The organization of skeletal muscles. Excitation contraction coupling. Whole Skeletal Muscles contractions. Muscle Energetics

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1 Muscle and Movement The organization of skeletal muscles Excitation contraction coupling Whole Skeletal Muscles contractions Muscle Energetics

2 The molecular bases of movement Muscular cells use molecular motors (myosin) To transform chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy (movement, tension) Contractile proteins

3 The organization of skeletal muscles Muscle --- package of fibers----muscle cell (fiber) muscle cell -- Myofibril

4 The organization of skeletal muscles Muscle --- package of fibers----muscle cell (fiber) muscle cell -- Myofibril

5 The organization of skeletal muscles Muscle cell Myofibril --Myofilaments

6 The filaments are polarized The organization polymers of skeletal of individual muscles protein molecules Myofibril---myofilaments---proteins A I AA Structural, align proteins Contractile proteins Regulatory proteins

7 The filaments are polarized The organization polymers of skeletal of individual muscles protein molecules Myofibril---myofilaments---proteins

8 The arrangement of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments in a sarcomere Myofibril---myofilaments---proteins

9 Muscle contraction produced by sliding filaments (sliding-filament theory) Bands I and H shorten Sarcomere

10 Myosin molecules form the thick filament Polarized polymers myofilaments---proteins---subunits 4 N-terminal 2

11 Myosin molecules form the thick filament Hexamer: two heavy chains and four light chains. Molecular weight of 520 kd heavy chains have a globular head at the N- terminal actin binding site and the nucleotide binding site (red) magenta region is the regulatory light chain N terminal C terminal essential light chain is yellow

12 Myosin molecules form the thick filament

13 Actin molecules form the thin filament F actin has 13 actin monomer molecules

14 Interaction thin and thick filaments Actin Myosin

15 Myosin molecules form the thick filament Pre-power stroke Post-power stroke

16 Interaction thin and thick filaments Pre-power stroke structure Post-power stroke structure

17 Molecular interactions that underlie muscle contraction Rigor state

18 Molecular interactions that underlie muscle contraction 0. Rigor conformation 6. Release of ADP 1. ATP binding 2. Myosin unbind 5. Myosin Binding and release Pi 4. Cocking (change of angle) 3. ATP Hydrolysis

19 Molecular interactions that underlie muscle contraction cocking 2 0 1

20 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins Resting muscle (primed) Binds Ca Binds Actin Binds TM Muscle contracts only when Ca 2+ is available

21 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins Binds Ca Troponin has 3 subunits Binds Actin Binds TM

22 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins Binds Ca Binds Actin Binds TM Troponin-I N terminal Troponin-T Binds Ca Troponin-C X C terminal Binds Actin Binds Tropomiosyn

23 Structure Troponin Binds Actin Binds Ca Binds TM N terminal Troponin-C calcium Troponin-T Troponin-I C terminal Troponin-C

24 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins REGULATORY UNIT Binds Actin Binds Ca Binds TM Troponin-C Actin Troponin-I Troponin-T N terminal X N terminal Tropomyosin

25 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins

26 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins

27

28 Regulation of contraction by Ca 2+ and regulatory proteins Contraction = the right interaction of myosin and actin Actin Ca Tropomyosin

29 Excitation contraction coupling Dihydropyridine receptor Ryanodine receptor Ca

30 T tubules and Sarcoplasmic reticulum

31 Excitation contraction coupling Dihydropyridine receptor Ryanodine receptor Ca

32 Excitation contraction coupling Excitation contraction coupling Dihydropyridine receptor voltage sensitive ATP-dependent Ca pump Ryanodine receptor- conformation change

33 Excitation contraction coupling

34 Interaction between contractile and elastic components Same length Change of length Concentric and eccentric contractions are isotonic contractions

35 Whole Skeletal Muscles: Isometric and isotonic contractions Twitch: force developed by a muscle fiber in response to a unique electrical or nervous stimulation. The force exerted by a muscle on a load is called muscle tension The tension is proportional to the number of attached cross-bridges

36 Whole Skeletal Muscles: Isometric and isotonic contractions ISOMETRIC: same length The force exerted by a muscle on a load is called muscle tension The muscle contracts and do not move the load

37 Whole Skeletal Muscles: Isometric and isotonic contractions ISOTONIC: same tension If the tension is > force of the load The muscle changes length Isotonic contraction The muscle shortens and move the load Velocity of shortening decreases as the load increases

38 Whole Skeletal Muscles: Isometric and isotonic contractions Same length Change of length

39 Summation and tetanus Summation and tetanus The frequency of action potentials determines the tension developed by a muscle Summation Tetanus : smoothly fused contraction Sustained calcium in the cytoplasm permits summation and tetanus

40 The relationship between length and tension produced by skeletal muscle Muscles develop the most tension if they start contracting at an ideal length.

41 Work done by a muscle during contraction Work: force x distance The force exerted by a muscle is proportional to its volume

42 The production and MUSCLE use of ATP ENERGETICS: The production and use of ATP Enough ATP for seconds! CO 2 and H 2 O How fast? How much? How quickly can accelerate?

43 The mechanisms of meeting the ATP costs of world-class competitive running

44 Insects exhibit two types of flight muscles: synchronous and asynchronous Resonant mechanical properties of thorax and wings

45 Neural control of skeletal muscle Vertebrate skeletal muscles consist of many different, independent motor units One muscle ---many neurons One neuron---many fibers (one motor unit) Variation in the frequency of AP regulates tension in one motor unit Recruitment of motor units regulates tension in the muscle

46 Innervations patterns of vertebrate muscle fibers and arthropod muscle fibers Vertebrate Muscles organized in motor units Degree of depolarization (IPSPs and EPSPs balance) regulates tension

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