Neurophysiology Lab (Adapted From the Joy of Lab )
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1 Neurophysiology Lab (Adapted From the Joy of Lab ) Introduction: The nervous system operates by receiving input, processing information, and then providing output. The input is detected by structures called receptors that detect stimuli in the external environment (such as temperature, light, sound, pressure, and pain) and from the internal environment (such as body position and joint activity.) The receptor, functioning as a biological transducer, converts the sensory stimuli into action potentials that are conducted along afferent or sensory nerves to information processing centers. Information processing occurs in the Central Nervous System (CNS). This may occur in the spinal cord or may involve higher levels such as the brain stem, thalamus, and cerebrum if conscious recognition, perception, or higher level processing are required. The output is conducted along efferent or motor neurons where the response is performed by an effector, a muscle or gland. This basic framework, shown in Figure 1 provides the context for many neurophysiology experiments. A reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus. For a reflex to occur, impulses are conducted along a neural pathway called a reflex arc. See Figure 1 above. The components of a reflex are described in Table 1 on the next page.
2 Table 1: Components of a Reflex Arc 1 Receptor Detects the stimulus; usually the dendrite of a sensory neuron. 2 Sensory (afferent) Neuron 3 Information Processing Center 4 Motor (efferent) Neuron 5 Effector (muscle or glands) Conducts impulses to the CNS; this may be in the spinal cord, in this case it is called a spinal reflex See Figure 1 or in the brain, in the case of a cranial reflex. Synapse within CNS. In the simplest reflexes, interneurons are not required and the synapse occurs directly between the sensory and motor neuron (monosynaptic). More complex reflexes may require interneurons to connect sensory and motor neurons (polysynaptic). Conducts impulses from CNS to the effector. Responds to the impulse of the motor neuron by contracting, in the case of muscles, or secreting, in the case of glands. There are several ways to classify and describe reflexes. One way is to classify them as somatic or autonomic according to the type of effector. Somatic reflexes result in the contraction of skeletal muscles while autonomic reflexes stimulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, and thus play an important role in regulating digestion, defecation, respiration, and heart rate. Somatic Reflexes: Somatic reflexes, ones involving contraction of skeletal muscles are classified as deep or superficial. Figure 2 Somatic Superficial reflexes are initiated by special receptors in the skin. They are withdrawal reflexes which result from painful stimuli, temperature changes or touch. See Figure 2 above.
3 Figure 3: Somatic Deep Reflex ( Deep reflexes are called jerk or stretch reflexes, and can be demonstrated by tapping on a tendon. See Figure 3 above. This stretches the muscle and activates a receptor deep with the muscle called the muscle spindle. It contains special muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers that are supplied by sensory neurons. (Muscle fibers that perform the muscle s work of contracting are called the extrafusal fibers.) When the intrafusal fibers are stretched, action potentials are conducted along the sensory or afferent neuron to the spinal cord. The sensory neuron synapses with a motor neuron of the spinal cord. The motor neuron conducts impulses to the effector, the muscle, causing it to contract. See figure 4 below. Figure 4 (
4 Figure 5 Test 1: A deep reflex example Knee Jerk Reflex or Patellar Reflex: 1. Have the subject sit on the lab table with legs relaxed. 2. Locate the patellar tendon and strike it with a percussion hammer. See Figure 5 above. 3. Strike the patellar tendon with the percussion hammer and observe the response. 4. Test the other group members. A. Describe the results of this experiment. B. Summarize your understanding of the patellar reflex by describing your results using a reflex arc model/ in Table 2. General Reflex Arc Components Stimulus Receptor Related to the Patellar Reflex Striking the Patellar Tendon with the Percussion Hammer Sensory Nerve Location of Center Motor Nerve Effector
5 The Scientific Process of Investigation During routine physicals, a physician will check reflexes including the patellar reflex. For most people, the test produces predictable responses. Abnormal responses such as hyporeflexia (weak nerve reflexes) or hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflexes) may indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles, or higher brain centers. Do other factors besides disease or injury influence the knee jerk response? You will test the following THREE QUESTIONS: A. Can you voluntarily suppress reflex responses? B. Does simultaneously muscular activity in another part of the body affect reflex responses? C. Will Muscle Fatigue alter reflex response? Propose a Hypothesis for Each question: A. B. C. Your Predictions: Based off your hypotheses, predict the outcome of the three questions above. This is an IF- Then prediction statement. A. B. C. Procedure: 1. Determine whether you can voluntarily suppress the knee jerk response. Repeat the knee jerk response to establish a control response. Observe this response carefully look at the size of the knee jerk response. Next, instruct the subject to voluntarily prevent the leg extension following the striking of the tendon. Is the response increased or decreased or not changed. Repeat several times if necessary to confirm your results. Record what happened in Table Determine how the knee jerk response would be affected by contracting muscles in another part of the body. First repeat the knee jerk reflex test as in step 1 to establish a control response. Next have the subject perform the a Jendrassic Maneuver, a technique you may have used in physical education class by clasping your hands in front of you and press them together isometrically. At the same time, test the patellar knee jerk reflex. Is the response decreased, increased or not changed. Repeat test several times to be sure of your results. Record what happened in Table 3.
6 3. Determine the effect of fatigue on the knee jerk. First repeat the knee jerk reflex as in step 1 to establish a control. Next have the subject perform a wall sit, or run in place hard for one to two minutes. Immediately after the test completion, test the knee jerk response. Is the response decreased, increased or not changed. Repeat several times to be sure of your results. Record what happened in Table 1. Data Collection: Table 3: Results of the knee jerk experiments Experiment Result a. What happened when you tried to voluntarily suppress your response to the knee jerk reflex. b. How is the knee jerk response affected when the Jendrassic maneuver is performed? c. How is the knee jerk response affected when the muscles are fatigued due to exercise? Data Analysis, Conclusions and Interpretation 1. Were you able to voluntarily suppress the knee jerk response? Explain why or why not? Describe the neural connections or pathways that may be involved. Can you imagine any circumstances where the observed response would be beneficial? (this may require some research not just asking your teacher). 2. What is the effect of muscular activity in another part of the body on the knee jerk response? Explain the neural pathways involved in producing this response. 3. What is the effect of muscle fatigue on knee jerk response? Explain the physiological basis of this response.
7 Extending your understanding: Design your own experiment. Are there any other factors that influence reflex activity? Here is a chance to design your own experiment. Be creative but simple. Here are some possibilities: testing the effect of mental concentration; distraction; other sensory input; and gender. Brainstorm with your group members and select a factor to investigate, develop a hypothesis, predict the experimental outcomes, conduct your experiment, and interpret your results. Table 4 Table 4 Question to Investigate Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Results Conclusion Test 2: A deep reflex example Ankle Jerk Reflex or Achilles Reflex: 1. Have the subject remove his or her shoes and socks (if possible). 2. Ask the subject to kneel on a chair so that the feet dangle over the edge. 2. Locate the achilles tendon and strike it with a percussion hammer. 3. Strike the patellar tendon with the percussion hammer and observe the response. See Figure 6 on the next page. 4. Test the other group members. A. Describe the results of this experiment.
8 Figure 6 B. Summarize your understanding of the patellar reflex by describing your results using a reflex arc model/ in Table 5. Table 5: Components of the Achilles reflex arc General Reflex Arc Components Stimulus Receptor Sensory Nerve Location of Center Motor Nerve Effector Related to the Achilles Reflex Striking the Achilles Tendon with the Percussion Hammer C. Research if needed. If a spinal cord injury occurs at the T-10 level, could the patellar or Achilles reflex still occur? Explain. (Do not just ask your instructor). Superficial Reflexes 1. Plantar or Babinski Reflex The plantar or Babinski reflex is demonstrated by stroking a blunt object over the sole of the foot. The normal response is flexion of the toes and is termed a negative Babinski response. If the toes flare out, however, this is abnormal and is termed a positive Babinski response. Both responses are shown below in Figure 7.
9 Test 3: A superficial reflex example Babinski Reflex or Plantar Reflex: 1. Have the subject remove his or her shoes and socks (if possible). 2. Ask the subject to lie supine (on back) on a table or floor. 3. Slightly flex the subject s leg and place the lateral surface of the foot on the table or floor. 4. Firmly stroke the handle of the percussion hammer over the sole from the heel to the toes. 5. Describe the response below. Would you classify it as a positive or negative Babinski? 6. Test the other group members. Medical Background Reflex tests are very useful in diagnosing neurological disorders. For example, a positive Babinski sign in adults indicates damage to motor tracts in the spinal cord that normally inhabit this response. In babies, a positive Babinski sign is normal, occurring because the nerve tracts are not completely myelinated. Test 4: Corneal Reflex: The corneal reflex is another superficial reflex. Demonstrate the corneal reflex as follows: 1. Have the subject sit in a chair and focus on something across the room. 2. Lightly touch the cornea with a kimwipe or direct gentle stream of air parallel to the surface of the eye using a CLEAN pipette. 3. Describe the response below. 4. What is the purpose of the corneal reflex? Can you think of when you might use this? 5. Is the corneal reflex a spinal reflex or a cranial reflex? Where is its information processing center? 6. Test the other group members.
10 Autonomic Reflexes Test 5: Pupillary Light Reflex 1. Recall that the effectors of an autonomic reflex are the heart, smooth muscle or a gland. In the case of the papillary reflex that you will investigate next, the effector is the smooth muscle of the iris, the colored part of the eye, that contracts and relaxes to adjust the size of the pupil. The Scientific Process: A. Observation: One beautiful Saturday afternoon, two anatomy students Bing and Bong went to the movies. During the film Bing turned to ask Bong for more popcorn and Bing noticed that Bong s pupils are dialated. Most likely they discussed that this likely due to them sitting in the dark theater for a couple of hours. Upon exiting the theater and entering the bright light after the movie, Bing noticed that Bong s pupil s quickly constricted. This response is known as the papillary reflex, is an example of an autonomic reflex. What protective function does the reflex serve? B. Your Hypotheses: Bong s pupils were dilated in the movie theater. When Bong exits the theater and enters the bright light, what would happen if Bong has the right eye open but keeps the left eye closed? Would both pupils constrict or would only the right pupil that was exposed to light constrict? Discuss this with your lab partners and come up with a Hypothesis. Hypothesis: C. Your Predictions: Based on your hypothesis, predict what will happen if you cover up your left eye and shine a light in your right eye. Will both pupils constrict or just the right pupil that received the light? Prediction: D. Testing Your Hypotheses: The Experiment 1. Ask your subject to close both eyes for 2 minutes. Or have the subject stare at an object across the room. Note the condition of the pupils in Table Instruct your subject to cover the left eye with a small object. Shine a flashlight into the right eye for a couple seconds. Observe the response of the right pupil and record in Table 6. Immediately remove the card covering the left eye and observe the left pupil is dilated or constricted. Record in Table 6.
11 E. Data Collection Table 6: Results of Pupillary Reflex Experiments Conditions Papillary Response After 2 minutes with eyes closed or after Dilate or Constrict? staring a point across the room Right Eye: After exposure to light Dilate or Constrict? Left Eye: After being covered, and right eye is exposed to light Dilate or Constrict? Data Analysis, Conclusions, and Interpretations 1. What happened to the right pupil when it was exposed to the light? What happened to the left pupil? Why did this occur? 2. Why is the papillary reflex classified as an autonomic reflex? Extending Your Understanding: 1. Usually, sensory information coming in from the right side of the body ends up on the left side of the brain. For example, when you step on a tack with your foot, the information ends up in the left side of your brain. This occurs because ascending pathways carrying sensory information cross in the spinal cord or brain stem. Is this true in the case of input from eye? Does input from the right eye end up in only on the left side of the brain? How do you know? 2. Do you think you could suppress this reflex voluntarily? How could you test this? 3. If you have watched any of the doctor shows on television, you ve probably noticed that they frequently checked papillary reflex in comatose or trauma patients. If a person s pupils remain dilated and fixed (do not constrict when exposed to light), what could this indicate?
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