Upper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth With Spina Bifida
|
|
- Kory Tate
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY, O 1993 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Upper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth With Spina Bifida Kenneth Coutts, Donald McKenzie, Christine Loock, Richard Beauchamp, and Robert Armstrong University of British Columbia The purpose of this study was to describe the upper body exercise capabilities of youth with spina bifida, which would permit comparison of their abilities to norms. Forty-two children with spina bifida age 7 to 18 years were tested for maximal handgrip strength, anaerobic arm-crank power output, and peak arm-crank oxygen uptake. Analysis of variance was used to compare age, gender, and level of disability differences within the total sample. This analysis indicated no significant effect of level of disability on any of the upper body exercise capacity measures. Significant gender and age effects were noted for grip strength and anaerobic and aerobic capabilities. The sample exhibited handgrip strength comparable to that of nondisabled youth but low anaerobic power and peak oxygen uptake values. Some individual subjects, however, had "normal" values for all tests suggesting that a lower level of participation in regular physical activity rather than spina bifida per se may be responsible for the generally lower physical capacity found in the total sample. The purpose of this study was to quantify the exercise capacities and responses of children with spina bifida and to compare their performance abilities with those of nondisabled children. Bar-Or (1983) and Rowland (1990) provide comprehensive reviews of the information available on the general exercise responses of children and the effects of numerous chronic clinical conditions and illnesses on the exercise capacities of children. Studies on the disease-specific benefits of regular exercise in children with chronic diseases have also recently been reviewed by Bar-Or (1990). Winnick and Short (1985), in a comprehensive fitness study of youth with various disabilities, provide data on the influence of these disabilities on a number of basic muscular performance tests. No specific studies, however, have been found that investigate the influence of spina bifida on the exercise responses and physical performance capacities in children. Al- -- Coutts and McKenzie are with the School of Physical Education, University of British Columbia, 6081 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1. Loock and Armstrong are with the Department of Paediatrics, and Beauchamp is with the Department of Orthopaedics.
2 Exercise Capacity and Spina Bifida 23 though the loss of muscle function below the effective level of the spinal lesion directly affects motor performance, it is reasonable to suspect that general activity levels and patterns are also affected in children with spina bifida. The exercise capacity of intact, functional muscle groups may, thus, be indirectly affected in this population. Methods A volunteer sample of 42 children with spina bifida age 7 to 18 years (19 males, 23 females) were recruited from a total population of 120 registered with a regional spina bifida clinic. Informed consent was obtained for each subject on a form approved by the institution's ethical review committee. The exercise response and physical performance measurements represented a portion of the total data collected on the sample during this project. The exercise response measurements were performed over a 2-hr period during a single visit to the laboratory due to practical limitations of subject availability. That is, the tests were carried out in conjunction with a subject's periodic visit to the clinic, and many of the subjects were only available for this format of data collection. Initially, the weight, age, and functional level of disability of the subject were determined. A functional level of ability was used and subjects were classified as normal ambulation (low spinal lesion), ambulation with assistive devices (midspinal lesion), or manual wheelchair (high spinal lesion) based on the subjects' normal means of locomotion. Three physical performance tests involving upper body musculature were then administered in the following order: maximal handgrip strength for both right and left hands, a Wingate 30-s anaerobic power test, and a continuous, progressive maximal oxygen uptake test. A minimum rest period of 5 min occurred between the handgrip and the anaerobic power test followed by a 30-min rest before the maximal oxygen uptake determination. A calibrated hand dynamometer with adjustable grip strength was used to measure the grip strength, and the higher value from two trials with each hand was recorded. A Monarch cycle ergometer was modified for arm cranking for the anaerobic power test. The modifications to the ergometer included replacing the pedals with handgrips, using a lighter pendulum weight so that full-scale resistance was 3.5 kg rather than 7 kg with a calibrated scale read to the nearest.25 kg, and mounting the ergometer on a table so that the crank shaft was at or slightly below the sitting shoulder height of the subject. Flywheel revolutions of the ergometer were recorded every 5 s through use of a computer data acquisition system, and power outputs were calculated from the recorded revolutions and resistance setting. Per the recommendations of Bar-Or (1987), the ergometer resistance was initially set at 0.05 kg per kilogram of body mass to the nearest.25 kg with adjustment to a lighter resistance for subjects unable to attain or maintain reasonable cranking speeds ( crank rpm). Following a warm-up period, the subject was instructed to achieve close to maximal speed against a light resistance, and then to give maximal effort for the 30-s test period once the test resistance was applied to the ergometer. Subjects were verbally encouraged and informed of the elapsed time throughout the test. The peak power (highest value over any 5-s interval) and the average power output over the entire 30 s were determined for each subject.
3 24 Coutts, McKenzie, Loock, Beauchamp, and Armstrong The maximal oxygen uptake test involved continuous, progressive exercise on an arm crank ergometer by the subject with power output increments of 16 W every 2 min. In an attempt to standardize the total exercise time and follow the general guidelines for maximal oxygen uptake determination in children (Bar- Or, 1987), we estimated the maximal aerobic power output as 60-70% of the subject's peak anaerobic power and set the initial power output two increments below this estimate so that subjects would attain their maximal aerobic power output and oxygen uptake during the third stage or between 4 to 6 min of exercise. Because the estimated maximal aerobic power for some of the younger subjects was below 48 W (i.e., three stages of 16, 32, and 48 W), the initial resistance and increments were scaled down proportionally. We used criteria of a peak heart rate of 160 beats per minute or higher, a respiratory exchange ratio greater than 1.0, and a plateau in oxygen uptake (increase of less than 3 ml/kg/ min) from the penultimate to the last minute of exercise to ascertain that a peak oxygen uptake was attained by each subject. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the sum of right and left handgrip strength, peak and average anaerobic power, peak oxygen uptake, and peak aerobic power in absolute values and relative to body mass. Heart rate, minute ventilation, ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEQ), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen pulse, and exercise time for the peak oxygen uptake test were also determined. Subjects were grouped by gender (male vs. female), age (7-12 vs years), and level of disability (ambulatory vs. assisted ambulatory vs. manual wheelchair user) for comparison purposes, and we used a three-way univariate analysis of variance to explore group differences using the.05 level of significance. Correlations of test result variables with body mass were also determined to assist in the interpretation of the data. Results In the initial three-way analysis of variance, no significant levels of disability effects were noted in any of the variables; the groups were collapsed across this factor, and a two-way analysis that used just the gender and age factors was carried out. Table 1 presents the data for the handgrip strength for these groupings. The analysis of variance for absolute handgrip strength (kg) indicated significant gender (F = 6.57, df = 1,38, p<.05), age (F = 32.89, df = 1,38, p<.05), and interaction (F = 12.54, df = 1,38,p<.05) effects. Analysis of the simple effects showed that the gender difference was present only in the older age group (F = 17.96, df = 1,17, p<.05) and the age difference was due to the male group (F = 72.37, df = 1,17, p<.05), reflecting the greater strength increase with age for the male subjects. Relative to body mass (kgkg), grip strength exhibited only a significant gender difference (F = 8.47, df = 1,38, p<.05) with the males having the higher values. The peak absolute anaerobic power (W) presented in Table 2 showed significant gender (F = 6.70, df = 1,38, p<.05), age (F = 16.86, df = 1,38, p<.05), and interaction (F = 7.70, df = 1,38, p<.05) effects, and the relative pe k power measure (Wkg) exhibited similar gender (F = 12.68, df = 1,38, p<.05?, age (F = 9.28, df = 1.38, p<.05), and interaction (F = 6.27, df = 1,38, p<.05) effects. The gender difference in absolute and relative peak power was due to a significant difference in the older age group (F = 7.35, df = 1,17, p<.05 and F = 7.65, df =
4 Exercise Capacity and Spina Bifida Table 1 Handgrip Strength (M*SEM) Age Mass Handgrip Sum of right and left (years) Gender n (kg) (kg) (kg/kg) Table 2 Anaerobic Power (MkSEM) Age Peak power Average power (years) Gender (W) (W/kg) (w) (WIkg) 1,17, p<.05, respectively), whereas the age effect was attributed to the male group (F = 13.32, df 1,17, p<.05 and F = 9.12, df = 1,17, p<.05, respectively). Thus the interaction effect reflects a larger increase with age in the male group. Average anaerobic power showed a pattern of between-group differences similar to peak power with significant gender (F = 6.7.7, df = 1,38, p<.05 and F = 12.44, df = 1,38, p<.05), age (F = 18.74, df = 1,38, p<.05 and F = 8.76, df = 1,38, p<.05) and interaction (F = 8.54, df = 1,38, p<.05 and F = 6.35, df = 1,38, p<.05) effects for the absolute (W) and relative (Wkg) values, respectively. The gender effects were accounted for by the older age group (F = 8.23, df = 1,17, p<.05 and F = 12.63, df = 1,17, p<.05) and the age effects by the male group (F = 16.02, df = 1,17, p<.05 and F = 10.09, df = 1,17, p<.05) indicating again that the interaction effects in average anaerobic power (absolute and relative values) were due to a significant increase with age in the male group. The results of the peak oxygen uptake test for subjects who met one or more of the criteria of the test are shown in Table 3, with Table 4 indicating values for a number of physiological variables during the attainment of peak oxygen uptake. The mean exercise times indicated that peak oxygen uptake was reached in the third stage of the progressive loading protocol ( s) for all groups with no significant differences between the groups. Individual subjects
5 Coutts, McKenzie, Loock, Beauchamp, and Armstrong Table 3 Peak Oxygen Uptake (M+SEM) Age Exercise Power output Oxygen uptake (years) Gender n time (s) (W) (Wlkg) (Umin) (mllkglmin) Table 4 Physiological Data at Peak Oxygen Uptake (MSEM) Age Heart rate V,BTPS VEQ 0,pulse (years) Gender (beatslmin) (Umin) RER (UL) (mllbeat) had exercise times ranging from 180 to 480 s (3-8 min). Absolute power output (W) at peak oxygen uptake showed significant age (F = 9.88, df = 1,25, p<.05) and interaction (F = 8.04, df = 1,25, p<.05) effects with the significant increase with age in the males (F = 16.03, df = 1,13, p<.05) accounting for these effects. The only significant effect for the relative power output (W/kg) was for gender (F = 6.57, df = 1,25, p<.05), reflecting the higher male values. Analyses of the differences between groups in the peak absolute and relative oxygen uptake values showed results similar to the aerobic power output results, with significant age (F = 9.69, df = 1,25, p<.05) and interaction (F = 8.93, df = 1,25, p<.05) effects noted in the absolute value (Llmin) and only a gender effect (F = 3.96, df = 1,25, p<.05) in the relative measure (ml/kg/min). The higher absolute peak oxygen uptake of the older male group (F = 14.95, df = 1,13, p<.05) was responsible for the noted age and interaction effects in this variable. Analysis of the physiological data in Table 4 indicated no group differences in peak heart rate, RER, or the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen. Minute ventilation and oxygen pulse values exhibited no overall gender difference, but both variables exhibited significant age (F = 13.51, df = 1,25, p<.05 and F = 6.00, df = 1,25, p<.05, respectively) and interaction (F = 8.65, df = 1,25, p<.05 and F = 8.00, df = 1,25, p<.05) effects. Both effects were attributable to the higher,
6 Exercise Capacity and Spina Biiida 27 older male group values for ventilation (F = , df = 1,13, p<.05) and oxygen pulse (F = 11.03, df = 1,13, p<.05). Discussion The use of upper body muscle performance and exercise tests provided a practical means of evaluating the functional abilities of intact muscle groups in subjects with spina bifida regardless of level of disability. The tests were generally well tolerated with good cooperation from the subjects. All subjects were able to complete the handgrip and Wingate anaerobic power tests, but only 29 of the 42 subjects successfully completed the peak oxygen uptake test. Four subjects were unable to tolerate the mouthpiece used in this test, which may reflect the heightened gag reflex associated with spina bifida and which suggests that use of a face mask breathing valve should be considered in future studies of this population. Nine additional subjects did not meet any of the criteria for reaching peak oxygen uptake. Eight of these nine subjects were in the younger age group (7-12 years), and the apparent reason for the early termination of the test in these subjects was local muscle fatigue. The necessity of using a single laboratory visit with only a 30-min recovery period following the 30-s anaerobic test may have contributed to early fatigue in the aerobic test in some subjects. Also, the guidelines for maximal oxygen uptake testing in children presented by Bar-Or (1983) are based on experience with lower limb (treadmill or cycle ergometer) testing, and their appropriateness for testing upper body aerobic function is open to question. Winnick and Short (1985) reported mean values for the sum of right and left handgrip strength for nondisabled boys ranging from 32 kg for 10- to 11- year-olds to 86 kg for 16- to 17-year-olds, whereas for the same age groups, the values for nondisabled girls went from 25 kg to 53 kg. The handgrip strength of the young subjects with spina bifida in this study appeared to be reasonably consistent with these normative values with a similar larger increase in strength with age for the male subjects. The analysis of the peak and average anaerobic power results indicated the large increase in anaerobic function generally found (Bar-Or, 1983; Inbar & Bar- Or, 1986) over the age range of the subjects. It was apparent that the male subjects showed much greater increases even in the power outputs relative to their greater increases in body mass. The anaerobic power values of the male subjects with spina bifida, however, were well below the means for a Wingate arm test reported by Inbar and Bar-Or (1986). They found peak power values of about 150 W for males under 10 years old, which increased with age up to 375 W for 16- to 18-year-olds, but it is not clear that their sample was representative of the nondisabled population, so this comparison should be viewed with caution. A few of the male subjects in the present study did achieve anaerobic power outputs similar to these previously reported values, indicating that spina bifida, per se, may not limit the development of anaerobic power in functional muscle groups, which is a reasonable expectation. The relatively low average values, therefore, may reflect a low level of the regular physical activity needed to develop the anaerobic capabilities in these subjects. The aerobic capacities of the subjects in the present study were also deemed to be below average in comparison to data that indicate treadmill maximal oxygen
7 28 Coutts, McKenzie, Loock, Beauchamp, and Armstrong uptakes of about 50 ml/kg/min for males aged 6 to 16 and a value moving from the high 40s to the low 40s in females aged 6 to 16 (Bar-Or, 1983). This difference from normative data did not appear to be as large as the anaerobic power differences, but Bar-Or (1983) cautioned that his norms should be interpreted "merely as guidelines" because they were not established on the basis of a normative study. This comparison is also tenuous due to the use of average correction factors to convert maximal treadmill oxygen uptake values into peak arm crank values (peak arm crank values representing about 65% of maximal treadmill values; Astrand & Rodahl, 1986). Thus, a normative maximal treadmill oxygen uptake of 50 ml/kg/min would be converted to a peak arm crank value of 32.5 ml/kg/min, which is about 30% higher than the 25 ml/kg/min found in the subjects with spina bifida. However, six of the male subjects attained peak oxygen uptakes greater than 30 ml/kg/ min, with 36.6 ml/kg/min being the highest value recorded. These higher male values occurred in subjects who were normally ambulatory without assistive devices (n = 3) or who used manual wheelchairs (n = 3), which suggests that their normal activities were more conducive to the development of their upper body aerobic capacities than the subjects who ambulated with the aid of assistive braces. Within the limits of the testing procedures and sample used in this study and the validity of the norms, the tests of upper body muscle function and exercise responses in a sample of young subjects with spina bifida indicated normal strength performance, extremely low anaerobic capabilities, and slightly low aerobic capacities. The performances of some subjects, however, were comparable to normative data, suggesting that increased activity and training could improve their muscular and cardiovascular functional abilities. References Astrand, P.O., & Rodahl, K. (1986). Textbook of workphysiology. New York: McGraw- Hill. Bar-Or, 0. (1983). Pediatric sports medicine for the practitioner: From physiologic principles to clinical applications. New York: Springer-Verlag. Bar-Or, 0. (1987). Importance of differences between children and adults for exercise testing and exercise prescription. In J.S. Skinner (Ed.), Exercise testing and exercise prescription for special cases: Theoretical basis and clinical application (pp ). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Bar-Or, 0. (1990). Disease-specific benefits of training in the child with a chronic disease: What is the evidence? Pediatric Exercise Science, 2, Inbar, O., & Bar-Or, 0. (1986). Anaerobic characteristics in male children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 18, Rowland, T.P. (1990). Exercise and children's health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Winnick, J.P., & Short, F.X. (1985). Physical fitness testing of the disabled: Project unique. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Samaria K. Cooper. Ball State University
Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Samaria K. Cooper Ball State University School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science Advanced Physiology 493s1 Dr. Anthony D. Mahon 6 December
More informationSPORT & MEDICAL PRODUCT RANGE
SPORT & MEDICAL PRODUCT RANGE MONARK LC7TT The ultimate research and performance analysis tool. The LC7TT is equipped with Shimano Di2 gear shifters which allow the cyclist to individually adjust the resistance
More informationHands on Sports Therapy KNOWLEDGE REVIEW QUESTIONS 2004 Thomson Learning It can help to shape a basic fitness training programme
Hands on Sports Therapy KNOWLEDGE REVIEW QUESTIONS 2004 Thomson Learning 1 CHAPTER 13 Knowledge Review Q1: Why is fitness testing useful? A1: Fitness testing is useful for various reasons: 1. It can help
More informationLab Six: Maximal Exercise. Stephanie Smith. University of Otago. PHSE 203: Exercise Physiology. Due 5pm Monday, 9 th May 2011.
Lab 6 PP4, S Smith, 1 LAB REPORT SIX Lab Six: Maximal Exercise Stephanie Smith University of Otago PHSE 203: Exercise Physiology Due 5pm Monday, 9 th May 2011 Lab Stream: PP4 E-mail: smitsm31@suny.oneonta.edu
More informationMetabolic Calculations
Metabolic Calculations Chapter 5 and Appendix D Importance of Metabolic Calculations It is imperative that the exercise physiologist is able to interpret test results and estimate energy expenditure. Optimizing
More informationExercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation?
Exercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation? Marshall B. Dunning III, Ph.D., M.S. Professor of Medicine & Physiology Medical College of Wisconsin What is exercise? Physical activity
More informationChapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise
Chapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise Slide Show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College 3.26.13
More informationAEROBIC METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS This chapter begins with a description of the measurement of aerobic metabolism by direct calorimetry and spirometry and proceeds with a discussion of oxygen drift as it occurs in submaximal exercise
More informationPathophysiology Department
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE - PLOVDIV Pathophysiology Department 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd. Tel. +359 32 602311 Algorithm for interpretation of submaximal exercise tests in children S. Kostianev 1, B. Marinov
More informationTHIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS
THIS MATERIAL IS A SUPPLEMENTAL TOOL. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN YOUR TEXT AND/OR STUDENT HAND-BOOKS. REVIEW CHAPTERS 8, 9, 10, and 12 OF TEXT BOOK Homework Review; Lab 1 Review
More informationFITNESS ASSESSMENT AND INDIVIDUAL FITNESS INSTRUCTION Assess individual levels of physical performance
1 of 8 level: 4 credit: 4 planned review date: December 2002 sub-field: purpose: entry information: accreditation option: moderation option: Fitness People credited with this unit standard are able to:
More informationJournal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire
Predicting Maximal Heart Rate 15 Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Volume 2 Number 1 December 2006
More informationFitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake
Fitting a Single-Phase Model to the Post-Exercise Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake R. STUPNICKI, T. GABRYŚ, U. SZMATLAN-GABRYŚ, P. TOMASZEWSKI University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland Summary
More informationCHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter discussed and interpreted the results of the study presented in the previous chapters. It is concluded in three parts. The first part
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for Prediction of VO2max Using a Modified Astrand (1960) Protocol
Standard Operating Procedure for Prediction of VO2max Using a Modified Astrand (1960) Protocol Effective date: 31.10.2016 Review due date: 30.08.2018 Original Author Name: Richard Metcalfe Position: Ph.
More informationFractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age
PEDIATRIC EXERCISE SCIENCE, 1989,1, 271-277 Fractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age Gary S. Krahenbuhl, Robert P. Pangrazi, William J. Stone, Don W. Morgan, and
More informationEffect of Psycho-physical Stress on the Preference of Non- Athletic Youths for Intermittent or Continuous Bench- Stepping
ISSN 1750-9823 (print) International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering Vol. 03 (2009) No. 01, pp. 022-026 Effect of Psycho-physical Stress on the Preference of Non- Athletic Youths for Intermittent
More informationThe Effect of External Versus Internal Types of Feedback and Goal Setting on Endurance Performance
September, 2007 Volume 9, Issue 3 The Effect of External Versus Internal Types of Feedback and Goal Setting on Endurance Performance Marios Goudas, Yannis Theodorakis, University of Thessaly, Greece &
More informationSTRENGTH & CONDITIONING
Introduction to player profiling Introduction We have previously described the demands of the sevens game for both men and women. We noted that conditioning for the game should take into account the increased
More information23 February Dear Parents/Guardians. University of Winchester Sports and Exercise Consultancy Unit
Bishop Wordsworth's Church of England Grammar School for Boys is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales. Registered number: 07525856. 23 February 2016 Dear Parents/Guardians University
More informationRELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS
RELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS Kirsten Hendrickson, B.S. John P. Porcari, Ph.D. Carl Foster,
More informationBUFFALO CONCUSSION BIKE TEST (BCBT) INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Purpose BUFFALO CONCUSSION BIKE TEST (BCBT) INSTRUCTION MANUAL To investigate exercise tolerance in patients with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS) lasting more than 2-4 weeks. The definition of
More informationEffect of Exercise at the AT Point for Children with Cerebral Palsy
63 Effect of Exercise at the AT Point for Children with Cerebral Palsy Taka-aki Shinohara, M.D., Nobuharu Suzuki, M.D., Ph.D., Michinari Oba, M.D., Motoaki Kawasumi, M.D., Mamori Kimizuka, M.D., and Katsumi
More information(Astrand and Saltin 1961, Balke 1963, Cooper 1968,
24 Brit.J.Sports Med.: 1979, 13, 24-28 A STUDY OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE AND HEART RATE DURING WORK AND RECOVERY AS MEASURED ON CYCLE ERGOMETER ON NATIONAL INDIAN SPORTSMEN S. K. VERMA,1 MSc, L. S. SIDHU,2
More informationt Departments of Physiology and Anaesthesia, University of Toronto,
J. Physiol. (1977), 272, pp. 553-561 553 With 3 text-figure Printed in Great Britain THE ENTRAINMENT OF BREATHING FREQUENCY BY EXERCISE RHYTHM BY R. R. BECHBACHE* AND J. DUFFINt * From the Department of
More informationTHE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN. Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of
0 1 2 THE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2000 APPROVED:
More informationWorking Capacity of Deaf, and Visually and Mentally Handicapped Children*
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1971, 48, 490. Working Capacity of Deaf, and Visually and Mentally Handicapped Children* G. R. CUMMING, D. GOULDING, and G. BAGGLEY From The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg
More informationGEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY School of Recreation, Health, and Tourism. KINE 350-C01: Exercise Prescription and Programming (3) Summer 2015
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY School of Recreation, Health, and Tourism KINE 350-C01: Exercise Prescription and Programming (3) Summer 2015 DAY/TIME: M-Th 12:30-2:45 pm LOCATION: Bull Run Hall 246 PROFESSOR:
More informationSUMMARY. Applied exercise physiology in rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy
S SUMMARY Applied exercise physiology in rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy Summary Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of physical disability in childhood. CP is defined as a group
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for Cycle Ergometry on Monarks
Standard Operating Procedure for Cycle Ergometry on Monarks Effective date: 26.07.2017 Review due date: 26.04.2019 Original Author Name: Richard Metcalfe Position: Ph.D. Student Date: 14.12.2012 Reviewer
More information14 Week Deep Water Exercise Program Improves Components of Fitness Rosie Barretta, PhD
1 Background 14 Week Deep Water Exercise Program Improves Components of Fitness Rosie Barretta, PhD This study was conducted as a doctoral dissertation at the University of New Mexico in 1993; and, later
More informationEndurance ability characteristics of professional sportsmen
Proceeding 6th INSHS International Christmas Sport Scientific Conference, 11-14 December 2011. International Network of Sport and Health Science. Szombathely, Hungary Endurance ability characteristics
More informationEffect of different intensities of aerobic training on vital capacity of middle aged obese men
ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 2 Number 8 (August-2014) pp. 85-90 www.ijcrar.com Effect of different intensities of aerobic training on vital capacity of middle aged obese men M.Muralikrishna and P.V. Shelvam*
More informationREB SOP 04 Page 1 of 6. VO 2 Max - Maximal Oxygen Uptake Testing. Short Title. Effective Date July 4, Approved by REB July 4, 2017
REB SOP 04 Page 1 of 6 Short Title VO 2 Max Testing Effective Date July 4, 2017 Approved by REB July 4, 2017 Version Number 1 A. PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND A graded maximal exertion test is used to determine
More informationCardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Cystic Fibrosis
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Cystic Fibrosis Owen Tomlinson MSc, AFHEA Children s Health & Exercise Research Centre University of Exeter James Shelley MSc Physical Activity Exchange Liverpool John
More informationProducts for life and performance.
Products for life and performance 1 The Monark brand was founded over a century ago and over the years has become established as one of the leading manufacturers of bikes, exercise and sports medicine
More informationJournal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research
Elliptical: Forward vs. Backward 25 Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research Official Research Journal of the Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Volume 2 Number 2 May 2007
More informationTitle : Adaptation to exercise
Title : Adaptation to exercise Teacher: Magdalena Gibas MD PhD Coll. Anatomicum, 6 Święcicki Street, Dept. of Physiology I. Exercise physiology 1. The acute and chronic responses to exercise depend upon
More informationChapter 14 Training Muscles to Become Stronger
Chapter 14 Training Muscles to Become Stronger Slide Show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College 11.22.11 Objectives 1. Describe the following four methods to
More informationExercise Prescription Certificate Course
Exercise Prescription Certificate Course Session 2: Principles and Frameworks for Exercise Prescription Dr. Raymond CHAN Hoi-fai MBChB (DUNDEE), MSc Sports Medicine (Glasg), MScSMHS(CUHK), MSpMed (New
More informationPaula Radcliffe is an English marathon runner
EXCLUSIVE ACE SPONSORED RESEARCH Validity of the Talk Test in Identifying the Respiratory Compensation Threshold By Maria L. Cress, M.S., John P. Porcari, Ph.D., Carl Foster, Ph.D., Pedro Recalde, M.S.,
More informationThe reliability of a peak VO2 test protocol for running in the water with wet vest
The reliability of a peak VO 2 test protocol for running in the water with wet vest Robert K. Stallman 1, Bjarte Vik 1, Per-Ludvik Kjendlie 1 1 Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway This study
More informationDIFFERENCE IN MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO 2 max) DETERMINED BY INCREMENTAL AND RAMP TESTS
STUDIES IN PHYSICAL CULTURE AND TOURISM Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010 MIŁOSZ CZUBA, ADAM ZAJĄC, JAROSŁAW CHOLEWA, STANISŁAW POPRZĘCKI, ROBERT ROCZNIOK The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice,
More informationA Comparison of Asynchronous and Synchronous Arm Cranking During the Wingate Test
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2011, 6, 419-426 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. A Comparison of Asynchronous and Synchronous Arm Cranking During the Wingate Test Dale I. Lovell,
More informationcardiac output and V02 have been observed to maintain a linear relationship during graded cycle ergometry
204 U- K. Niemela Brit. J. Sports Med. - Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1980, pp. 204-209 I. Palatsi J. Takkunen THE OXYGEN UPTAKE - WORK-OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP OF RUNNERS DURING GRADED CYCLING EXERCISE: SPRINTERS
More informationExeter Clinical and Health Research
Exeter Clinical and Health Research Standard Operating Procedure: 10 Second Wingate Test SOP Number: NIHRexe255REJUVENATE Version Number & Date: V1.0 22/12/2016 Review Date: 22/06/2017 Superseded Version
More informationPhysical Fitness Profiles Among National Powerlifters With Disabilities
Jurnal Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia Volume 3. Edisi 1. Juli 2013. ISSN: 2088-6802 Artikel Penelitian http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/miki Physical Fitness Profiles Among National Powerlifters
More informationmicroprocessor controlled eddy current brake Load / accuracy Watt, speed independent / according to DIN VDE
Technical data Ergometer for cardiac rehabilitation Brake system microprocessor controlled eddy current brake Load / accuracy 6-999 Watt, speed independent / according to DIN VDE 0750-238 Speed range 30-130
More informationFitness Testing for Sport and Exercise
Unit 8: Fitness Testing for Sport and Exercise Unit code: QCF Level 3: Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose A/502/5630 BTEC National The aim of this unit is to enable learners to
More information"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations"
"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations" Dott. Anna Baraldo Phd Course In Science of Physical Exercise and Human Movement - 24 Department of Neurological
More informationINFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS Dr. B. Chittibabu Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University,
More informationANAEROBIC POWER ACROSS ADOLESCENCE IN SOCCER PLAYERS
2011, vol. 12 (4), 342 347 ANAEROBIC POWER ACROSS ADOLESCENCE IN SOCCER PLAYERS doi: 10.2478/v10038-011-0039-1 PANTELIS Theo NIKOLAÏDIS Hellenic Army Academy, Athens, Greece Abstract Purpose. Although
More informationEffect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists
Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Undergraduate Library Research Award ULRA Awards Effect of Training Mode on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery of Trained Cyclists Kelia
More informationThe Effects of Upper -Body and Lower -Body Fatigue on Standing Balance
The Effects of Upper -Body and Lower -Body Fatigue on Standing Balance F. Cogswell 1, B. Dietze 1, F. Huang 1 1 School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario No conflicts of interest declared.
More informationCOMPARISON OF OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND OXYGEN DEFICIT IN SEVERELY OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2005) 4, 430-436 http://www.jssm.org Research article COMPARISON OF OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND OXYGEN DEFICIT IN SEVERELY OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL WEIGHT ADOLESCENT
More informationMAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance
MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance Presented by Coaching and Sports Science Division of the United States Olympic Committee Revised July 2004 MAXIMAL AEROBIC
More informationVertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis
PDHPE Student Activities Comes to Life Energy Systems and Athlete Performance Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to
More informationCHAPTER 10 PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Jennifer L. Caputo
CHAPTER 10 PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Jennifer L. Caputo Chapter Objectives Cover the key features of the subdiscipline of physiology of physical activity and employment opportunities available to
More informationShort Term Influences of Transfer Training Among Full Time Pediatric Wheelchair Users: A Randomized Trial
Short Term Influences of Transfer Training Among Full Time Pediatric Wheelchair Users: A Randomized Trial Laura A Rice, Jennifer Dysterheft, Ethan Sanders & Ian Rice Department of Kinesiology and Community
More informationConcurrent Verbal Encouragement and Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performance in Females: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes
Original Research Concurrent Verbal Encouragement and Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performance in Females: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes DYANA L. BULLINGER* 1, CHRISTOPHER M. HEARON 2, STACEY A. GAINES 2,
More informationA New Single Workbout Test to Estimate Critical Power and Anaerobic Work Capacity
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of 5-2011 A New Single Workbout
More informationThe effects of music tempo on cycling performance. R. Appell, K. Carnes, S. Haase, C. Haia, E. Smith, K. Smith, and J. Walsh
The effects of music tempo on cycling performance R. Appell, K. Carnes, S. Haase, C. Haia, E. Smith, K. Smith, and J. Walsh Department of Exercise Science, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258. Address
More informationIndirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for Evaluating Physical Fitness in a Training Cycle
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 50/2016, 187-194 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0155 187 Section III Sports Training Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for
More informationThe purpose of this article is to describe modifications
Adapted Physical Education Physical Activity Assessments for Individuals With Disabilities by Jeanine Fittipaldi-Wert and Sheri J. Brock The purpose of this article is to describe modifications to physical
More informationCARDIO-RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN NORMAL CHILDREN
Clinical Science (1971) 40, 419431. CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN NORMAL CHILDREN S. GODFREY, C. T. M. DAVIES, E. WOZNIAK AND CAROLYN A. BARNES Institute of Diseases of the Chest, London, and
More informationDIGEST. Do Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Display Memory Differences? Movement Activities for an Integrated Preschool Program
DIGEST ADAPTED PHYSICALACTIVITY QUAATERLY, 1999,16,187-191 O 1999 Human Kinetics Publishers, lnc. Do Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Display Memory Differences? Researchers compared the difference
More information16. Exercise Energetics
16. Exercise The performance of muscular exercise not only throws a strain on the musculoskeletal system itself but it also tests the reserves of virtually every system in the body. Exercising muscles
More informationA Non-Exercise Based Estimation of the Critical Running Velocity and Anaerobic Running Capacity in Competitive Runners
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion Kinesiology and Health Promotion 2016 A Non-Exercise Based Estimation of the Critical Running Velocity and Anaerobic
More informationComparative Study of Maximum Aerobic Capacity by Three Ergometries in Untrained College Women. Satlpatl CHATTERJEE and Bandana
Japanese Journal of Physiology, 36, 151-162, 1986 Comparative Study of Maximum Aerobic Capacity by Three Ergometries in Untrained College Women Satlpatl CHATTERJEE and Bandana CHAKRAVARTI Sports and Exercise
More informationSteven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP
Ashley Wagner, Sochi 2014 www.gotceleb.com Steven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP Adjunct Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota http://saliterman.umn.edu/ Aerobic (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
More informationCardiopulmonary Physical Therapy. Haneul Lee, DSc, PT
Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Haneul Lee, DSc, PT A comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation program should incorporate the following components : Patient assessment and goal-setting Exercise and functional
More informationSUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION
SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION Dr Saari MohamadYatim M.D Rehabilitation Physician Hospital Serdang APCCRC, Hong Kong, 6-9 Nov 2014
More informationA DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA:
A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDURANCE IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY USING TWO DIFFERENT TRAINING METHODS ALONG WITH PRANAYAMA: INTRODUCTION: Training: The word Training has been a part of human language
More informationStudy on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load
Study on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load Virginija Bertašiūtė 1, Algė Daunoravičienė 2, Kristina Berškienė 3, Roza Joffe 4, Alfonsas Vainoras 5 1, 2, 3
More informationdifferentiate between the various types of muscle contractions; describe the factors that influence strength development;
CHAPTER 6 Muscles at Work After completing this chapter you should be able to: differentiate between the various types of muscle contractions; describe the factors that influence strength development;
More informationFitness and You. What is Physical Fitness? 3/10/ health related components of physical fitness
Fitness and You What is Physical Fitness? True fitness is maintaining recommended levels of activity and proper nutrition to allow achievement of fitness standards in ALL 5 COMPONENTS OF FITNESS. 5 health
More informationNr 11 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETER TEST FOR ESTIMATION OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
A v h a n d l i n g s s e r i e f ö r G y m n a s t i k - o c h i d r o t t s h ö g s k o l a n Nr 11 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETER TEST FOR ESTIMATION OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
More informationChapter 21: Clinical Exercise Testing Procedures
Publisher link: thepoint http://thepoint.lww.com/book/show/2930 Chapter 21: Clinical Exercise Testing Procedures American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM's resource manual for guidelines for exercise
More informationEffect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 38 No. 1, January/February 2001 Pages 7 11 Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees T. Chin,
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSES OF TRAINED ARABIAN AND THOROUGHBRED HORSES DURING HIGH AND LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE
COMPARISON OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSES OF TRAINED ARABIAN AND THOROUGHBRED HORSES DURING HIGH AND LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE A. Prince, R. Geor, P. Harris, K. Hoekstra, S. Gardner, C. Hudson, J. Pagan, Kentucky
More informationThe optimal braking force (resistance) should elicit the
Testing peak cycling performance: effects of braking force during growth ERIC DORÉ, MARIO BEDU, NANCI M. FRANÇA, OUSMANE DIALLO, PASCALE DUCHÉ, and EMMANUEL VAN PRAAGH UFR STAPS, Université Blaise Pascal,
More informationEffects of Active Hyperthermia on Upper- and Lower-Extremity Anaerobic Muscular Power Objective: Design and Setting: Participants: Measurements:
Effects of Active Hyperthermia on Upper- and Lower-Extremity Anaerobic Muscular Power Sean E. Garvey, Michelle A. Cleary, Lindsey E. Eberman, and Zevon Stubblefield Florida International University, Miami,
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING FROM CHILD TO ADULT
DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING FROM CHILD TO ADULT James Veale B.App.Sci. HONS PhD Research Student Exercise Physiology AIS/AFL Academy U17 Strength & Conditioning Coach james.veale@live.vu.edu.au 1 INTRODUCTION
More informationInternational Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports
INVESTIGATION OF VARIED INTENSITY INTERVAL SPRINT TRAINING AND DETRAINING IMPACT ON SELECTED SPEED PARAMETERS Y. Wise Blessed Singh a,* a Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai
More informationNZQA Expiring unit standard version 2 Page 1 of 5. Demonstrate knowledge of exercise physiology and human anatomy
Page 1 of 5 Title Demonstrate knowledge of exercise physiology and human anatomy Level 3 Credits 10 Purpose People credited with this unit standard are able to: explain the nervous system and its functions;
More informationFOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Chapter 13 FOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING WILLIAM ESCHENBACHER, MD* INTRODUCTION AEROBIC METABOLISM ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
More informationYear 12 BTEC L3 Sport ( )
Programme of Study Teacher A UNIT 5- Application of Fitness Testing UNIT 5- Application of fitness ing Unit introduction A1: Validity of fitness s Understand what validity means and the application to
More informationStudent Guide Module 4: Pediatric Trauma
Student Guide Module 4: Pediatric Trauma Problem based learning exercise objectives Understand how to manage traumatic injuries in mass casualty events. Discuss the features and the approach to pediatric
More informationJEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
Optimal Duration of VO 2 max Testing 1 JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Official Journal of The American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) ISSN 1097-9751 An International Electronic
More informationRole of Aerobic Exercise in Post-polio Syndrome. Dr. Jülide Öncü,MD İstanbul Sisli Etfal Teaching Hospital
Role of Aerobic Exercise in Post-polio Syndrome Dr. Jülide Öncü,MD İstanbul Sisli Etfal Teaching Hospital julide.oncu@sislietfal.gov.tr Why is aerobic exercise important? Post-polio symptoms Impaired functional
More informationRepeatability of measurements of oxygen consumption, heart rate and Borg's scale in men during ergometer cycling.
Repeatability of measurements of oxygen consumption, heart rate and Borg's scale in men during ergometer cycling. Wergel-Kolmert, Ulla; Wisén, Anita; Wohlfart, Björn Published in: Clinical Physiology and
More informationThe Science of Sustained Excellence
Theory of Monitoring Annual Training Progression with Physical Testing to Prevent Injury and Improve Performance By Troy Purdom, PhD & Kyle Levers, PhD CSCS The Science of Sustained Excellence July 22,
More informationThe effects of Aerobic Exercise vs. Progressive Resisted Exercise on body composition in obese children Dr.U.Ganapathy Sankar, Ph.
The effects of Aerobic Exercise vs. Progressive Resisted Exercise on body composition in obese children Dr.U.Ganapathy Sankar, Ph.D Dean I/C, SRM College of Occupational Therapy, SRMUniversity, Kattankulathur,
More informationAerobic and Anaerobic Characteristics of Competitive Junior Cyclists
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2006 Aerobic and Anaerobic Characteristics of Competitive Junior Cyclists John William
More information2006 HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS TESTING GUIDELINES
2006 HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS TESTING GUIDELINES Health-related fitness education is an important component of a physical education program. A well-designed fitness assessment process provides students,
More informationA New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology
Journal of Advanced Sport Technology 1(3):28-34 Received: May 22, 2018; Accepted: July 8, 2018 Original Research A New Mathematical Method for the Estimation of Aerobic Threshold in Sports Physiology Marefat
More informationYear 7 End of Year Exam Revision
Year 7 End of Year Exam Revision Physical Education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el1_enlemka Starter Video The Exam The exam you will sit is out of 40 marks. 25 of these are multiple choice, 7 are short
More informationChapter 20: Test Administration and Interpretation
Chapter 20: Test Administration and Interpretation Thought Questions Why should a needs analysis consider both the individual and the demands of the sport? Should test scores be shared with a team, or
More informationA PHYSIATRIC APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
A PHYSIATRIC APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY SUSAN KEESHIN M.D. MEDICAL DIRECTOR DAY REHAB THE SHIRLEY RYAN ABILITY LAB (FORMERLY KNOWN AS RIC) WHAT IS A PHYSIATRIST AND
More information