6 TH FORM INDUCTION TASK BTEC SPORT LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA. Mr Masson

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1 6 TH FORM INDUCTION TASK BTEC SPORT LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA Mr Masson

2 TYPES OF MOVEMENT Different bone structures can limit the type and range of movement at each particular joint. The table lists the range of different movement patterns the body can produce. Provide a definition of the movement action and an example of where this can be seen in sport. TYPE DEFINITION SPORTING EXAMPLE FLEXION decreasing the angle of the joint Eg bending arm at elbow catching a ball in netball (bending at elbow) EXTENSION increasing the angle of the joint Eg straightening arm extended knee after kicking a football ABDUCTION ADDUCTION ROTATION movement away from the midline of the body Eg lifting arm out to side movement toward the midline of the body Eg lowering arm down again movement in a curve around the joint Eg rotating head side to side cartwheel (action at shoulder) long jump when landing (action at hips)or breast stroke legs (hips) front crawl breathing (action at neck) CIRCUMDUCTION circular motion combining all of the above Eg swinging arm round in complete circle bowling in cricket PLANTAR FLEXION DORSI FLEXION movement of foot downwards Eg pointing toes movement of toes towards tibia kicking a football (before make contact with ball) pointing toes when balancing in gym landing in a plyometric jump off a box (ankle) PRONATION turning the palm downwards SUPINATION turning the palm upwards EVERSION Turning foot outwards INVERSION turning foot inwards

3 JOINT MOVEMENT ANALYSIS PRESS-UP: Read through the questions below, and then perform a press-up. Think about what is happening at each phase of the press-up, and then complete the table below. 1 The downward phase: a What is happening at the elbow joint? b Which muscle is contracting? c What type of contraction is it performing? 2 The upward phase: a What is happening at the elbow joint? b Which muscle is contracting? c What type of contraction is it performing? 3 Try to hold the press-up at the end of the downward phase: a Which muscle feels as if it is contracting? b What type of contraction is it performing? 1 Type of Movement Contracting Muscle Type of Contraction 2 3 SQUAT: Going through the same process as above, perform a squat and, using the knee joint this time, fill in the table below. 1 Type of Movement Contracting Muscle Type of Contraction 2 3 CHIN-UP: Going through the same process as above, perform a chin-up and, using the elbow joint, fill in the table below. 1 Type of Movement Contracting Muscle Type of Contraction 2 3

4 BICEP CURL: Perform a bicep curl and, using the elbow joint, fill in the table below. Type of Movement Type of Contraction Agonist Antagonist 1 (Upward) 2 (Downward) 3 (Held) TRICEP-DIP: Perform a tricep-dip and, using the elbow joint, fill in the table below. Type of Movement Type of Contraction Agonist Antagonist 1 (Upward) 2 (Downward) 3 (Held) LEG EXTENSION: Perform a leg extension exercise and, using the knee joint, fill in the table below. Type of Movement Type of Contraction Agonist Antagonist 1 (Upward) 2 (Downward) 3 (Held) LEG CURL: Perform a leg curl exercise and, using the knee joint, fill in the table below. Type of Movement Type of Contraction Agonist Antagonist 1 (Upward) 2 (Downward) 3 (Held)

5 ISSUES IN FITNESS TESTS REASONS FOR FITNESS TESTING Fitness testing is a way of gathering information for the planning of effective training programmes or monitoring components of fitness. Why do athletes use fitness testing? To provide a starting point when planning a training programme (gather information on fitness levels) To identify strengths/weaknesses in specific fitness components To measure progress/meet targets (can monitor changes in fitness levels) To provide comparison with other athletes (identify potential talent) To help maintain enthusiasm/motivation by illustrating progress/set targets To evaluate training programmes To monitor progress after an injury When should fitness testing be carried out? At the beginning of training Middle/regularly during training End of training PARQ Prior to any testing, an individual s current state of health and fitness should be assessed by means of a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ). Also the person being tested should give prior consent for tests to be undertaken. PARQ is designed to highlight people who would be at risk of injury/illness through participation. PARQ also helps highlight activities that are unsuitable or some people. It is used by health clubs/gyms as a precaution against legal liability. LIMITATIONS, ETHICS, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Testing is only valuable if it tests what is intended and if the results are reliable. Test specificity means that the chosen test must be designed to assess an individual s fitness for the activity in question. E.g. a swimmer using a treadmill to test for endurance would not be specific and would be of little use as an indication of fitness for swimmers. Test validity refers to whether the test actually tests what you want it to do. Is it specific enough? Most tests measure more than one thing and are affected by a range of factors.

6 Test objectivity means that key factors that may influence or distort results are taken into account. The agreed specific test protocol will have attempted to eliminate the elements which may produce inaccurate results. These include: Test reliability refers to whether the test can be repeated/replicated within the exact environment in order to make it comparable with the only variable acting on the result being fitness level What influences could cause variations in results?: Weather, temperature, humidity, noise level, food intake Health, diet, motivation/mood Prior test knowledge/experience Test conditions surface Time of day Same tester Accuracy of testing is whether the results obtained are accurate in terms of human error, etc Accuracy can be assisted by: 1 fully preparing the individual to be tested 2 comprehensively organising the test 3 paying close attention to the protocol of the test Limitations What are the limitations of fitness testing? Not sports specific Expense Availability Not accurate Does not measure what it sets out to/does not achieve its aims Difficult to replicate conditions/reliability Need for athlete motivation DIFFERENCES IN FITNESS MEASURES WITH AGE As people age, some tests are more appropriate and indeed safer than others. Fitness measures with age describes the need to select tests that are appropriate to use in consideration of a person s age. Many tests are unsuitable for young developing children as well as elderly people.

7 FITNESS TESTS: Application and understanding of protocols of recognised tests for fitness In terms of performance, fitness components vary in their importance according to the sport or activity concerned. Each component of physical fitness can be measured by using appropriate tests. FITNESS COMPONENT Strength FITNESS TEST Hand grip or leg strength using a dynamometer PROTOCOL Bench press using free weights (maximum weight that can be lifted in a single contraction) 30m sprint (running start) Speed Vertical (Sergeant) jump Standing broad jump 1. Measure the vertical reach of an athlete 2. Jump and record the highest height reached 3. Subtract the 1 st reading from the 2 nd to provide the height that the athlete has jumped NCF abdominal curl test Chin-ups/sit-ups/press-ups, etc in a set period of time Cardiovascular (aerobic) endurance (VO 2 max) 1. 2 markers 20 metres apart 2. Run between the markers in time to bleeps on a tape recorder 3. The time between bleeps gradually reduces 4. Failure to make 3 consecutive bleeps concludes the test Cooper 12 min run Harvard step test

8 FITNESS COMPONENT Anaerobic endurance FITNESS TEST Running based anaerobic test (RAST) PROTOCOL Sit and reach (tests hamstring flexibility. Used by sprinters to determine the range of motion of their hamstring muscle group) Shoulder flexibility test Coordination Juggling Reaction time Ruler drop test Illinois agility run Agility Stork balance (static situation) Balance Wobble board (dynamic situation)

9 Which fitness tests test..? STRENGTH SPEED POWER LOCAL MUSCULAR ENDURANCE CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE (aerobic capacity/vo 2 max) ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE FLEXIBILITY COORDINATION BALANCE AGILITY REACTION TIME Principles of training: SPORT/MOR/FITT? Ensure your training programme is fun and interesting or it will be difficult to stick to How hard you train A gradual increase in workload over a period of time that leads to physical adaptations according to the intensity, duration and type of training undertaken. What activities you include in training programme Is when an athlete trains again before the body has recovered from the previous training session. Is necessary for the benefits of training to take effect and may take the form of complete rest or of an alternative, less demanding activity How often you train Training and recovery periods are balanced to allow the body sufficient time for recovery without losing the benefits of training. Increasing the stress applied to the body in order to encourage the body to adapt/improve. How long you train/rest Training must be relevant to the sport or activity being undertaken When training stops, the body systems quickly return to pre-training states Define 3 types of strength with sporting example. Define 7 different components of fitness. Name a sport requiring each component.

10 Complete this diagram

11 RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE AND TRAINING The body shows two kinds of responses to exercise: RESPONSES = Immediate short-term changes that only last for the duration of the activity and the recovery itself. E.g. an increase in HR prior to a 100m final ADAPTATIONS = Long-term/permanent changes that are achieved after a period of training. E.g. a decrease in resting heart rate as a result of aerobic training. RESPONSES TO EXERCISE: RESPONSE REASON BENEFIT Heart rate Ventilation Adrenaline Vascular shunting Muscular temperature Synovial fluid Extremities/Face Speed of nerve impulse Muscle fatigue

1. Describe the main functions of the skeletal system that keep the body healthy and active. [4]

GCSE PE Structured questions 1a Applied anatomy and physiology Understand the structure and functions of the skeleton 1. Describe the main functions of the skeletal system that keep the body healthy and