End of Unit Review and Preparation. Short term effects Learners MUST KNOW R A G. Understand the short-term effects of exercise on:

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1 End of Unit Review and Preparation Please do the following 1. Read the Learners must know section (see below) 2. Watch the GCSE POD video 3. Attempt Exam Questions 4. Mark your answers 5. Reflect and repeat until you are successful and understand all specification requirements GCSE POD: Short term effects Learners MUST KNOW R A G. Understand the short-term effects of exercise on: Short term effects of Muscle temperature exercise Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output Redistribution of blood flow during exercise Respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation Oxygen to the working muscles Lactic acid production. Be able to apply the effects to examples from physical activity and sport. Be able to collect and use data relating to short-term Long-term (training) effects of exercise. Understand the long term effects of exercise on: Bone density Hypertrophy of muscles Muscular strength Resistance to fatigue Hypertrophy of the heart Resting heart rate and resting stroke volume Cardiac output Rate of recovery Aerobic capacity Respiratory muscles Tidal volume and minute volume during exercise capilliarisation. Be able to apply the effects to examples from physical activity and sport. Be able to collect and use data relating to long-term effects of exercise OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 1 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

2 Physical Education (9-1) Effects of exercise on the body systems Rafferty Gunn OCR ExamBuilder process constraints mean you may see slight differences between this paper and the original. Duration: Not set Candidates answer on the Question Paper. A calculator may be used in this paper. OCR supplied materials: Additional resources may be supplied with this paper. Other materials required: Pencil Ruler (cm/mm) Candidate forename Candidate surname Centre number Candidate number INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters. Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Answer all the questions. Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. Write your answer to each question in the space provided. Additional paper may be used if necessary but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s). INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with a pencil or an asterisk. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The total number of marks for this paper is 52. OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 2 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

3 Answer all the questions. 1. Identify and explain three reasons why it is good to participate in physical activities. [6] 2. Which one of the following is an effect of lactic acid? (a) Gives you a feeling of excitement (b) Causes extreme hunger pains (c) Helps to create oxygen in the lungs (d) Causes muscle fatigue during exercise [1] 3. Which one of the following is a short-term effect of exercise on the muscular system? OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 3 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

4 (a) Decrease in stroke volume (b) Increase in the temperature of the muscles (c) Decrease in blood flow from the heart (d) Increase in muscle mass [1] 4. Describe three long-term effects of exercise on the heart and three long-term effects of exercise on the lungs. Long-term effects of exercise on the heart 1) 2) 3) Long-term effects of exercise on the lungs 1) 2) 3) [6] 5. Which one of the following is a long-term effect of exercise on the muscular system? OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 4 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

5 (a) An increase in tidal volume in muscles (b) A decrease in blood flow to muscle fibres (c) An increase in muscle fatigue (d) An increase in tolerance to lactic acid [1] 6. When does the build-up of lactic acid occur? Identify two effects of the build-up of lactic acid. [3] 7. Which one of the following is an example of a long term effect of exercise on the heart? (a) Increase in tidal volume (b) Decrease in resting heart rate (c) Increase in heart disease (d) Decrease in stroke volume [1] 8. Explain when and how lactic acid affects the ability to maintain physical activity. OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 5 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

6 [4] 9. Identify the waste product which causes muscular fatigue during exercise. [1] 10(a). Complete the following statements using words from the box below. The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per breath is known as... (b). The series of images below show a golf swing. The main movement plane during a golf swing is... stroke volume sagittal rotation minute ventilation transverse tidal volume [2] 11. Which one of the following is a long-term effect of exercise on the respiratory system? (a) Increase in stroke volume OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 6 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

7 (b) Increase in tidal volume (c) Decrease in minute volume (d) Decrease in rate of recovery [1] 12. A short-term effect of exercise is the hypertrophy of muscle. Is this statement true or false? Draw a circle around your answer. True False [1] 13(a). Describe the long-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system and how these effects may benefit a marathon runner. [5] (b). Using practical examples, describe the redistribution of blood during exercise. OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 7 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

8 [5] 14. Which one of the following is a short term effect of exercise on muscles? (a) An increase in muscle temperature (b) A decrease in hypertrophy of muscle fibres (c) An increase in rate of recovery (d) A decrease in minute volume [1] 15. Describe three effects of a six month training programme on muscles. 1 OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 8 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

9 2 3 [3] 16(a). As part of their 8 week pre-season football training programme, players are monitored in terms of the changes in heart rate that occur during and after a training session. Fig. 3 shows a graph of heart rate results for three players during the first training session of the programme. Fig.3 OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 9 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

10 Using the information in Fig.3, analyse the players fitness levels, performance in training and recovery. [3] (b). Describe two short term effects which the pre-season training programme could have on the players hearts. 1 OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 10 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

11 2 [2] (c). Evaluate how the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system could be beneficial to a footballer. [5] END OF QUESTION PAPER OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 11 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

12 Mark scheme Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance Six marks for six from: 1. Keeps you healthy Sub max of 3 for identification only (odd 2. This helps to keep appropriate BMI / maintain body weight / live longer / combats disease numbers) Explanations (even numbers) can link with 3. Fitness (physiological / any components) other identification points where appropriate; 4. This helps to keep CV fitness / strength / keep eg To keep fit (point 3) and therefore improves going / live longer / reduces risk of injury 5. Mental confidence (point 6) Accept explanations as identification; eg 6. Positive (self) image / self-esteem / (mental) well being / confidence increase CV endurance can help reduce CHD Accept alternative but appropriate explanations 7. Stress relief 1 8. Gives you something else to think about / is an 6 escape from stressors / makes you happier 9. Enjoyment / fun / make friends / social benefits Examiner s Comments 10. makes you happy / optimistic / new friends / become part of a team Many candidates showed a good level of knowledge of 11. As a hobby the reasons for participation in physical activities, with 12. an interest / as a contrast to work many writing about physiological and psychological as 13. As a job / profession well as social benefits. Those that scored well gave a 14. to gain money / materialistic benefits or good explanation for each point made. Those candidates example of job eg Football pro / PE teacher who did not score well did not give an explanation or were 15. To act as a role model for others too superficial in their responses. 16. to influence others to become fit / healthy. Total 6 2 d. 1 Total 1 3 b. 1 Total 1 Six marks for six from: Three marks sub max heart 1. Increase size / muscle of heart / hypertrophy / heart is stronger Examiner s Comments 4 2. Increase in stroke volume (resting / maximum) / more blood per beat 3. Increase in (maximum) cardiac output / more blood (per minute) 4. Decrease in (resting) heart rate 6 Candidates showed good understanding of the long-term effects of exercise and scored well on this question. As in previous series of examinations, candidates get tidal volume mixed up and apply this incorrectly to the heart. 5. Decrease in likelihood of CHD or related heart problems / healthier heart OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 12 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

13 Three marks sub max lungs 6. Increase in lung volume or capacity / increase in resting lung volume / increase in alveoli / more air or more oxygen 7. Increased capillarisation 8. Increase in (maximum) pulmonary ventilation 9. Increase in minute volume 10. Increase in tidal volume 11. Increase in strength of respiratory muscles 12. Decrease in lung disease / healthier lungs Total 6 5 D 1 Total 1 3 marks for 3 from: 1 mark for: 1. Occurs during exercise / occurs when lack of oxygen / during anaerobic exercise. Do not accept cramp as an effect. 2 marks for 2 from: 6 2. Causes fatigue / tiredness 3 Examiner s Comments 3. Causes pain / discomfort / soreness / aching Most candidates scored the full marks for this question 4. So more likely to stop or slow down and were able to identify two clear effects of lactic acid. 5. Can decrease performance / leads to poor performance / makes you less effective. Total 3 7 b. Decrease in resting heart rate [1] Total 1 Four marks for four from: Do not accept: tightens / stiffness in muscles / gives you the stitch / cramp 8 1. When working / during / after hard / high [4] intensity activity Do not accept: affects the ability to maintain activity (in 2. When there is a lack of oxygen / anaerobic the question) OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 13 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

14 3. (Builds up) in muscle 4. Causes fatigue / tiredness 5. Causes pain / discomfort / aching / soreness 6. Makes you stop the activity or impeding activity / weakness / hard to move or decrease performance Examiner s Comments Many candidates were side-tracked when explaining when and how lactic acid affects the ability to maintain physical activity and described the cool-down in helping with the dispersal of lactic acid. The candidates who scored well were those who stuck to the requirements of the question and answered both strands of this question the when and the how. Total 4 9 Lactic acid 1 1 x (AO1) Total 1 10 a Two marks for: (a) tidal volume (AO1) 2 1 x (AO1) b (b)transverse (AO3) 1 x (AO3) Total 2 11 b. [1] Total 1 12 FALSE 1 1 x (AO1) Total 1 5 marks from: 2 marks sub-max (effects): 13 a 1. Improvements to the efficiency of the respiratory system 2. Increased efficiency to take in O2 or to supply O2 to muscles 3. Increased surface area of alveoli 4. Increased capillarisation / capillary density around alveoli 5. Strengthens respiratory muscles / respiratory muscle hypertrophy 6. Increase in (maximum) pulmonary ventilation 7. Increase in minute volume 8. Increase in tidal volume 9. Decrease in lung disease / healthier lungs 5 2 x (AO1) 3 x (AO2) 3 marks sub-max (benefits): 1. Increased endurance / able to run for longer 2. Increased performance levels OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 14 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

15 3. Increased speed of recovery 4. Better chance of participating in running for a longer time / older age (due to health benefits) 5 marks from: 1. Vascular shunt mechanism Give marks if practical example indicates knowledge of 2. More blood delivered to the working muscles / other points vasodilation of blood vessels b 3. E.g. Increased blood supply to the quadriceps during a game of hockey 5 5 x (AO2) Egg Increased blood supply to quadriceps during a hockey game = pt 2 and pt 3 4. Decrease in blood flow to other organs / vasoconstriction of blood vessels Egg Decreased blood supply to the liver / kidney / 5. E.g. Decreased blood supply to the liver / intestines during a game of hockey = pt 4 and pt 5 kidney / intestines during a game of hockey Total a. An increase in muscle temperature [1] Total 1 Three marks for three from: 1. Increase in size / mass(of muscle fibres) / hypertrophy / increase in growth (of muscles) 2. Increase in strength (of muscle fibres) / tone / power / force or increase in strength of ligaments / tendons 3. Increase in speed (of contraction) Must be a description for each mark awarded. Do not allow single word answers as 4. Increase in muscular endurance / last longer / less time to fatigue 5. Increase in flexibility / stretch further(of muscle)/elasticity descriptions But accept hypertrophy on its own Efficient / work harder= too vague Do not accept stamina 6. Increased tolerance to lactic acid Increase in recovery rate / recovers quicker 8. Increased rate of removal of lactic acid /reduce [3] the build-up of lactic acid or produce less lactic Examiner s Comments acid 9. Greater potential for energy production / more Many candidates scored well for this question and energy available showed a good understanding of the long-term effects of 10. Size / number of mitochondria increased exercise on muscles. The question does require a 11. Increase in myoglobin (within muscle cells) description and those candidates who simply gave a list of 12. Increase in capillaries in muscles / more single responses scored few, if any, marks. oxygen / haemoglobin to (working) muscles 13. Helps prevent injury / helps recovery from injury 14. Causes injury / strains / damage / can decrease mobility Total 3 OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 15 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

16 Three marks from: 1. (Fitness levels) Player B has the best level of fitness because they have the lowest resting heart rate. Player C has the lowest fitness level as they have the highest resting heart rate. 2. (Performance in training) Player C might have worked hardest during the session as their heart rate peaks highest 16 a OR 3 3 x (AO3) (Performance in training) Players A and B may not have worked as hard in the middle of the session as their heart rate plateaus (Player A from 10-20mins; Player B from mins) 3. (Recovery) Players A and B both do cool downs but Player C does not as there is a sudden decrease in heart rate after the session for player C whereas the decrease is gradual for players A and B Two marks from: 1. increased heart rate b 2. increase in stroke volume 3. increase in blood temperature 4. more blood / oxygen diverted to working 2 2 x (AO2) muscles 5. blood vessels near skin open to let out heat Five marks from: 1. increase in size / mass / hypertrophy / growth (of muscle) e.g. Easier for player to shield the ball away from opponent 2. increase in strength / stronger / power / tone / force e.g. Able to kick the ball harder / further 3. increase in speed (of contraction) e.g. Beating an opponent in a sprint to get the ball first c 4. increase in muscular endurance or able to last longer / decrease in fatigue e.g. Easier to 5 5 x (AO3) Only accept answers that are linked to how they may actually benefit a footballer. perform for the entire game/90 minutes 5. increase in flexibility / able to stretch further / elasticity e,g. Able to stretch for the ball further when making a tackle / less likely to get injured 6. increase tolerance to lactic acid e.g. Able to keep playing for longer / harder / increased chances of lasting 90 minutes 7. increase in recovery rate e.g. Player ready for next game / training quicker OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 16 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder

17 8. increased rate of removal of lactic acid e.g. - Able to keep playing for longer / harder / increased chances of lasting 90 minutes 9. greater potential for energy production e.g. - Able to keep playing for longer / harder / increased chances of lasting 90 minutes 10. increase in size / number of mitochondria e.g. Able to compete in a game faster / longer 11. increase in capillaries / more oxygen / haemoglobin available e.g. the player is able to work harder / longer 12. helps to prevent injury / assists with recovery from injury e.g. Less prone to injury during a game of football Total 10 OCR You may photocopy this page. Page 17 of 17 Created in ExamBuilder