Ch 12 can be done in one lecture
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1 Ch 12 can be done in one lecture
2 Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Chapter 12: Muscles Review muscle anatomy (esp. microanatomy of skeletal muscle)
3 Terminology: sarcolemma t-tubules sarcoplasmic reticulum myofibers, myofibrils, myofilaments sarcomere
4 More Terminology: Tension Contraction Load Excitation-contraction coupling Rigor Relaxation
5 Anatomy Fig 12-3
6 More Anatomy Fig 12-3
7 Myofibrils = Contractile Organelles of Myofiber Contain 6 types of protein: Actin Myosin Tropomyosin Troponin Contractile Regulatory Titin Nebulin Accessory Fig 12-3 c-f
8 Fig 12-3
9 Titin and Nebulin Titin: biggest protein known (25,000 aa); elastic!» Stabilizes position of contractile filaments» Return to relaxed location Nebulin: inelastic giant protein» Alignment of A & M Fig 12-6
10 Sliding Filament Theory p 403 Sarcomere = unit of contraction Myosin walks down an actin fiber towards Z- line»? - band shortens»? - band does not shorten Myosin = motor protein: chemical energy mechanical energy of motion
11 Rigor State The Molecular Basis of Contraction Compare to Fig 12-9 myosin affinity changes due to ATP binding ATP ADP + P i Tight binding between G-actin and myosin No nucleotide bound ATP binds dissociation
12 Released energy changes angle between head & long axis of myosin Myosin head acts as ATPase Rotation and weak binding to new G-actin Relaxed muscle state when sufficient ATP
13 Power stroke begins as P i released ADP released Tight binding to actin Myosin crossbridge movement pushes actin
14 Regulation of Contraction by Troponin and Tropomyosin Tropomyosin blocks myosin binding site (weak binding possible but no powerstroke) Troponin controls position of tropomyosin and has Ca 2+ binding site Ca 2+ present: binding of A & M Fig Ca 2+ absent: relaxation
15 Rigor mortis Joint stiffness and muscular rigidity of dead body Begins 2 4 h post mortem. Can last up to 4 days depending on temperature and other conditions Caused by leakage of Ca 2+ ions into cell and ATP depletion Maximum stiffness h post mortem, then?
16 Initiation of Contraction Excitation-Contraction Coupling explains how you get from AP in axon to contraction in sarcomere ACh released from somatic motor neuron at the Motor End Plate AP in sarcolemma and T-Tubules Ca 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ binds to troponin
17 Details of E/C Coupling Nicotinic cholinergic receptors on motor end plate = Na + /K + channels Net Na + entry creates EPSP AP to T-tubules DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors in T- tubules sense depolarization Fig 12-11
18 Excitation- Contraction Coupling Fig a
![Intracytosolic [Ca 2+ ] Contraction](/docs-images/78/78400845/images/19-1.jpg "Ca 2+ re-uptake into SR Relaxation")
19 DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors open Ca 2+ channels in t-tubules Intracytosolic [Ca 2+ ] Contraction Ca 2+ re-uptake into SR Relaxation Fig b
20 Muscle Contraction Needs Steady Supply of ATP Where / when is ATP needed? Only enough ATP stored for 8 twitches» Phosphocreatine may substitute for ATP Twitch = single contraction relaxation cycle
21 Where does all this ATP come from? Phosphocreatine: backup energy source C(P)K phosphocreatine + ADP creatine + ATP CHO: aerobic and anaerobic resp. Fatty acid breakdown always requires O 2 is too slow for heavy exercise» Some intracellular FA
22 Oxidative only Muscle Fiber Classification Oxidative or glycolytic
23 Muscle Adaptation to Exercise ( not in book) Endurance training: More & bigger mitochondria More enzymes for aerobic respiration More myoglobin no hypertrophy Resistance training: More actin & myosin proteins & more sarcomeres More myofibrils muscle hypertrophy
24 Muscle Tension is Function of Fiber Length Sarcomere length reflects thick, thin filament overlap Long Sarcomere: little overlap, few crossbridges weak tension generation Short Sarcomere: Too much overlap limited crossbridge formation tension decreases rapidly
25 Force of Contraction (all-or-none) Increases With» muscle-twitch summation» recruitment of motor units Mechanics of body movement covered in lab only Fig 12-17
26 Smooth muscle A few differences» Innervation by varicosities» Smaller cells» Longer myofilaments» Myofilaments arranged in periphery of cell Cardiac muscle contraction covered later
27
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