movement by working with muscles Protection of internal organs Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection Hydrostatic skeletons Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment Found in worms and cnidarians Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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22 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection Exoskeletons Hard external cases Chitinous, jointed skeletons of arthropods Calcium carbonate shells of molluscs Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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24 Shell (exoskeleton) Mantle

25 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection Endoskeletons Internal skeleton May be made of Cartilage or bone vertebrates Spicules sponges Hard plates echinoderms Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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28 30.3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme Human skeleton Axial skeleton Skull Vertebrae Ribs Appendicular skeleton Shoulder and pelvic girdles Arms and legs Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

29 Skull Shoulder girdle Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

30 Shoulder girdle Sternum Ribs Humerus Vertebra Clavicle Scapula Skull Radius Ulna Pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals

31 Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

32 Intervertebral discs 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae Hip bone 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx

33 30.3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme Vertebrate bodies reveal variations of this basic skeletal arrangement Master control (homeotic) genes Are active during early development Direct the arrangement of the skeleton Vertebrates have evolved by changes in these master control genes Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

34 Python Chicken Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Gene expression during development Hoxc6 Hoxc8 Hoxc6 and Hoxc8

35 30.4 Bones are complex living organs Cartilage at the ends of bones Cushions joints Reduces friction of movements Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

36 30.4 Bones are complex living organs Bone cells Live in a matrix of Flexible protein fibers Hard calcium salts Are kept alive by Blood vessels Hormones Nerves Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

37 30.4 Bones are complex living organs Long bones have A fat-storing central cavity Spongy bone Located at the ends of bones Contains bone marrow, the site of blood cell production Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

38 Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Spongy bone Compact bone Central cavity Yellow bone marrow Cartilage Blood vessels Fibrous connective tissue

39 30.5 CONNECTION: Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries Bone cells Repair bones Reshape bones throughout life Broken bones Are realigned and immobilized Bone cells build new bone, healing the break Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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41 30.5 CONNECTION: Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by Weak, porous bones Less likely if High levels of calcium in diet Regular exercise No smoking Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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43 30.6 Joints permit different types of movement Joints allow limited movement of bones Different joints permit various movements Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

44 Head of humerus Humerus Scapula Ulna Ulna Radius Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint

45 Head of humerus Scapula Ball-and-socket joint

46 Humerus Ulna Hinge joint

47 Ulna Radius Pivot joint

48 MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND MOVEMENT Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

49 30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement Muscles and bones interact to produce movement Muscles can only contract Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

50 30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement Antagonistic pairs of muscles Reverse actions Relengthen muscles Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

51 Biceps contracted, triceps relaxed (extended) Triceps contracted, biceps relaxed Biceps Biceps Triceps Tendon Triceps

52 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus Muscle fibers Are cells Consist of bundles of myofibrils Myofibrils contain overlapping Thick (myosin) filaments Thin (actin) filaments Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

53 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus Sarcomeres are Repeating groups of thick and thin filaments The contractile unit the fundamental unit of muscle action Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

54 Muscle Several muscle fibers Single muscle fiber (cell) Nuclei Plasma membrane Myofibril Light band Dark band Light band Z line Sarcomere Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin) Z line Sarcomere Z line

55 Muscle Several muscle fibers Single muscle fiber (cell) Plasma membrane Nuclei Myofibril Light band Dark band Light band Z line Sarcomere

56 Plasma membrane Myofibril Light band Dark band Light band Z line Sarcomere Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin) Z line Sarcomere Z line

57 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments The sliding-filament model explains muscle contraction Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

58 Relaxed muscle Z Sarcomere Dark band Z Contracting muscle Fully contracted muscle Contracted sarcomere

59 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments Myosin heads of the thick filaments Bind ATP and Extend to high-energy states Myosin heads then Attach to binding sites on the actin molecules and Pull the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

60 Thick filament Thin filaments Z line 1 Thin filament ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament Actin 2 ADP P Myosin head (highenergy configuration) 3 ADP P Cross-bridge ADP+ P New position Thin filament moves of Z line toward center of sarcomere. 4 Myosin head (lowenergy configuration)

61 1 Thin filament Thick filament ATP Z line Myosin head (low-energy)

62 1 2 Thin filament Thick filament ATP Actin ADP P Z line Myosin head (low-energy) Myosin head (high-energy)

63 1 2 Thin filament Thick filament ATP Actin ADP P Z line Myosin head (low-energy) Myosin head (high-energy) 3 ADP P Cross-bridge

64 1 2 Thin filament Thick filament ATP Actin ADP P Z line Myosin head (low-energy) Myosin head (high-energy) 3 ADP P Cross-bridge ADP + P 4 New position of Z line Myosin head (low-energy)

65 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction Motor neurons Carry action potentials That initiate muscle contractions Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

66 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction The axon of a motor neuron Forms synapses with a muscle At a neuromuscular junction Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

67 Motor neuron axon Synaptic terminal Action potential Mitochondrion T tubule Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Myofibril Plasma membrane Sarcomere Ca 2+ released from ER

68 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction Acetylcholine Is released from the synaptic terminal of a motor neuron Diffuses to the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

69 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction An action potential in a muscle fiber Passes along T tubules Into the center of muscle fiber Calcium ions Are released from the endoplasmic reticulum Initiate muscle contraction by moving regulatory proteins away from the actin binding sites Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

70 Tropomyosin Actin Ca 2+ -binding sites Troponin complex Myosin-binding sites blocked Ca 2+ Myosinbinding site Myosin-binding sites exposed

71 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction A motor unit consists of A neuron The set of muscle fibers it controls Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

72 Spinal cord Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2 Nerve Motor neuron cell body Motor neuron axon Synaptic terminals Muscle Nuclei Muscle fibers (cells) Tendon Bone

73 30.11 CONNECTION: Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise Aerobic exercise provides most of the ATP used to power muscle movement during exercise Aerobic exercise requires a steady supply of Glucose Oxygen Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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75 30.12 CONNECTION: Muscle fiber characteristics affect athletic performance Anaerobic exercise Generates ATP faster Is much less efficient at producing ATP Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

76 30.12 CONNECTION: Muscle fiber characteristics affect athletic performance Muscle fibers can be classified as Slow fibers Intermediate fibers Fast fibers Most muscles have a combination of fiber types The proportion of fiber types can be affected by exercise Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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78 30.12 CONNECTION: Muscle fiber characteristics affect athletic performance Muscles adapt to exercise by increasing Levels of myoglobin Number of mitochondria Number of capillaries going to muscles Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

79 Slow Intermediate Fast World- Class Sprinter Average Couch Potato Average Active Person Middle- Distance Runner World- Extreme Class Endurance Marathon Athlete Runner

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81 Sarcomere Myosin Actin

82 Animal movement must overcome forces of requires both gravity and friction hydrostatic skeleton (a) types are move parts of antagonistic pairs (b) usually in units of contraction are (c) (d) shorten as endoskeleton (e) made of myosin pulls actin filaments called sliding-filament model

83 You should now be able to 1. Compare the adaptations of humans and horses that increase speed 2. Describe the diverse methods of animal locomotion and the forces they must overcome 3. Describe the three main types of skeletons 4. Describe the complex structure of bone 5. Describe the causes of osteoporosis 6. Describe three types of joints Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

84 You should now be able to 7. Describe the structure and arrangement of the filaments found in a muscle cell 8. Explain how a muscle cell contracts 9. Describe the role of calcium in a muscle contraction 10. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic exercise 11. Compare the structure and functions of different muscle fiber types Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.