Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function

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1 Chapter 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function

2 Objectives Draw & label the microstructure of skeletal muscle Outline the steps leading to muscle shortening Define the concentric and isometric Discuss: twitch, summation & tetanus

3 Objectives Discus the major biochemical and mechanical properties of skeletal muscle fiber types Discuss the relationship between skeletal muscle fibers types and performance List & discuss those factors that regulate the amount of force exerted during muscular contraction

4 Skeletal Muscle Human body contains over 400 skeletal muscles 40-50% of total body weight Functions of skeletal muscle Force production for locomotion and breathing Force production for postural support Heat production during cold stress

5 Muscle 3 types in humans Smooth, nonstriated (GI tract) Striated, skeletal Striated, cardiac

6 Muscle Structure Muscle fiber-single muscle cell Muscle is a number of muscle fibers bounded together by connective tissue Muscle-few hundred fibers bound together Muscle-several several thousand fibers

7 Muscle Structure Length Few mm to mm Diameter microns (micrometer; μm) Nearly invisible without magnification One millionth of a meter m

8 Muscle Structure Nerve and blood vessels weave throughout muscle 3 to 4 capillaries around each muscle fiber in sedentary people 5 to 7 capillaries around fibers in endurance trained 2 to 3 capillary/muscle fiber increase

9 Connective Tissue Covering Epimysium Skeletal Muscle Surrounds entire muscle Perimysium Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers Fascicles Endomysium Surrounds individual muscle fibers

10

11 Microstructure of Skeletal Muscle Within the sarcoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum Storage sites for calcium Transverse tubules Terminal cisternae Mitochondria

12 Within the Sarcoplasm Fig 8.3

13 The Neuromuscular Junction Where motor neuron meets the muscle fiber Neuromuscular cleft: small gap Motor end plate: pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma Ach is released from the motor neuron-crosses cleft Causes an end-plate potential (EPP) Depolarization of muscle fiber Fig 8.4

14 Neuromuscular Junction

15 Muscular Contraction The sliding filament model Muscle shortening occurs due to the movement of the actin filament over the myosin filament Formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments results in Power stroke Sliding results in the reduction in the distance between Z-lines Z of the sarcomere Fig 8.5

16 The Sliding Filament Model Fig 8.5

17 Sarcomere Basic functional unit of myofibril Joined end to end at Z disk-myofibril Between Z disks Actin thin filament Myosin thick filaments

18 Muscle Fiber Structures Actin - thin filament Double stranded Binding site With each myosin head Troponin with calcium binding site Tube-shaped protein Tropomyosin Attached at regular intervals to Actin Tropomyosin Fig 8.6

19 Muscle Fiber Structures Myosin Myosin head Thick area sticking out from ends of filament crossbridges Myosin tails Strands wrapped around each other

20 Actin & Myosin Relationship Fig 8.6

21 Sarcomere-rest rest Two Z lines I band Actin filaments Anchored to Z lines A band Myosin filaments Some actin overlap H zone No actin present

22 Sarcomere-contracted contracted Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments Z lines pulled towards center I band shortens A band length doesn t change Neither filament changes in length H zone disappears

23 Energy for Muscle Contraction ATP is required for muscle contraction Myosin ATPase located on head of myosin cross-bridge Break down of ATP releases energy for movement of crossbridge Sources of ATP Phosphagens Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation Fig 8.7

24 Phases of Contraction Rest Excitation-coupling coupling Contraction Recharging Relaxation

25 Rest Crossbridges (CB, myosin heads) extend to actin Weak binding state, not firmly attached ATP molecule is bound to crossbridge Crossbridge is uncharged (uncocked( uncocked) Calcium stored in SR Tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin moleule

26 Excitation/Coupling Impulse from motor nerve reaches neuromuscular junction ACH released crosses cleft, binds to receptors on sarcolemma Generates muscle action potential Action potential goes down T-tubules T to SR Calcium stored in terminal cisternae (lateral sac) released

27 Ca binds to troponin, active sites uncovered

28 Excitation/Coupling Ca 2+ binds to troponin This causes position change in tropomyosin-active sites on actin uncovered This allows strong binding - myosin CB on actin molecule cocked, energized Strong CB ATP breakdown releases energy to produce angular movement of CB Muscle shortens

29 Contraction Actin filament slides over myosin Sliding develops tension and movement Shorten by 1% of resting length Muscles can shorten to 60% resting length Cycle repeated Actin and myosin CB - make and break hundreds of times/sec

30 Recharging Continual recharging is necessary Attachment of ATP molecule breaks strong binding state - returns to weak binding state Ca 2+ availability contraction cycle repeated New ATP molecule on myosin head, ATPase hydrolyzes ATP CB cocked Muscle shortens

31 Nerve impulses cease Relaxation No Ach released No Ca 2+ released from SR No Ca 2+ actin-myosin in weak bond No sliding

32 Relaxation Ca 2+ unbound from troponin Pumped back into SR Tropomyosin covers active sites on actin Muscle is relaxed

33 OVERVIEW Motor neuron releases Ach-receptors AP triggers release of Ca from SR Ca binds to troponin, Myosin head attaches

34 Excitation-Contraction Coupling Depolarization of motor end plate (excitation) is coupled to muscular contraction Nerve impulse triggers acetylcholine release Ach crosses synaptic cleft, binds with receptors (motor end plate) and generates End plate potential depolarization that is Conducted down T-tubules T to SR and causes release of Ca ++

35 Excitation-Contraction Coupling Ca ++ binds to troponin and causes position change in tropomyosin, Exposing active sites on actin Permits strong binding state between actin and myosin cocked or energized crossbridge Energy released (hydrolysis of ATP) produces angular movement of crossbridge Muscle shortening

36 Excitation- Contraction Coupling Fig 8.9

37 Analysis of Skeletal Movement 1. Nerve impulse to motor end plate 2. Release of acetylcholine across cleft 3. Ach stimulates receptors on sarcolemma 4. End plate potential propagated down T-T tubules to terminal cisternae 5. Causes release of Ca 2+ from terminal cisternae (lateral sacs)

38 Analysis of Movement 6. Ca 2+ is bound by troponin, causes position change in tropomyosin 7. Uncovers active sites on actin 8. Causes strong binding of myosin CB on actin 9. Resulting in cocked myosin CB 10. Causes breakdown of ATP 7-12 kcals released To produce angular movement of CB

39 Analysis of Movement 11. Actin slides past myosin 12. Z lines come closer together, sarcomere shortens 13. I bands shorten 14. Myofibrils shorten over muscle fiber length 15. Reloading of ATP on CB breaks strong bond If Calcium is available, contraction cycle repeated As myofibrils shorten 16. Endomysium moves 17. Fasciculus shortens

40 Analysis of Movement 18. Perimysium moves 19. Muscle shortens 24. Epimysium moves 25. Tendon moves 26. Bone moves 27. Skeletal movement 28. Motor impulses cease 29. Ca 2+ pumped back into terminal cisternae

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