Observations on Core Body Temperature

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1 Observations on Core Body Temperature David A. Fischer, MD, Charles Barta, ATC, Robby Sikka, BA TRIA Orthopaedic Center

2 Outline I. Background II. Results from 2005 Training Camp III.Discussion and Implications

3 Heat Related Illness 24 Deaths in Football Players since All but one were in High School or College Athletes Literature suggests deaths were preventable What factors affect core body temperature Hot conditions Dehydration of players Uniforms Level of Exertion Supplements

4 Our Approach CorTemp System Ingestible Tablet Radio-frequency transmission to central unit On field monitoring A dozen universities and 3 NFL teams 20 players measured this preseason on Minnesota Vikings

5 Protocol Players temperature measured every 15 minutes during practice(2 Highest Temps averaged for study) 10 practices over first five days of camp Body weights recorded before and after practices Environment recording Wet bulb Temperature Humidity Heat Index

6 Results Relationship between Weight Loss and Core Body Temperature There was a correlation coefficient of.2207 between core body temperature and percentage weight loss Relationship between Wet Bulb Temperature and Core Body Temperature There was a correlation coefficient of.2609 between wet bulb temperature and core body temperature

7 Results Players measured with helmets on during sideline inactivity Players removing their helmet lowered their core body temperature by an average of.5 F for each ten minutes they had their helmet off. Players who drank cold water, removed their helmet, and stood in the shade were able to cool at a rate of 1 F every 7 minutes.

8 Players measured while they were in ice tubs. (No pads) Players cooling themselves in ice baths after practice were able to lower their core body temperature by 1 F for every five minutes in the pool. Results

9 Results Players suffering from muscle cramps lost an average of 3.13 lbs or 1.1% of their body weight average during the single practice session during which they had cramps. Players who did not suffer from muscle cramps reported an average weight loss of 3.10 lbs, or 1.1% of their body weight in a single practice session. The average temperature was F for players who had cramping episodes who also had their temperature measured using the CorTemp system.

10 Discussion Difficult to control and consistently measure players every 15 minutes Relationship of temperature to weight loss and environmental temperature were not strong associations Other factors involved with Core Body Temperature Supplements Body habitus Uniforms Position and level of exertion How much a player runs Other

11 Discussion Players with the highest temperatures in our study were those involved in more running drills and those who were on the field for extended periods of time with no breaks (lineman and backs who were on special teams). Veterans being measured may have arrived in camp in better shape, and thus were able to acclimatize easier Rookie players are likely slower to acclimatize to the rigorous conditions of two-a-day practices in the NFL Fowkes data reached a similar conclusion, that weight loss was a poor predictor of core body temperatures.

12 What this means Thus one can likely conclude that heat illness and heat illness, while more likely in extremely hot conditions, can occur in relatively mild conditions in larger athletes who are dehydrated and have other physical factors causing stress on their body.

13 Discussion Was the cooling of these players due to the inactivity of the player versus the actual cooling mechanisms? We are in the process of developing a more rigorous protocol that will allow us to measure cooling in a more controlled situation that will also enable us to account for inactivity, as well as compare different cooling techniques.

14 Treat the player not the temperature Players should take their helmet off, drink fluids, and stand in the shade during breaks Watch for players with high temperature set points Rookies, special teams players, and offensive lineman tend to be the warmest Cold water immersion is still best in the case of an emergency Things to remember

15 Thank you

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