The Nervous and Muscular Systems and the role of ATP

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1 The Nervous and Muscular Systems and the role of ATP

2 Overview of the Nervous System General parts: The brain The spinal cord The nerves and sense organs General functions: controls and coordinates body s activities helps us sense and respond to changes in the environment

3 Functions Sensory Input: Sensation of hot and cold via sensory nerves to the brain Response to external stimuli Integration: Data interpretation by the brain and spinal cord Sums up data and sends out impulses Motor Output: Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, organs) Responses include muscle contractions, gland secretions, and changes in organ function

4 Divisions of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS): The brain and spinal cord The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of cranial and spinal nerves

5 Structure of a Neuron Cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles Dendrites receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons Axon conducts nerve signals group together in a bundle and form a nerve axon bundle is called a tract in the CNS

6 Sensory Neuron Where found: Outside of the brain and spinal cord (PNS) Sensory receptors Function: bring sensory info from skin, muscles and organs to the spinal cord (CNS)

7 Sensory receptor Long dendrites (called an axon) Cell Body Short Axon leading to spinal cord

8 Interneurons (Association Neurons) Found: CNS only Function: Convey impulses between various parts of the CNS Integrate messages Are involved in thinking, memory, and language processing Link other neurons

9 Sensory Neuron Short dendrites (of interneuron) Cell Body Short Axon leading motor neuron

10 Motor Neurons (efferent) Found: CNS and PNS Function: Carry nerves impulses from the CNS to the muscles, glands and organs (effectors)

11 CNS Short dendrites Cell Body Long Axon to effector

12 Neuromuscular junction where the neuron meets a muscle

13 Steps of a nerve impulse from a neuron to a muscle Nerve impulse travels down axon. Calcium is released. Neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal. Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on muscle cell. Impulse travels through muscle cell

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15 Types of Muscles Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

16 Smooth Muscle Found in hollow parts of the body (stomach, intestines, blood vessels, bladder) Many mitochondria (needs lots of energy) Involuntary Does not fatigue easily

17 Cardiac Muscles Found in Heart Many mitochondria Involuntary rhythmic contractions Never rests

18 Skeletal Muscle Some more mitochondria than others Voluntary Attached to bone via tendons Over 600 in your body

19 A skeletal muscle cell Plasma membrane = sarcolemma Cytoplasm = sarcoplasm Mitochondria= where CR occurs Endoplasmic Reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum

20 Organization: Microscopic to macroscopic Myofibril actin and myosin unit Muscle fiber muscle cells with organelles Fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers Muscle = organ ( includes all above parts)

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22 Protein filaments Sarcomere Thin filaments-actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin Thick filaments-myosin Contraction of a muscle occurs as the actin filaments move over the myosin filaments

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24 How muscle contracts ATP and Calcium are necessary Calcium binds to troponin, tropomyosin moves to reveal myosin head binding sites. Myosin heads bind to actin and pull inward breakdown_of_atp_and_cross-bridge_movement_during_muscle_contraction.html

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26 Role of ATP in muscle contraction

27 Contraction = movement of actin over myosin

28 Thick myosin without overlap of actin = H zone M line Middle of I band (actin protein attached) = Z line

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30 Steps of Muscle Contraction 1. Impulse travels across sarcolemma and down t- tubules 2. SR releases calcium 3. Calcium binds to troponin proteins on actin 4. Tropomyosin proteins on actin move to reveal myosin head binding sites 5. Myosin heads bind to actin and pulls inward 6. Myosin heads detach from actin (requiring ATP)

31 Slow vs. Fast Slow twitch fibers: aerobic More endurance, high resistance to fatigue Helpful in long-distance running, biking, jogging, swimming Dark: many mitochondria Fast twitch fibers: anaerobic Strength, quick fatigue Weight lifting, sprinting Light: few mitochondria

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