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1 The Muscular System
2 or Everything you ever wanted to know about Muscles, but were afraid to ask!!!
3 Did you know that? - more than 50% of body weight is muscle! - And muscle is made up of proteins and water
4
5 The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all movement of the body There are three basic types of muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
6 Info About Muscles Only body tissue able to contract create movement by flexing and extending joints Body energy converters (many muscle cells contain many mitochondria)
7 3 Types of Muscles
8 Three types of muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
9 Classification of Muscle Skeletal- found in limbs Striated, multinucleated Cardiac- found in heart Striated, 1 nucleus Smooth- Found in viscera Not striated, 1 nucleus voluntary involuntary involuntary
10 Characteristics of Muscle Skeletal and smooth muscle are elongated Muscle cell = muscle fiber Contraction of a muscle is due to movement of microfilaments (protein fibers) All muscles share some terminology Prefixes myo and mys refer to muscle Prefix sarco refers to flesh
11 Shapes of Muscles Triangular- shoulder, neck Spindle- arms, legs Flat- diaphragm, forehead Circular- mouth, anus
12 Skeletal Muscle Most are attached by tendons to bones Cells have more than one nucleus (multinucleated) Striated- have stripes, banding Voluntary- subject to conscious control Tendons are mostly made of collagen fibers Found in the limbs Produce movement, maintain posture, generate heat, stabilize joints
13 Structure of skeletal muscle Each cell (fibre) is long and cylindrical Muscle fibres are multi-nucleated Typically 50-60mm in diameter, and up to 10cm long The contractile elements of skeletal muscle cells are myofibrils
14 Skeletal muscle - Summary Voluntary movement of skeletal parts Spans joints and attached to skeleton Multi-nucleated, striated, cylindrical fibres
15 Smooth Muscle No striations Spindle shaped Single nucleus Involuntary- no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
16 Smooth muscle Lines walls of viscera Found in longitudinal or circular arrangement Alternate contraction of circular & longitudinal muscle in the intestine leads to peristalsis
17 Structure of smooth muscle Spindle shaped uni-nucleated cells Striations not observed Actin and myosin filaments are present( protein fibers)
18 Smooth muscle - Summary Found in walls of hollow internal organs Involuntary movement of internal organs Elongated, spindle shaped fibre with single nucleus
19 Cardiac Muscle Striations Branching cells Involuntary Found only in the heart Usually has a single nucleus, but can have more than one
20 Cardiac muscle Main muscle of heart Pumping mass of heart Critical in humans Heart muscle cells behave as one unit Heart always contracts to it s full extent
21 Structure of cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle cells (fibres) are short, branched and interconnected Cells are striated & usually have 1 nucleus Adjacent cardiac cells are joined via electrical synapses (gap junctions) These gap junctions appear as dark lines and are called intercalated discs
22 Cardiac muscle - Summary Found in the heart Involuntary rhythmic contraction Branched, striated fibre with single nucleus and intercalated discs
23 Muscle Control Type of muscle Nervous control Type of control Example Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Controlled by CNS Regulated by ANS Controlled by ANS Voluntary Lifting a glass Involuntary Heart beating Involuntary Peristalsis
24 Twitch- Types of Responses A single brief contraction Not a normal muscle function Tetanus One contraction immediately followed by another Muscle never completely returns to a relaxed state Effects are compounded
25 Where Does the Energy Come From? Energy is stored in the muscles in the form of ATP ATP comes from the breakdown of glucose during Cellular Respiration This all happens in the Mitochondria of the cell When a muscle is fatigued (tired) it is unable to contract because of lack of Oxygen
26 Exercise and Muscles Isotonic- muscles shorten and movement occurs ( most normal exercise) Isometric- tension in muscles increases, no movement occurs (pushing one hand against the other)
27 How are Muscles Attached to Bone? Origin-attachment to a movable bone Insertion- attachment to an immovable bone Muscles are always attached to at least 2 points Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
28 Muscle Attachments Insertion Origin
29 Types of Musculo-Skeletal Movement Flexion
30 Extension
31 Hyperextension
32 Abduction, Adduction & Circumduction
33 Rotation
34 More Types of Movement Inversion- turn sole of foot medially Eversion- turn sole of foot laterally Pronation- palm facing down Supination- palm facing up Opposition- thumb touches tips of fingers on the same hand
35 The Skeletal Muscles There are about 650 muscles in the human body. They enable us to move, maintain posture and generate heat. In this section we will only study a sample of the major muscles.
36 Sternocleidomastoideus Flexes and Rotates Head
37 Masseter Elevate Mandible
38 Temporalis Elevate & Retract Mandible
39 Trapezius Extend Head, Adduct, Elevate or Depress Scapula
40 Latissimus Dorsi Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially
41 Deltoid Abduct, Flex & Extend Arm
42 Pectoralis Major Flexes, adducts & rotates arm medially
43 Biceps Brachii Flexes Elbow Joint
44 Triceps Brachii Extend Elbow Joint
45 Rectus Abdominus Flexes Abdomen
46 External Oblique Compress Abdomen
47 External Intercostals Elevate ribs
48 Internal Intercostals Depress ribs
49 Diaphragm Inspiration
50 Forearm Muscles Flexor carpi Flexes wrist Extensor carpi Extends wrist Flexor digitorum Flexes fingers Extensor digitorum Extends fingers Pronator Pronates Supinator Supinates
51
52 Pronator Pronates Supinator Supinates
53 Gluteus Maximus Extends & Rotates Thigh Laterally
54 Rectus Femoris Flexes Thigh, Extends Lower Leg
55 Gracilis Adducts and Flexes Thigh
56 Flexes Thigh, & Rotates Thigh Laterally Sartorius
57 Biceps Femoris Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg
58 Gastrocnemius Plantar Flexes Foot & Flex Lower Leg
59 Tibialis Anterior Dorsiflexes and Inverts Foot
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