Unit 4: The Muscular System REVIEW GUIDE

Transcription

1 NPHS Anatomy & Physiology Questions to answer: 1) List the three functions of the muscular system. Unit 4: The Muscular System REVIEW GUIDE 2) What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue? Briefly explain them. 3) Distinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Include where in the body each type of muscle is found. 4) Differentiate between prime mover, synergist, antagonist and fixator. 5) What is the antagonistic muscle group to the hamstrings? 6) Distinguish between the origin and the insertion of a muscle. F 7) a) Label the following diagram. Bone: Tendon: Epimysium: Perimysium: Endomysium: Muscle fiber: Fasicle: Fascia: D G H b) What is the relationship between a myofibril and a muscle fiber? E c) What are myofibrils made up of? 8) a) What is the role of the neuromuscular junction? b) What two structures approach each other at the neuromuscular junction? 9) a) What composes a motor unit? b) Why would you engage a different number of motor units? c) How many motor units are in this diagram? 10) a) Draw & label the parts of a sarcomere. b) Why do skeletal muscles appear striated? 11) a) Where are calcium ions stored within muscle cells? b) How is the release of calcium ions triggered?

2 12) What is the function or role of each of the following in a muscle contraction? Acetylcholine: Acetylcholinesterase: T-tubule: Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Calcium ions: Troponin: Tropomyosin: Actin: Myosin: Cross bridge binding site: ATP: 13) Using a flow chart (xxx xxx xxx etc.), chart the steps of a muscle contraction. Be as detailed as possible and be sure to include the following terms/phrases: motor neuron, electrical impulse/action potential, vesicles, ACh, ACh receptors, new action potential/electrical impulse, sarcolemma, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca +2, troponin, tropomyosin, cross-bridge binding-sites, cross-bridge, actin, myosin head high energy position, myosin head low energy position, thin filament, center of sarcomere, ATP. 14) What two events occur to end a muscle contraction? 15) a) How does a muscle get bigger as a result of working out? (What is increasing?) b) List 3 effects of aerobic (endurance) exercise. 16) Differentiate between an isometric and an isotonic contraction and give an example of each. 17) a) Distinguish between a twitch and tetanus. b) How does a muscle reach tetanus? 18) What is tonus? Give an example. 19) What is this entire reaction called? Glucose Pyruvate ATP + CO2 + H2O 20) a) What is the immediate source of energy for a muscle contraction? b) What cellular organelle produces the molecule from question #20a? 21) a) What is lactic acid? b) When does it accumulate in muscles and what is the result?

3 22) What is the smallest stimulus strength that actually results in a contraction? 23) a) Distinguish between hemoglobin and myoglobin. b) Distinguish between slow fibers and fast fibers. 24) List 1 positive effect and 3 negative effects of anabolic steroids. 25) How/why do the following conditions affect the muscular system? Lou Gehrig s Disease (ALS) Botulism Myasthenia gravis Muscular Dystrophy Atrophy Spasm

4 26) Match the action/function with the correct muscle. Different muscles can have the same action if they work together to cause the function. Letter of answer MUSCLE ACTION/FUNCTION 1. Procerus A. smile 2. Temporalis B. dorsiflexion of the foot 3. Masseter C. plantar flexion; raise up on your toes 4. Risorius D. the body in a sit up 5. Zygomaticus E. rotate your torso to look behind you 6. Sternocleidomastoid F. raise your forearm to scratch your chin; flex your arm at the elbow 7. Buccinator G. shrug your shoulders 8. Platysma H. straighten out your arm to push open a door or do a push up 9. Orbicularis oculi I. compresses cheek inward; keeps food in the mouth 10. Orbicularis oris J. frown (between eyes) 11. Pectoralis major K. lowers the lower jaw 12. Deltoid L. flexes leg & thigh; rotates thigh laterally (a soccer pass); abduct thigh 13. Trapezius M. adducts the leg/thigh 14. Latissimus dorsi N. pucker your lips 15. External (abdominal) oblique O. flexes the neck if both contract; turn head to one side or the other if only one contracts 16. Rectus abdominus P. extend your hand 17. Serratus anterior Q. extend your leg/thigh and flex your lower leg at the knee 18. Extensor carpii R. flex your leg/thigh and extend your lower leg at the knee 19. Flexor digitorum S. extend your arm at the elbow 20. External intercostals T. flex your arm 21. Internal intercostals U. chew 22. biceps brachii V. flex your fingers 23. Triceps brachii W. pulls arm anteriorly across the chest; adducts arm 24. Gluteus maximus X. close the eyelid; wink 25. Gluteus medius Y. extend your arm towards your back; adduct your arm 26. Sartorius Z. extends thigh 27. Gracilis AA. breathing 28. Rectus femoris BB. fibrous band that holds tendons in place 29. Vastus lateralis CC. abducts and rotates thigh medially 30. Vastus medialis DD. abduct arm 31. Biceps femoris 32. Semitendonosus 33. Semimembranosus 34. Tibialis anterior 35. Gastrocnemius 36. Soleus 37. Retinaculum

5 27) Label the following muscles of the body **BE SURE TO REVIEW ALL DIAGRAMS and BE READY TO LABEL DIAGRAMS ON THE TEST!!