Structural Analysis of Human Body Impact

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1 Structural Analysis of Human Body Impact Young-Shin Lee Dept. of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea. Young-jin Choi Graduate School, Dept. of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea. Se-Hoon Lee Graduate School, Dept. of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea Je-Wook Chae Agency for Defense Development, Korea Eui-Jung Choe Agency for Defense Development, Korea Abstract The impact of firing a rifle on the human body is affected by human posture. The human model of shooting posture is defined by the action of the shooter. The shooting impact of the rifle is transferred to the human model. In this study a finite element analysis has been performed in order to investigate the impact on a human body of shooting a rifle. The model (height 170 cm, weight 60 kg) is developed by the finite element method using beam elements. The human body impulse is analyzed by the ANSYS 8.1 code. The human impact analysis of a standing shooting posture, shooting from a kneeling posture and prone shooting posture are investigated. In this study, the rifle used for the impulse analysis is a K2. The applied load for the simulation inputs is about 4 kn. In the results, the displacement and stress on the human body is presented. Introduction The rifle impulse in the soldier system is affected by the characteristics of the human body. The rifle impulse affects fighting power and mission durability. This is a study on the rifle impulse of shooting postures for soldier characteristic needs. The finite element model and the analysis method of the human impulse need to analyze and to estimate the sensibility and the human impact limit. In this study, the impact analysis of the human body creates the human modeling of Koreans and obtains both the impact force and the applied load of each joint through a simulation of conditions that occur when shooting. The transfer path of the impact is obtained by the analysis of the impact history. Human modeling For the human impact structural analysis, the human model of a shot is applied to a male model of 170 cm height, 60 kg weight. For the creation of the stick model, the data as joint and segment length on the model is measured. Figure 1 shows the stick model of three shooting postures. The stick model is used by ADAMS/LIFEMOD. The analysis model for the ANSYS code is used by coordinate point and mass data of the stick model. Figure 2 shows the analysis model of ADAMS and FE with the standing shooting posture. Figure 3 shows the coordinate of segments with the three shooting postures. The coordinate is determined by the human data of the shooter and the measurement of the shooting posture. For the analysis modeling, the area of the segment is uniform along each axis. The analysis model consists of 19 cylindrical beam

2 segments. The elastic modulus of skeletal model, Poisson s ratio and mass density is 20 GPa, 0.3 and 6210 kg/m 3 respectively. Table 1 shows the dimension and material property of the analysis human model. For the analysis model, the joint element between the two segments is applied to COMBIN7, COMBIN14 and LINK11. The element of the segment is used to BEAM188. (a) Stand posture (b)knee posture (c) Prone posture Figure 1. Comparison of model with the three shooting posture (a)adams stick model (b)fe beam model Figure 2. Analysis model of ADAMS and FE with the stand shooting posture (a) Stand shooting posture (b) Knee shooting posture (c) prone shooting posture Figure 3. Geometry of human body with typical shooting posture

3 Table 1 Material property for FE model Property Mass (kg) Length (m) Area (mm 2 ) Radius (mm) Foot Lower Leg Upper Leg Lower Torso Central Torso E : 20 GPa Upper Torso ν : 0.3 Scapula Density : 6210 kg/m 3 Upper Arm Lower Arm Hand Neck Head Boundary condition and load condition Figure 4 shows the input impulse data of FE analysis due to the K2 rifle testing. Figure 5 shows the boundary condition and mesh shape of the human-rifle system with the standing shooting posture. For the standing shooting posture, both feet are fixed to the ground. The boundary condition between the rifle model and both hands is applied to the fixed condition. Between the rifle model and shoulder, the joint element is used. Figure 6 shows the boundary condition and mesh shape of the human-rifle system with a kneeling shooting posture. For the kneeling shooting posture, the right knee and both feet are fixed to the ground. Figure 7 shows the boundary condition and mesh shape of the human-rifle system with a prone shooting posture. For the prone shooting posture, both feet, both elbows and the lower body are fixed to the ground. The load condition is applied to the measured data on the shooting tests [6]. The maximum impulse is 4000 N at the 0.2 ms F (N) t (ms) Figure 4. Input data of FE analysis due to the K2 rifle testing

4 Figure 5. Boundary condition and mesh shape of human-rifle system with stand shooting posture Figure 6. Boundary condition and mesh shape of human-rifle system with knee shooting posture

5 Figure 7. Boundary condition and mesh shape of human-rifle system with prone shooting posture Human body response The most unstable posture in the three shooting postures is the standing shooting posture. The deformation by the shooting impulse with the standing shooting posture occurred on the upper human body. The displacement on the shoulder and lumbar is larger than on the other body parts. At 0.2 s after the standing shooting, the displacement of longitudinal direction on the shoulder, clavicle, neck and wrist are mm, mm mm and mm, respectively. Figure 8 shows the deformation of human body model with the standing shooting posture. The deformation by the shooting impulse on the kneeling shooting posture occurred on the fixed human body. The maximum displacement happened on the lumber because of the fixed condition of the elbow. At 0.2 s after kneeling shooting, the displacement of longitudinal direction on the lumber is mm. Figure 9 shows the deformation of the human body model with a kneeling shooting posture. The prone shooting posture is the most stable posture of the three shooting postures. The impulse caused by shooting transfers to the entire body. The maximum impulse happens on the shoulder. At 0.2 s after the prone shooting, the displacement of longitudinal direction on the shoulder, clavicle, neck and wrist are 0.22 mm, 0.28 mm 0.20 mm and 0.11 mm, respectively. Figure 10 shows the deformation of the human body model with a prone shooting posture. Figure 11 shows the deformation of the human body model with a standing shooting posture using ADAMS/LifeMOD. Table 2 shows the maximum displacement of the human body with the standing shooting posture. The displacement result for the finite element analysis is similar in the result for the dynamic analysis on the each human part. Table 2 Maximum displacement of the human body with stand shooting posture ADAMS/LifeMOD Simulation result ANSYS result Right shoulder mm mm Right scapula mm mm Neck mm mm Right wrist mm mm

6 Figure 8. Deformation of human body model with stand shooting posture Figure 9. Deformation of human body model with knee shooting posture

7 Figure 10. Deformation of human body model with prone shooting posture Figure 11. Deformation of human body model with stand shooting posture using ADAMS/LifeMOD Human body Stress response The most unstable posture of the three shooting postures is the standing shooting posture. At 0.2 ms after shooting, the stress on the shoulder are 1.30 MPa, 8.96 MPa and 9.87 MPa, respectively in the standing shooting posture, the kneeling shooting posture and the prone shooting posture. On the lumber, the stress with the standing shooting posture, the kneeling shooting posture and the prone shooting posture are 1.28 MPa, 0.90 MPa and 4.48 MPa, respectively. In the result of the impact transfer path analysis with the standing shooting posture, the initial stress is on the shoulder at 0.2 ms. At 0.5 ms after shooting, stress occurs on the right humerus and scapular. At 0.9 ms after shooting, stress occurs on the right forearm and thoracic. At 1.4 ms after shooting, stress occurs on the right upper body. The impulse by shooting is

8 transferred to the left hand and rifle. At 200 ms after shooting, the stress is transferred to both hands, the hip and right knee. In the result of the impact transfer path analysis with the kneeling shooting posture, the initial stress happened on the shoulder at 0.2 ms. At 0.5 ms after shooting, stress occurred on the right humerus, scapular, neck and both wrists. At 0.9 ms after shooting, stress occurred on the right forearm, thoracic and left hand. At 1.4 ms after shooting, stress occurred on the right upper body and hip. At 200 ms after shooting, the stress is transferred to the left hand, lumber and both feet. For the prone shooting posture, the initial stress happened on the shoulder and right wrist at 0.2 ms. At 0.5 ms after shooting, the stress occurred on the shoulder, scapular and thoracic. At 0.9 ms after shooting, stress on the right arm left hand occurred. At 1.4 ms after shooting, stress on the entire thoracic and left forearm occurred. At 200 ms after shooting, the stress is transferred to the right humerus, left forearm, entire thoracic and lumber. Conclusions The major conclusions from this study are as follows: 1) The finite element model with three shooting postures is developed 2) The stress occurring in the human body by shooting is smaller than 10 MPa 3) The stress from shooting from the prone shooting posture is larger than the stress when shooting from the other two shooting postures 4) The displacement with the standing shooting posture is the largest 5) The displacement result for the finite element analysis is similar to the result for the dynamic analysis Reference 1) Meyer F., Willinger R. and Legall F., 2004, The Importance of Modal Validation for Biomechanical Models, Demonstrated by Application to the Cervical Spine, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol.40, pp.1835~1855 2) Alan L., Kirth S., Mark C. and Andrew G., 2004, Finite Element Modeling of the Impact Loading on Tissue Simulations, ABAQUS User s Conference, pp.409~420 3) Toshiyuki M., Wataru U. and Yukio N., 2001, Simplified Human Body Model for Evaluating Thermal Radiant Environment in a Radiant Cooled Space, Building and Environment, Vol.36, pp.801~808 4) Kim H.J., Yang H.S., Park Y.P, Ryu B.J. and Choi. E.J., 2002, Analysis of Optimal Isolation System Considering Human Behavior, Proceedings of the KSME 2001 Spring Annual Meeting A, pp.758~763 5) Lee Y.S., Choi Y.J., Han K.H., Chae J.W., Choi E.J. and Kim I.W., 2005, A Study on the Human Impulse Characteristics with Standing Shooting Posture, Key Engineering Materials, Vol , pp ) Lee J.W., Lee Y.S., Choi Y.J., Chae J.W. and Choi E.J., 2005, A Study on Impact Analysis of the Korean Anthropometric Characteristic on Shooting, Proceeding of the KSNVE Annual Spring Conference, pp.150~153

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