Brainstem. Telencephalon Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem

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1 Brainstem

2 Brainstem 脑 脊髓

3 Brainstem Telencephalon Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem

4 Ventral view

5 Lateral view

6 10 pairs of the cranial nerves are attached to the brain stem

7 The brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

8 Medulla oblongata ventral aspect External structure Pyramid: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) Decussation of pyramid: formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract Olive: produced by underlying inferior olivary nucleus Anterolateral sulcus: rootlets of hypoglossal nerve emerge from it Posterolateral sulcus: rootlets of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves emerge from it

9 Pons ventral aspect Basilar part Basilar sulcus : basilar artery Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve Bulbopontine sulcus: from medial to lateral, the abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves appear Pontocerebellar trigone : the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum, containing facial, vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal N.

10 Midbrain ventral aspect Cerebral peduncle Crus cerebri Interpeduncular fossa Oculomotor nerves emerge Posterior perforated substance

11 Medulla oblongata dorsal aspect Lower portion Gracile tubercle produced by underlying gracile nucleus Cuneate tubercle produced by underlying cuneate nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle Upper portion: forms the lower half of rhomboid fossa

12 Pons dorsal aspect Superior cerebellar peduncle Superior medullary velum Upper portion of the rhomboid fossa

13

14 Roof of the fourth ventricle Anterior part: formed by superior cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum Posterior part: formed by inferior medullary velum and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Three apertures Median aperture of fourth ventricle Two lateral apertures of fourth ventricle

15

16 Fourth ventricle Position Situated ventral to cerebellum, and dorsal to pons and upper part of medulla

17

18 Midbrain dorsal aspect Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculus constitute centers for visual reflexes Inferior colliculus associated with auditory pathway Trochlear n.

19 Rhomboid fossa floor of the fourth ventricle Boundaries Inferolateral: gracile and cuneate tubercles, inferior cerebellar peduncle Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle Lateral recess

20 Features Median sulcus, Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus: nucleus of abducent n. Lateral triangle area Vestibular area: vestibular nuclei Acoustic tubercle: cochlear nucleus Locus ceruleus Striae medullares Medial: Hypoglossal triangle : nucleus of hypoglossal n. Vagal triangle: dorsal nucleus of vagal n. Lateral: Vestibular area (vestibular nuclei) Area postrema

21 Internal structure Gray matter -Nuclei of cranial nerves -Non-cranial nerve nuclei White matter -Accending tract -Descending tract Reticular formation

22 The characteristics of internal structure of brain stem (1) the gray matter is formed by series of isolated nuclei. (2) the position of the white matter and gray matter are rearranged as the opening of the forth ventricle. (3) In addition to nuclei of cranial nerves, brain stem has noncranial nerve nuclei. (4) has expansion area of reticular formation which contains many important nuclear groups of vital centers in medulla, such as center of heart beat, blood pressure and respiratory.

23 Compared with spinal cord, the gray matter and white matter in brain stem are changed their positions as the fourth ventricle appears

24 Nuclei of cranial nerves Special somatic sensory general somatic sensory Special visceral sensory General visceral sensory General visceral motor Special visceral motor General somatic motor Seven types of cranial nuclei

25 1. General somatic motor nuclei Innervate skeletal muscle involved in the movement of eye and tongue (muscle of extraocular and tongue) Nucleus of oculomotor n. Nucleus of trochlear n. Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of hypoglossal n.

26 General somatic motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Nucleus of Oculomotor n. Midbrain Ⅲ Supreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris Nucleus of trochlear n. Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of hypoglossal n. Midbrain Ⅳ Superior obliquus Pons Ⅵ Lateral rectus Medulla Ⅻ Muscles of tongue

27 2. Special visceral motor nuclei Innervate the skeletal muscle derived from branchial arches invlved in chewing, making facial expression, swallowing, producing vocal sounds and turning head Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Nucleus of facial n. Nucleus ambiguus (IX, X) Accessory nucleus n. No corresponding nucleus in the spinal cord

28 Special visceral motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Nucleus of facial n. Pons Ⅴ Masticatory muscles Pons Ⅶ Facial muscles Nucleus ambiguus Accessory nucleus Medulla Ⅸ,Ⅹ.Ⅺ Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus Medullacervical cord Ⅺ Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

29 3. General visceral motor nuclei Innervate smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands (parasympathetic) Accessory oculomotor nucleus (E-W nucleus) Superior salivatory nucleus (VII) Inferior salivatory nucleus (IV) Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.

30 General visceral motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain Ⅲ Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m. Superior salivatory nucleus Inferior salivertory nucleus Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. Pons Ⅶ Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands Medulla Ⅸ Parotid gland medulla Ⅹ Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

31 4. Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special ) Relays the taste and general sensory stimuli from the tongue and visceral Nucleus of solitary tract

32 Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special ) Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Nucleus of solitary tract Medulla Ⅶ,Ⅸ,Ⅹ Taste and visceral sensation epiglottis

33 5. General somatic sensory nuclei Relays the sensation from the skin, mucosa of the head and face Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

34 General somatic sensory nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. Midbrain Ⅴ Proprioception sense Pons Ⅴ Tactile and pressure sense Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. Medulla Ⅴ Pain and temperature sense

35 6. Special somatic sensory nuclei Receive the fiber of auditory or equilibratory sensation. Cochlear nuclei Vestibular nuclei

36 Special somatic sensory nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Cochlear nuclei Pons and medulla Ⅷ Sense of hearing Vestibular nuclei Pons and medulla Ⅷ Sense of equilibrium

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