A and P CH 8 Lecture Notes.notebook. February 10, Table of Contents # Date Title Page # /30/17 Ch 8: Muscular System

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1 Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 1. 01/30/17 Ch 8: Muscular System i 1

2 Turnitin.com Class #: Password: GoViks 2

3 01/30/17 Ch 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to describe the anatomy of a muscle fiber in order to explain how the structure of muscle aids movement. Muscular System Muscles: organs composed of specialized cells that use the chemical energy stored in nutrients to contract. Functions of the System: 1. provide movement 2. provide muscle tone 3. propel body fluids and food 4. generate the heartbeat 5. distribute heat Types of Muscles: 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac 3

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5 01/30/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Muscle Anatomy Periosteum of bone is contiguous ert color sheet of notes--levels with of tendons organization and deep of fascia muscle) organ upon/over around muscle tissue in cell mitochondria 5

6 02/08/16 Ch. 8: Muscular System 15 (insert color sheet of notes--levels of organization of muscle) 6

7 A and P CH 8 Lecture Notes.notebook 02/04/14 Ch. 8: Muscular System 13 (insert color sheet of notes--levels of organization of muscle) 7

8 02/04/14 Ch. 8: Muscular System 13 Muscle Anatomy Periosteum of bone is contiguous ert color sheet of notes--levels with of tendons organization and deep of fascia muscle) organ upon/over around muscle tissue cell in mitochondria 8

9 02/02/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System 14 Lab: Muscle Function Analysis Tennis Elbow: Lateral Epicondylitis repetitive use injury Video Review of overview Australian narrator 3D photo music 9

10 02/02/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to explain muscle innervation in order to explain muscle contraction. Sliding Filament Theory ABC DVD ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (Handouts) ADP Adenosine Diphosphate Muscle Innervation Neuromuscular Junction Connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber (motor end plate). TALK AND WRITE: How does a muscle contract? Use the following in your answer: neuron calcium acetylcholine (Ach) muscle impulse contraction myosin heads actin troponin neuromuscular junction sarcoplasmic reticulum 10

11 02/09/16 Ch. 8: Muscular System 14 Objective: Students will be able to explain muscle innervation in order to explain muscle contraction. Sliding Filament Theory ABC DVD (Handouts) Muscle Innervation Neuromuscular Junction Connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber (motor end plate). TALK AND WRITE: How does a muscle contract? Use the following in your answer: power stroke neuron calcium acetylcholine muscle impulse contraction myosin heads actin troponin tropomyosin sarcoplasmic reticulum 11

12 02/04/14 Ch. 8: Muscular System 14 Objective: Students will be able to explain muscle innervation in order to explain muscle contraction. Sliding Filament Theory ABC DVD (Handouts) Muscle Innervation Neuromuscular Junction Connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber (motor end plate). Recovery Stroke Muscle impulse TALK AND WRITE: How does a muscle contract? Use the following in your answer: neuron calcium acetylcholine muscle impulse contraction myosin heads actin 12

13 02/09/16 Ch. 8: Muscular System 14 Muscle Contraction Sliding Filament Model STEPS Sarcomeres shorten because crossbridges of thick filaments pull on the thin filaments. Neuron Fires (action potential travels down) Nerve Impulse Muscle Impulse Calcium released (from sarcoplasmic reticulum) Calcium binds to Troponin, moving tropomyosin out of the way Myosin heads attach to actin Heads pivot, shortening sarcomere=contract POWER STROKE Nerve Impulse STOPS Acetylcholine digested by acetylcholinesterase Muscle Impulse STOPS Calcium actively transported back (into sarcoplasmic reticulum) Acetylcholine released Myosin cannot bind (troponin changed shape) Practice Videos ABC DVD--in class Australian narrator Female narrator "It's So Easy" 13

14 01/31/13 Ch. 8: Muscular System 5 Muscle Contraction Matching Activity with Table Partner Sliding Filament Model Sarcomeres shorten because crossbridges of thick filaments pull on the thin filaments. STEPS Nerve Impulse Muscle Impulse Calcium released (from sarcoplasmic reticulum) Calcium binds to Troponin, changing shape Myosin heads attach to actin Heads pivot, shortening sarcomere=contract POWER STROKE Nerve Impulse STOPS Acetylcholine digested by acetylcholinesterase Muscle Impulse STOPS Calcium actively transported back (into sarcoplasmic reticulum) Acetylcholine released Myosin cannot bind (troponin changed shape) Practice Videos ABC DVD--in class Australian narrator Female narrator "It's So Easy" 14

15 02/08/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to correlate electrical activity with grip strength in order to analyze the effects of conscious effort on muscle fatigue. #1 #2 MiniLab:EMG and Muscle Fatigue Percent Change final initial x 100 initial Generally a decrease in grip strength of 30 40%. carrying backpacks/computers/ instruments/gallon of milk... In addition to fall (30 40%), change in mv should be the same or increase...meaning????? muscle fatigue #3 Should be a change and an increase in grip strength hence cheering at games... #4 Although strength is lost to fatigue, there should've been a 30 40% increase in mv, allowing students to regain mean grip strength. Can be problematic tired muscles = accessory muscles compensate, bursts are not wellcontrolled, so can cause tearing. #5 Should've been highest strength with visual feedback. This means CNS role in fatigue is mediated by visual and conscious effort. #6 (a) Part one regain strength Part three did not (b) this means brief periods of relaxation do not restore optimal muscle function... 15

16 02/08/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Energy Sources for Contraction Existing ATP in muscle Creatine Phosphate (storage of excess energy released from mitochondria in P bonds then used in converting ADP + P to ATP) Glycolysis (without oxygen) Cell Respiration (with oxygen)--need blood supply (hemoglobin) Myoglobin in muscles stores oxygen for cell respiration Oxygen Debt Amount of oxygen liver cells require to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose, plus the amount muscle cells need to restore ATP and creatine phosphate to their original concentrations. Practice Questions pp #'s 1-13 interrupt = fatigue 16

Threshold Stimulus Muscle Impulse When acetylcholine reaches the muscle the muscle will only release Ca++ if it is stimulated with enough strength = threshold stimulus.

Generally the nerve does release enough ACh for this to happen Muscle Impulse contractile response of 1 single muscle fiber (cell) to 1 muscle impulse = twitch ca++ Ach binds troponin myosin binds

17 02/08/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to distinguish between a twitch, recruitment, and a sustained contraction and explain how the types of muscular contractions produce body movements. Threshold Stimulus Muscle Impulse When acetylcholine reaches the muscle the muscle will only release Ca++ if it is stimulated with enough strength = threshold stimulus. Once the threshold stimulus is reached, an electrical impulse is generated that spreads throughout, releasing the Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Generally the nerve does release enough ACh for this to happen Muscle Impulse contractile response of 1 single muscle fiber (cell) to 1 muscle impulse = twitch ca++ Ach binds troponin myosin binds pivots ATP myosin heads release When the muscle does contract, it completely contracts = all-or-none response. Summation A muscle fiber continuously stimulated faster and faster gets to where it cannot relax and the force of these twitches combine = summation. If this continues without relaxation = tetanic contraction eg: tetanus = lock jaw Normal Summation Tetanus Recruitment One motor unit is the neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates (can be multiple)--all will contract together More than one motor unit activated at a time (with multiple muscle fibers each) = recruitment Muscle Tone Summation + Recruitment = Muscle Tone 17

18 02/05/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to explain how the locations and interactions of skeletal muscles make possible certain movements. Agonists Prime mover Movement Synergists Muscles that contract to assist the prime mover--making the action more effective. Antagonists Muscle that resists a prime mover's action and causes movement in the opposite direction. Complete the following movement: flex your arm with your elbow being the pivot extend your arm with your elbow being the pivot What muscles were used in this movement? In each movement, which muscle was the agonist? Which the antagonist? Complete each of the following movements. Use pp to identify the agonist and antagonist. extension flexion dorsiflexion plantarflexion pronation supination abduction adduction elevation depression 18

A and P CH 8 Lecture Notes.notebook 02/05/17 Ch.

compare and contrast the contraction mechanisms of smooth,

Smooth Muscle Types Visceral Multi-unit Contraction Visceral

multi-unit ECF different from skeletal Cardiac Muscle Types

well developed so not as much Ca++ storage, but transverse

19 A and P CH 8 Lecture Notes.notebook 02/05/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to compare and contrast the contraction mechanisms of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Smooth Muscle Types Visceral Multi-unit Contraction Visceral muscle shows rythmicity (eg: peristalsis) (gap junctions) multi-unit ECF different from skeletal Cardiac Muscle Types intercalated discs (gap junction) cisternae of SR not as well developed so not as much Ca++ storage, but transverse tubules bigger, so more Ca++ can travel through (also utilizes Ca++ in ECF--see below). Contraction Ca++ in extracellular fluid is used and because of this causes the cardiac muscle twitches to be longer than skeletal muscle twitches. 19

20 02/06/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Actin&Myosin Membrane Impulse trigger Compare/Contrast Muscle Types Calcium ions ATP required Acetylcholine Fast contraction Fast relaxation Can not change length w/o changing tautness Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine & Hormones Slower contraction Slower relaxation Maintains forceful contraction longer Can change length w/o changing tautness Fast contraction Maintains forceful contraction longer Can not change length w/o changing tautness Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Multinucleate Uninucleate Uninucleate Smooth Striated Striated 20

21 02/06/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Objective: Students will be able to compare and contrast the contraction mechanisms of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Smooth Muscle Types multiunit: muscle fibers are separated rather than sheets, eg: iris of eyes, walls of blood vessels visceral: sheets of spindle-shaped cells eg: lining of organs Contraction Visceral muscle shows rythmicity (eg: peristalsis) Cardiac Muscle Types 1 type: in heart branching cells in networks cisternae of SR not as well developed so not as much Ca++ storage, but transverse tubules bigger, so more Ca++ can travel through. intercalated discs Contraction Visceral muscle shows rythmicity (eg: heart contraction) Ca++ in extracellular fluid is used and because of this causes the cardiac muscle twitches to be longer than skeletal muscle twitches. intercalated discs links cells and transmits force of contraction so contracts as a unit Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Actin&Myosin Membrane Impulse trigger Calcium ions ATP required Acetylcholine Fast contraction Fast relaxation Can not change length w/o changing tautness Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine & Hormones Slower contraction Slower relaxation Maintains forceful contraction longer Can change length w/o changing tautness Fast contraction Maintains forceful contraction longer Can not change length w/o changing tautness Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Multinucleate Uninucleate Uninucleate Striated Smooth Striated 21

22 02/09/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Short Reads--New Book Clinical Application 8.2: Use and Disuse Turn and Talk Hypertrophy v. Atrophy Slow-twitch v. Fast-twitch Rehab? Clinical Application 8.1: Steroids Turn and Talk Pros to steroid use Cons to steroid use (Book at Home: p. 200 #'s 13-24; p. 201 #'s 2,3,5,6,7) 22

23 02/09/17 Ch. 8: Muscular System Short Reads--New Book Clinical Application 8.2: Use and Disuse Turn and Talk Hypertrophy v. Atrophy Slow-twitch v. Fast-twitch Rehab? Clinical Application 8.1: Steroids Turn and Talk Pros to steroid use Cons to steroid use (Book at Home: p. 200 #'s 13-24; p. 201 #'s 2,3,5,6,7) 23

Table of Contents # Date Title Page # /27/14 Ch 7: Skeletal System 01/29/14 Ch 8: Muscular System

Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 01/27/14 Ch 7: Skeletal System 01/29/14 Ch 8: Muscular System 12 i 1 01/30/14 Ch 8: Muscular System 12 Objective: Students will be able to describe