A2 Revision - 1. Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions

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1 A2 Revision - 1 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions

2 Revision topics chosen by your teachers 1. Application of Forces 2. Commercialisation 3. Olympic Ideals 4. Krebs cycle 5. Aggression 6. Support from organisations for elite athletes 7. Projectile motion 8. PNF stretching

3 Application of forces - Typical question Jan 08 Qu 3 Maximising effort during performance is largely concerned with the correct application of forces. What forces act on a player when they are running during a game? (3 marks) June 2010 Using Newton s First and Second Laws of Motion, explain how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks. (4 marks)

4 Forces Forces cause ; A force is a A force is that which alters or to alter a body s or of in a line. If a body changes or, a has been applied 4

5 Forces affecting motion 5

6 Forces acting on a sprinter 6

7 Newton s Laws 1st Law: A body will remain in its / until affected by a A body has a to change its 7

8 Applying Newton s 1 st Law Sprinter remains in blocks until a change his on causes him to Ball keeps moving until a causes it to change its 8

9 2nd Law - Momentum All objects in motion have mass and Product = Momentum = 9

10 Newton s 2 nd Law The rate of change of is to the force causing the change, and the change takes place in the in which the force was applied In sport, remains constant and therefore momentum equates to 10

11 Applying Newton s 2 nd Law The (size) and of force applied by the sprinter to the blocks determines the and of received because mass remains constant Acceleration is to applied 11

12 Newton s 3 rd Law To every force there is an reaction force and 12

13 Applying Newton s 3 rd Law The sprinter applies a to the ground. This results in a causes movement force that The sprinter cannot move the Reaction force from ground = 13

14 Commercialisation - Typical question Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment. Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the commercialisation of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport. (7 marks)

15 Commercialisation Idea of sporting events being used to make money Sport gains income from: / / / Income used to pay players Commercialism increases in last

16 Commercialisation Sport seen as a Where the becomes the driving force in sport The sale of - the major source of sports funding Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth

17 Media and sport Sport to report/show More readers/viewers more, more, more Need to make information provided interesting

18 Role of sport to media to suit demands of media Share of entertainment market Increased interest from TV rights and income

19 Television and advertising TV cameras Pre-game /during game advertising Advertising Sponsors name /logo Sponsor:

20 Sport Has Changed For TV One day and 20:20 Penalty Timings starts/kick-off to suit TV Use of 3 rd umpire in Camera in tennis/cricket /TMO in

21 TV changes sport TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch Also brings sports we might never normally watch -, Become converted to Reduces

22 Changing the characteristics of sport Changing the format of play Changing the competition structure Changing the rules to simplify them Changing the rules to make game flow

23 Professional performer - a commercial object? Signs contract Can be Brings in money through Exploit image for company goals Financial rewards

24 Olympic ideals Not Striving to win - Taking part more important than for the love of sport

25 Olympism Competing with spirit of Symbols: Olympic Olympic Virtually gone due to needed to compete IOC accept professional performers

26 Kreb s cycle - Typical question At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)

27 Kreb s cycle Carbohydrates - - broken down in series of reactions to Called Some energy released for Fats (fatty acids) prepared through ready for in 27

28 Kreb s cycle Pyruvate converted into Enters Hydrogen removed leaving Some Hydrogen to Oxidised to Releases large amounts of energy for 28

29 Aggression - Typical question Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs. (a)sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport? (2 marks) (b)use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may happen. (2 marks) (c)explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games. (2 marks)

30 Aggression Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment Aggression is: 30

31 Forms of Aggression Instrumental aggression used to increase chances of Hostile - aggression with injury as Constructive use of force in sport = Channelled aggression diverting aggressive feelings into 31

32 Instinct theory Aggression Builds up needs to be Displaced into sport rather than Release = Theory suggests most aggression is, but some is as a means of control 32

33 Frustration-aggression hypothesis Frustration leads to Aggression comes from In sport, prevents attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if Aggression released not always But, not all leads to but 33

34 Aggressive-cue theory Not all frustration leads to aggression Only occurs if certain present Such as: Coach aggression of behaviours Certain or Previous Depends on 34

35 Social learning theory to be aggressive of others leads to prevents 35

36 Strategies to reduce aggression Strategies both for player and coach 36

37 Elite Athlete Support - Typical question To maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations. Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)

38 Role of National Governing Bodies Develop structure Manage development strategies,, etc Develop structure Manage Enforce of sport

39 Whole Sports Plans WSP plan for all grass roots to elite WSP directs Sport England funding Identifies Links with partners Measures

40 UK Sport Aims: Development of Attracting and running major sporting events in UK prevention and testing Funded by and

41 UK Sport Full responsibility for all performance-related support Runs programme, and All funding and support integrated

42 World Class Performance Pathway Three levels: World Class Podium World Class Development potential World Class Talent identify and develop potential

43 Funding Of Elite Performers 1. Lottery grants via 2. group and personal Many/majority do not receive or money

44 English Institute of Sport making the best better One of Support, medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information Athlete Career Education

45 Projectile motion Typical question The flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)

46 Projectile motion Flightpath = 46

47 Components Motion of projectile has component component components 47

48 Projectile motion Vertical motion affected by gravity Horizontal motion is affected by friction 48

49 Variations in vertical and horizontal components This causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows: 49

50 Projectile motion Factors affecting distance travelled: 50

51 Typical question PNF stretching As part of their preparation elite athletes may try to improve their performance through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training. What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how PNF training works? (4 marks)

52 Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Means of improving Requires a partner Works by disengaging allows greater range of movement contract-relax, antagonistcontract 52

53 Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Joint stretched Isometric contraction of held for cancels Increased 53

A2 Level AQA Physical Education PHED3-2015/2016

A2 Level AQA Physical Education PHED3-2015/2016 Section A - How exercise physiology can optimise performance (EP) Section B - How application of psychological knowledge can optimise performance (PSY) Section