Locomotion: The act or power of moving from place to place

Transcription

1 Locomotion

2 Locomotion: The act or power of moving from place to place

3 Vocabulary 1. Motile = The ability to move from place to place 2. Sessile = 3. Muscle contraction = 4. Exoskeleton = 5. Endoskeleton = 6. Pseudopods = 7. Cilia = 8. Flagella = 9. Setae = Lacking the ability to move on their own or being stationary How muscles exert force, by shortening Skeleton on the outside of the body Skeleton on the inside of the body Temporary projection of the cell surface Short hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmically Larger hair-like fibers, usually only 1 or 2 per cell Tiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm

4 Advantages for Locomotion It is easier to get food It its easier to find shelter An organism can move away from dangerous conditions or predators It is easier to find mates and reproduce

5 Locomotion in the Deep Sea

6 Adaptations in Locomotion

7 Locomotion in Protists Amoeba Paramecium Euglena

8 Amoeba An organism moves when the cytoplasm moves into or out of the pseudopods This movement is also seen in white blood cells This movement is also known as amoeboid movement

9 To see an amoeba move

10 Paramecium Paramecium move by cilia beating rhythmically They move quicker than amoeba

11 To see a paramecium move

12 Euglena Euglena moves by one long, thin structure called a flagella Whip-like movements pull it through the water

13 Locomotion in the Earthworm Outer and inner layers of muscles shorten and lengthen the body Setae hook the ground in order for the body to push and pull forward

14 To see an earthworm move

15 Locomotion in the Grasshopper Exoskeleton divided into plates to allow movement 3 pair of jointed legs First 2 pair used for walking Powerful third pair used for jumping 2 pair of wings for flying

16 To see a grasshopper move

17 The Skeletal System

18 Bones Bones and Cartilage Are a type of connective tissue Act as an attachment for muscles Give the body shape and support Protect the body s organs Serve as a storage area for minerals (calcium) Produce red and white blood cells in the marrow (soft inside) True red marrow produces red blood cells The periosteum is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone. Two types of bone tissue Spongy - light weight but adds strength to bone Compact more dense and stores minerals (calcium)

19 Bones and Cartilage Cartilage Is a type of connective tissue that bends easily Most of the skeleton of an embryo is cartilage In adults, it only remains in the joints, the ears, the nose and at the end of the ribs Cushions the joints

20 The Human Skeleton 206 bones Two main parts The axial skeleton The appendicular skeleton

21 The Axial Skeleton Made up of Cranium (skull) Vertebral column (backbone) Sternum (breast bone) Rib cage

22 The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle: Arm bones Wrist and hand bones Scapula (shoulder blades) Clavicles (collar bones) Pelvic girdle: Pelvis Leg bones Ankle and foot bones

23 Joints The place where bones meet is called a joint Some are immovable (i.e.. the skull) Most are moveable

24 Joints Moveable joints: 1. Hinge = elbow and knee 2. Ball-and-Socket = shoulder and hip 3. Pivot = base of the skull 4. Gliding joint = wrists

25 Ligaments Attaches bone to bone

26 Tendons Attach muscles to bones

27 Remember Ligaments attach bone to bone Tendons attach muscles to bone

28 The Human Muscular System Muscles can exert force when they contract, or shorten. When they contract, they move the parts of the skeleton (bones) they are attached to.

29 The Human Muscular System There are three types of muscles: 1. Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) 2. Smooth muscle (muscles of the organs and blood vessels) 3. Skeletal muscles (muscles that move your skeleton bones)

30 Cardiac Muscle Muscle that makes up the heart These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

31 Smooth muscles Found in the walls of internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and the diaphragm These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

32 Skeletal muscles Voluntary muscles you do have control of the movement They are fastened to the bones of the skeleton Muscle cells fuse together to form muscle fibers

33 Skeletal muscles Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons

34 Skeletal muscles There is always a certain amount of tone in the skeletal muscles even at rest. Skeletal muscles are in a state of readiness known as muscle tone

35 Skeletal muscles Muscles can only pull, they cannot push Muscles move a joint in antagonistic pairs

36 On one side of the joint, the muscle flexes (contacts) while the other side of the joint extends (relaxes) The biceps contract The triceps relax