DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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1 DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2 Bell Work What s your reaction time? Go to this website and check it out: Read the following brief article and summarize what reaction time is and define any key words

3 Standards 20) Differentiate between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, detailing the anatomy of each system, important functions, differences between afferent, efferent, and associative neurons, and the different categories of nervous cells and tissue. 21) Explain the process of action potentials of the nervous system and name the factors that affect the speed at which a nerve impulse travels. Include in the explanation the all-or-none law and substances that can change the transmission such as amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, etc.

4 Ischemic Trauma (stroke=lack of oxygen to brain) Cerebral Vascular Accidents (CVA) Transient Ischemia Attacks (TIA)

5 Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) Major stroke Brain tissue dies due to insufficient blood supply Symptoms largely permanent Third leading cause of death in USA Risk Factors Smoking Hypertension Heart disease Family History

6 Cerebral Vascular Accident CVA Etiology 90% blood clots lodges in carotid arteries, blocking flow of blood to the brain 10% ruptured blood vessels in the brain Symptoms Hemiplegia- paralysis on one side of the body Sudden, severe headache dizziness

7 CVA Sudden loss of vision in one eye Aphasia (difficulty with speech) Dysphasia (difficulty swallowing) Coma Possible death

8 Cerebral Vascular Accident CVA Treatment Immediate care CT to determine etiology If clot, treatment to dissolve clot Prevention Transient Ischemia Attacks (TIA) mini-stroke Stop smoking, exercise, lose weight, control hypertension

9 Physical Trauma Cerebral Palsy Hydrocephalus

10 Cerebral Palsy Permanent, non-progressive brain defect reflected in voluntary muscular movement May be due to birth injury or abnormal brain development from infection prenatal Spastic hemi- or quadriplegia spastic paralysis of limbs No impairment in intellect Symptoms- head rolling, grimacing, difficult speech and swallowing

11 Hydrocephalus Increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles Usually blockage in 3 rd or 4 th ventricle Enlargement of head (infants) Brain damage possible Treatment surgery -bypass or shunt performed to relieve pressure

12 Infections of the Nervous System Encephalitis Meningitis Polio ---- Post polio syndrome (degenerative) Neuritis Bell s Palsy

13 Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain Cause- usually viral (chemical) Symptoms- severe headache, fever, lethargy, extreme weakness, visual disturbances Diagnosis LP, EEG, Treatment- some difficult to treat, antiviral medications, e.g. acyclovir

14 Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges Cause viral or bacterial Symptoms fever and stiff neck, headaches, In severe form, may lead to paralysis, coma and death Lumbar puncture used for diagnosis If bacterial cause, treated with antibiotics

15 Poliomyelitis Disease of the motor neurons of the spinal cord Almost eliminated in USA by vaccinations Sudden onset of paralysis after flu-like symptoms Treatment supportive care until virus runs its course, then treatment to recover strength to damaged muscles

16 Post-Polio Syndrome Etiology- late onset fatigue of motor neurons originally affected by polio virus Symptoms muscle weakness (atrophy) Treatment no treatment, exercise may help

17 Bell s Palsy Facial Nerve -7 th cranial nerve affected Appears as a stroke on one side of the face, eye does not close properly, the mouth droops, numbness on the effected side Cause nerve becomes swollen, is inflamed- usually due to infection with virus Symptoms usually disappear within a few weeks If total paralysis, total recovery may not be possible

18 Epilepsy Seizure disorder Characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from the neurons Seizures thought to be result of spontaneous, uncontrolled electrical activity Cause uncertain, many variables

19 Spinal Cord Injuries Paralysis -loss of power of motion or sensation Paraplegia paralysis of the lower limbs Hemiplegia paralysis on one side of the body Quadriplegia- paralysis of all four extremities

20 Diagnostic Tests Lumbar Puncture- removal of CSF from spinal canal, needle puncture between the 3 rd and 4 th lumbar vertebrae the spinal cord ends at second L 2 level. Electroencephalogram (EEG)- recording of the electrical activity of the brain CAT Scan Computerized Axial Tomography- combines x-ray emission with nuclear medicine produces cross-sectional images MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging- uses a magnetic field along with radio frequency to produce crosssection images of the body

21 Activity: Degenerative Nervous System Disorders Research one of the following and create a PPT (6-10 slides): Alzheimer's Disease Parkinson s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Use pictures/graphics and briefly explain: Description of the disease Is it genetic or not? How is this diagnosed? Possible treatments/management What is the prognosis?

22 Activity: What is a stroke? Click on the tab on the class website. Follow the directions to the KHAN Academy link and answer the questions concerning strokes.

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