Section I: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics of Ketoprofen SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON KETOPROFEN
|
|
- Vernon Palmer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Section I: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics of SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON KETOPROFEN BY L. JULOU, J. C. GUYONNET, R. DUCROT AND J. PASQUET SUMMARY Evidence for the effectiveness of ketoprofen in animal models of inflammation and its antipyretic effect is reviewed. Its toxicity in animals is discussed and the low tendency to produce ulcers is stressed. 2-(3-BENZOYLPHENYL)PROPIONIC ACID or ketoprofen was selected in our laboratories during a systematic study, which started in 1966, of anti-inflammatory activity amongst the numerous benzoylphenyl alkyl acids. In our first publication which appeared in 1971 (Julou et al.) we explained all the points of interest which this product seemed to show experimentally: its very potent antiinflammatory activity and its low toxicity, especially as regards the gastro-intestinal tract. Clinical studies carried out firstly in France and then in Britain and finally on a world-wide basis confirmed the therapeutic effect of ketoprofen. In this paper we have summarized the essential pharmacological and toxicological facts based on the study of ketoprofen in comparison with indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. The primary modes of action of the aryl alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids still remain to be worked out but it seems probable, as Shen pointed out in 1972, that these products have a variety of actions on the complex process of inflammation. PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY The techniques which we have used for the study of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of ketoprofen and of reference products have been described previously (Julou et al., 1971, 1975). As can be seen in Table I, ketoprofen exerts a TABLE I ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF KETOPROFEN, INDOMETHACIN AND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID Product Indomethacin Acetylsalicylic acid Carrageenin abscess (rat) ED 5 * mg/kg p.o. (a) 1.(.25-4) 1.3 (.5-3.2) 16 (74-326) U.V. erythema (guinea-pig) ED 6 * mg/kg p.o. (a) 6 ( ) 1.2 ( ) 9 (5-2) Adjuvant arthritis (rat) active threshold dose, P=.5 mg/kg p.o./ day/18 days (b) (a) ED 5 and fiducial limits (P=.5) calculated according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). (b) Day 1 is the day when the adjuvant was administered. * Effective dose, mean. 5
2 A SYMPOSIUM ON KETOPROFEN potent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenin-induced abscess in the rat and ultraviolet erythema in the guinea-pig. This is at least equal to indomethacin and very much more potent than acetylsalicylic acid, 15 to 15 times more, depending on the test used. In the adjuvant arthritis test in the rat, an attractive model (Spector and Willoughby, 1968; Walz et al., 1974), ketoprofen shows a significant activity from a daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg by mouth; the minimal effective dose of indomethacin is also around 2.5 mg/kg by mouth. A study of a higher dosage of indomethacin could not be carried out because of the toxic effects it produced (1% mortality after 1 days of treatment of 5 mg/kg orally). On the other hand, ketoprofen at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg orally was well tolerated by polyarthritic rats and the inhibitory effect on the arthritis was very marked, around 7 %. The activity of acetylsalicylic acid only became apparent at a very high dosage of around 2 mg/kg orally. The analgesic effects of ketoprofen and of the two reference products were tested by two classical techniques used for 'antipyretic analgesics': pressure test in the rat paw (Randall and Selitto's test) and intraperitoneal injection of phenylbenzoquinone in the mouse. The results which are given in Table II show that there is no significant difference TABLE II ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF KETOPROFEN, INDOMETHACIN AND ACETYLSALICYCLIC ACID Randall and Selitto's Test Pain induced by phenyl- Product (rat) benzoquinone in the mouse ED 5 mg/kg p.o. (a) EDgo mg/kg p.o. (a) 2.4 (.8-7.2) 2.3 ( ) Indomethacin 3.5(.8-14.) 2.2( ) Acetylsalicyclic acid 7 ( ) 16 (97-264) (a) ED 5 and fiducial limits (P=.5) calculated according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). between the activity of ketoprofen and indomethacin but that the active dosage of acetylsalicylic acid is 2 to 7 times higher than that of the other two products. Fig. 1 shows that ketoprofen, administered orally to the rat, acts against hyperthermia induced by the subcutaneous injection of brewers' yeast, an antipyretic effect about four times greater than that of indomethacin and about 1 times greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. The antipyretic activity of ketoprofen (given subcutaneously) has also been studied in the rabbit in comparison with indomethacin. The hyperthermia was provoked by an intravenous injection of Proteus vulgaris and in this model ketoprofen is about 3 times more active than indomethacin (Fig. 2). It is interesting to note that ketoprofen is well absorbed when given orally, percutaneously (as a water-miscible 1 % cream) and by the rectal route (as suppositories of.1 to.3 or.9% of the active product in an excipient composed of semisynthetic glycerides), as is shown by a comparison of ED 5 of the product by these different routes and when given subcutaneously (see Table III) in the carrageenin abscess test in the rat. This good absorption has been confirmed in pharmacokinetic studies carried out both in experimental animals (Julou et al., 1975; Populaire et al., 1973) and in man (Delbarre et al., 1975; Populaire et al, 1973). It should especially be noted that the very good local tolerance of the injectable solution when given by intramuscular injection allows this route to be used without difficulty in man.
3 L. JULOU, J. C GUYONNET, R. DUCROT AND J. PASQUET RECTAL TEMPERATURE C CONTROLS: normal rats f~] CONTROLS: hyperthermic ^ rats J lndomethacin Dosage Acetylsalicylic acid (mg/kgp.a) FIG. 1. Antipyretic activity of ketoprofen in the rat compared with indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. HYPERTHERMIA Controls lndomethacin Dosage (mg/kgs.c.) FIG. 2. Antipyretic activity of ketoprofen in the rabbit compared with indomethacin.
4 A SYMPOSIUM ON KETOPROFEN TABLE III EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF KETOPROFEN (CARRAGEENIN ABSCESS IN RAT) Route ED 5 mg/kg (a) Oral 1.4(.4^.) Sub-cutaneous.4(.1-1.4) Percutaneous 1 Rectal 4.8 ( ) (a) ED 5 and fiducial limits CP=.5) calculated according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). Toxicity Sub-acute Mouse Rat Mouse Species TABLE IV TOXICITY OF KETOPROFEN 36 (257-54) 16( ) 18 ( ) LD 5 o* mg/kg p.o. (a) Indomethacin Acetylsalicylic acid 2 (12-34) 15 (8-135) 38 (29-5) 155(12-2) 5.7 ( ) about 68 Rat 21 (15-29) 6 about 78 (a) The animals were observed for 8 days after the single (acute toxicity) or the last (subacute toxicity) administration of the compounds. *LDg (mean lethal dose expressed in mg/kg p.o/day in the subacute toxicity studies) and fiducial limits (P=.5) calculated according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY, when given orally to the mouse and rat (see Table IV) in acute and subacute (5-day) toxicity tests, is about 2 and 4 times respectively less toxic than indomethacin. In these two species, the acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid is respectively 3 and 1 times less than that of ketoprofen. The long-term toxicity studies of ketoprofen, given orally, were carried out in the rat, dog and monkey, for 1, 3 and 18 months in the rat, 1 and 3 months in the dog and 12 months in the monkey. As is the case with indomethacin and in general with potent steroidal and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents, ketoprofen may give rise to gastro-intestinal lesions (the gastrointestinal mucosa represents the most sensitive target for this type of compound). In one-month studies in the rat and dog, ketoprofen was compared with indomethacin and the results obtained regarding the gastro-intestinal toxicity and mortality are given in Table V. This table shows that the maximum dose tolerated by the gastrointestinal tract is about three times higher for ketoprofen when compared with indomethacin. Also, at the two highest dosages studied, the ulcerogenic activity may cause mortality which was much greater with indomethacin than with ketoprofen. In the rat, after a 3 or 18 month treatment, ketoprofen was well tolerated by the gastro-intestinal tract at daily doses, respectively, of 6 and 4.5 mg/kg orally. In the dog, a species especially sensitive to the ulcerogenic properties of the antiinflammatory agents, after a 3-month treatment at an oral daily dose of 3 mg/kg,
5 L. JULOU, J. C. GUYONNET, R. DUCROT AND J. PASQUET ONE-MONTH ORAL TOXICITY TABLE V STUDY OF KETOPROFEN AND INDOMETHACIN Daily dose Mortality Gastric and intestinal ulcers (a) Rat Dog Indomethacin /2 17/2 2 1/2 2/2 + -f (1 Dog) + (1 Dog) (a) The severity of the ulcerogenic effect has been recorded as: =no ulceration; + =minimal ulceration; + + =numerous well marked ulcers. ketoprofen produced only minimal changes in the digestive tract (a few small ulcerations or erosions most often in the process of healing). Finally, in the monkey after 12-month treatment, ketoprofen was well tolerated by the gastro-intestinal tract at an oral daily dose of 9 mg/kg. At an oral daily dose of 27 mg/kg, one of the 12 monkeys treated had a small lesion on the pyloric antrum which suggested a healed ulcer. Teratogenicity studies of ketoprofen were carried out in the mouse, rat and rabbit, the drug being given during the period of organogenesis. There was no evidence of a teratogenic effect in the rabbit and mouse at oral daily doses of 3, 6 and 12 mg/kg, and in the rat at 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg. Slight embryo-toxicity was seen in the rabbit at the highest dose, an effect most probably linked to the impaired general condition of the does at this sub-toxic dose level. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The experimental studies show that ketoprofen, like indomethacin, is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Both compounds have a similar anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity but ketoprofen is 3 to 4 times more active as an antipyretic agent. The active dose of acetylsalicyclic acid is 15 to 15 times higher than that of the other two products. In the mouse and rat, the acute toxicity of ketoprofen, given orally, is 4 to 8 times less than that of indomethacin and 3 to 1 times greater than that of acetylsalicyclic acid. In the case of daily oral administration maintained over several weeks in the rat and dog, the comparison of the toxicity of ketoprofen and indomethacin, and especially the gastro-intestinal tolerance, is also clearly in favour of the former product. With regard to the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of ketoprofen, numerous studies carried out during the past 12 years on the modes of action of the anti-inflammatory agents, and especially with the aryl alkyl acids (see Shen, 1972) have opened up a number of lines of research the action on various enzymes and mediators involved in the development of the inflammatory process, the inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis, modifications in the function of leucocytes and platelets, a stabilizing effect on the lysosome membranes etc. It should, however, be noted that the results obtained from these studies, especially those which were done in vitro, are often controversial, and that the resultant hypotheses on the mechanisms of action of these products are often tenuous and should therefore be viewed with caution (Paulus and Whitehouse, 1973). + +
6 1 A SYMPOSIUM ON KETOPROFEN In 1974 at the end of a critical study of the various actions of the anti-inflammatory drugs at the cellular and molecular levels, which could have some bearing on the mode of action of these products, Hichens (1974) concluded that the most interesting hypotheses to consider in the present state of our knowledge were the inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis and the stabilizing action on the lysosome membranes, this latter effect may be a consequence of the former. REFERENCES DELBARRE, F., ROUCAYROL, J. C, AMOR, B., INGRAND, J., BOURAT, G., FOURNEL, J. and COUR- JARET, J. (1975) "Pharmacokinetics Study of ( R.P.) in Man, using the Tritiated Compound". Scand. J. Rheumatol. In the press. HICHENS, M. (1974) "Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Some in vitro Properties Related to their Possible Modes of Action". In: Anti-inflammatory Agents. Ed.: R. A. Scherrer and M. W. Whitehouse. 2, pp New York and London: Academic Press. (Vol. 13 of the collection Medicinal Chemistry A Series of Monographs Ed.: G. de Stevens). JULOU, L. GUYONNET, J. C., DUCROT, R., FOURNEL, J. and PASQUET, J. (1975) "2-(3-Benzoylphenyl) propionic acid or ( R.P.) "Main Pharmacological Properties: Outline of Toxicological and Pharmacokinetic Data". Scand. J. Rheumatol. In the press. GARRET, C, BARDONE, M. C, MAIGNAN, G. and PASQUET, J. (1971) "Etude des proprietes pharmacologique d'un nouvel anti-inflammatoire, l'acide (benzoyl-3 phenyl)-2 propionique ( R.P.)". /. Pharmacol. (Paris) 2, LITCHFIELD, J. T. and WILCOXON, F. (1949) "A Simplified Method of Evaluating Dose - Effect Experiments. /. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 96, PAULUS, H. E. and WHITEHOUSE, M. W. (1973) "Nonsteroid Anti-inflammatory Agents". Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 13, POPULAIRE, P., TERLAIN, B., PASCAL, S., DECOUVELAERE, B., RENARD, A. and THOMAS, J. P. (1973) "Comportement biologique: taux seriques, excretion et biotransformation de l'acide (benzoyl-3 phenyl)-2 propionique ou ketoprofene chez l'animal et chez l'homme". Ann. Pharm. Fr. 31, SHEN, T. Y. (1972) "Perspectives in Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 11, SPECTOR, W. G. and WILLOUGHBY, D. A. (1968) The Pharmacology of Inflammation. London: English Universities Press. WALZ, D. T., DI MARTINO, M. J. and SUTTON, B. M. (1974) "Design and Laboratory Evaluation of Gold Compounds as Anti-inflammatory Agents". In: Anti-inflammatory Agents Ed.: R. A. Scherrer and M. Whitehouse, New York and London: Academic Press. 1, (Vol. 13 of the collection Medicinal Chemistry A Series of MonographsEd.: G. de Stevens.
Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration Definition:- A route of administration in pharmacy is the path by which a drug is taken into the body. Classification:- The various routes of administrations are classified
More informationThe disposition of ketoprofen enantiomers in man
Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1988), 26, 765-770 The disposition of ketoprofen enantiomers in man B. C. SALLUSTIO, Y. J. PURDIE, A. G. WHITEHEAD, M. J. AHERN' & P. J. MEFFIN Departments of Clinical Pharmacology
More informationPRESCRIBING INFORMATION TANTUM. (Benzydamine HCl 0.15% solutions) Oral Rinse. Locally Acting Analgesic Agent
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION TANTUM (Benzydamine HCl 0.15% solutions) Oral Rinse Locally Acting Analgesic Agent Valeant Canada LP 2150 St-Elzear Blvd., West Laval, Quebec H7L 4A8 Canada Date of Revision: February
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Drug Action and Handling. Lesson 2.1. Lesson 2.1. Drug Action and Handling. Drug Action and Handling.
Slide 1 Drug Action and Handling Chapter 2 1 Slide 2 Lesson 2.1 Drug Action and Handling 1. Differentiate dose, potency, and efficacy in the context of the actions of drugs. 2. Explain the pharmacologic
More informationAnalgesics. Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan March, 2014
Analgesics Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan March, 2014 Mar-14 Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE 2 Feature Comparison of Analgesics Narcotic (Opioids) Nonnarcotic
More informationDrug CHAPTER 2. Pharmacologic Principles. NDEG 26A Eliza Rivera-Mitu, RN, MSN. Pharmacology. Drug Names. Pharmacologic Principles. Drug Names (cont'd)
CHAPTER 2 Pharmacologic Principles NDEG 26A Eliza Rivera-Mitu, RN, MSN Drug Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism Pharmacology The study or science of drugs Drug Names
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/488/98-FINAL July 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/016/95-FINAL COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS COLISTIN SUMMARY REPORT (1) 1. Colistin
More informationSAFETY ASPECTS OF MIDAZOLAM
Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1983), 16, 37S-41S Biological Pharmaceutical Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co Ltd, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland 1 The LD50 in the rat and the mouse is about 1600 mg/kg
More information2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Skinoren 20 % cream 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 g Skinoren cream contains 200 mg (20 %) azelaic acid. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1 List
More informationRIMSO-50 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH. (Dimethyl Sulfoxide 500 mg/g) Intravesical Instillation for the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH Pr RIMSO-50 (Dimethyl Sulfoxide 500 mg/g) Intravesical Instillation for the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis Mylan Pharmaceuticals ULC 85 Advance Road Etobicoke, ON M8Z 2S6 Date of
More informationPHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF DIFLUNISAL
Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1977), 4, 19S-29S C.A. STON, C.G. VAN ARMAN*, V.J. LOTTI, D.H. MINSKR,.A. RISLY, W.J. BAGDON, D.L. BOKLMAN, R.D. JNSN, B. MNDLOWSKI, C.L. TAT, H.M PCK, R.. ZWICKY & S.. McKINNY Merck,
More informationOption B: Drugs and Medicine
Option B: Drugs and Medicine Definition of Medicine Any chemical substance that: o Alters a physiological state (consciousness, activity level, coordination) o Alters mood or emotions o Alters incoming
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics Updated 01-May-2015 Meda Pharmaceuticals
Difflam Spray Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 01-May-2015 Meda Pharmaceuticals 1. Name of the medicinal product Difflam Spray 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Each metered dose pump
More informationPRODUCT INFORMATION FELDENE GEL
PRODUCT INFORMATION FELDENE GEL (piroxicam) NAME OF THE MEDICINE Feldene Gel contains the active component piroxicam (anhydrous), a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent of the chemical class N-heterocyclic
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Diclofenac Orifarm, 11.6 mg/g gel. 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 gram Diclofenac Orifarm gel contains 11.6 mg (1.16%)
More informationPrinciples of Pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics. Mr. D.Raju, M.pharm, Lecturer PHL-358-PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I
Principles of Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics PHL-358-PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I Mr. D.Raju, M.pharm, Lecturer Pharmacokinetics Movement of drugs in the body Four Processes Absorption
More informationSUCRALFATE ISELPIN 1 g Tablet
1.0 PHARMACOLOGIC CATEGORY CYTOPROTECTOR 2.0 DESCRIPTION SUCRALFATE ISELPIN 1 g Tablet Sucralfate is a white, amorphous powder which is soluble in strong acids and in alkalis but practically insoluble
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology Unit EMEA/MRL/050/95-FINAL February 1996 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AMINOSIDINE
More informationThe Use of Analgesics in Rodents and Rabbits Deborah M. Mook, DVM
The Use of Analgesics in Rodents and Rabbits Deborah M. Mook, DVM (Last updated August, 2005) Rationale. Well-established studies have shown repeatedly that effective analgesia enhances locomotion, increases
More informationThe effects of acetylsalicylic acid on swelling, pain and other
Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1984), 17, 379-384 The effects of acetylsalicylic acid on swelling, pain and other events after surgery P. SKJELBRED Institute of Pharmacology, and Department of Oral Surgery and
More informationPharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1. Unit 2 Route of Drug Administration
Pharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1 Unit 2 Route of Drug Administration 1 Routs of Drug administration The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be divided into two classes: Parenteral Rout Enteral Rout
More informationPHARMACOLOGY Class: Ketorolac trometamol is a member of the pyrrolo-pyrolle group of non-steroidal antiinflammatory
ACULAR Eye Drops NAME OF THE DRUG Non-proprietary name: ketorolac trometamol. Chemical Structure: Chemical Name: ( )-5-Benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid compound with 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
More information5.15 HEXYTHIAZOX (176)
Hexythiazox 225 5.15 HEXYTHIAZOX (176) TOXICOLOGY Hexythiazox is the ISO approved name for (trans-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-2-oxo- 3-thiazolidine-carboxamide (CAS No. 78587-05-0). Hexythiazox
More informationGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY Laboratory of toxicology Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad 2015 TOXICOLOGY - PRACTICAL SYLLABUS 2015 General Principles
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology EMEA/MRL/754/00-FINAL July 2000 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CEFACETRILE SUMMARY
More informationPRODUCT MONOGRAPH ZONALON CREAM 5% GENERIC NAME DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE CREAM 5% THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION TOPICAL ANTIPRURITIC
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH ZONALON CREAM 5% GENERIC NAME DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE CREAM 5% THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION TOPICAL ANTIPRURITIC Valeant Canada LP. Date of Preparation: Montreal, Quebec March 19, 2013 H4R
More informationChallenges in Nonclinical Development of Inhalation Drug Products
Challenges in Nonclinical Development of Inhalation Drug Products Luqi Pei, Ph.D. Senior Pharmacologist DPARP, CDER August 6, 2015 Rockville, MD Disclaimer This speech reflects the views of the speaker
More informationChildren Enteric coated tablet : 1-3 mg/kg per day in divided doses.
Ultrafen Tablet/SR Tablet/Suppository/Gel Description Ultrafen is a preparation of Diclofenac is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent with marked analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.
More informationפורמט עלון זה נקבע ע"י משרד הבריאות ותוכנו נבדק ואושר SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
פורמט עלון זה נקבע ע"י משרד הבריאות ותוכנו נבדק ואושר SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT FELDENE GEL 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each gram contains 5mg
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Etoflam 5% w/w Gel Summary of Product Characteristics 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION The gel contains 5% w/w etofenamate. For a full list of excipients, see
More informationCell Membranes, Epithelial Barriers and Drug Absorption p. 1 Introduction p. 2 The Plasma Membrane p. 2 The phospholipid bilayer p.
Cell Membranes, Epithelial Barriers and Drug Absorption p. 1 Introduction p. 2 The Plasma Membrane p. 2 The phospholipid bilayer p. 3 Dynamic behaviour of membranes p. 4 Modulation of membrane fluidity
More informationPronaxen 250 mg tablet OTC , Version 1.3 PUBLIC SUMMARY OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN
Pronaxen 250 mg tablet OTC 25.9.2015, Version 1.3 PUBLIC SUMMARY OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN VI.2 Elements for a Public Summary VI.2.1 Overview of disease epidemiology Pronaxen 250 mg is indicated for
More informationPsychopharmacology part 1
Psychopharmacology part 1 D mary ET Boyle, Ph.D. Cognitive S UCSD Department of Cognitive Science Pharmacology is the study of drug effect on living systems C. Elegans How are drugs used to understand
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE
European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/77290/05-FINAL March 2005 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE FLUAZURON SUMMARY REPORT 1. Fluazuron is an insect
More informationFor the use only of Registered Medical Practitioners or a Hospital or a Laboratory ZODERM E CREAM. Oxiconazole Nitrate Cream
For the use only of Registered Medical Practitioners or a Hospital or a Laboratory ZODERM E CREAM Oxiconazole Nitrate Cream QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION ZODERM E CREAM contains: Oxiconazole
More informationCONTROLLED-RELEASE & SUSTAINED-RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing-4
CONTROLLED-RELEASE & SUSTAINED-RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS Pharmaceutical Manufacturing-4 The improvement in drug therapy is a consequence of not only the development of new chemical entities but also the combination
More informationAli Jaber, Ph.D. MS in Pharmacy MS in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) Ali Jaber, Ph.D. MS in Pharmacy MS in Pharmaceutical Chemistry The inflammatory response occurs in vascularised tissues in response to injury. It is part of
More informationThe Neurotransmitters
The Neurotransmitters Thursday September 7, 2017 Notes By: Jeffrey Vocabulary Pharmacokinetics The study of the movement of administered substances within the body Psychopharmacology The study of how drugs
More informationAction Rufenal contains a non - steroidal compound with pronounced antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties.
RUFENAL Composition Rufenal Injection Each ampoule of 3 ml contains Diclofenac sodium 75 mg. Ampoule, Tablets & Suppositories Rufenal 12.5 Suppositories Each suppository contains Diclofenac sodium 12.5
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology EMEA/MRL/499/98-FINAL September 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CEFACETRILE
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Tralieve 50 mg/ml solution for injection for dogs (AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EL, ES, HR, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PT, RO,
More informationNOTOPAIN CAPLETS. Diclofenac Sodium + Paracetamol. Composition. Each tablet contains: Diclofenac Sodium BP 50mg Paracetamol BP 500mg.
NOTOPAIN CAPLETS Diclofenac Sodium + Paracetamol Composition Each tablet contains: Diclofenac Sodium BP 50mg Paracetamol BP 500mg Pharmacology Phamacodynamics Diclofenac relieves pain and inflammation
More informationASPIRIN. Session Two of TIP Assignment
ASPIRIN Session Two of TIP Assignment History Behind Aspirin Development 2 Pain relief is something that has been sought after since the ancient Greeks and Egyptians used bark and dried leaves of the poplar
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/815/02-FINAL January 2002 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS COLISTIN SUMMARY REPORT
More informationPRODUCT INFORMATION H 2
PRODUCT IFORMATIO ZOVIRAX COLD SORE CREAM APPROVED AME: Aciclovir COMPOSITIO: Aciclovir 5% w/w. DESCRIPTIO: Aciclovir is a synthetic acyclic purine nucleoside analogue. Its chemical name is 9-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)guanine.
More informationneoplastic mast cells (Giarman, Potter & Day, 1960). According to Toh
J. Phy8iol. (1963), 165, pp. 83-88 83 Printed in Great Britain RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM SPLEEN BY KIDNEY EXTRACT, RESERPINE AND COMPOUND 48/80 BY ANNIE B. ELLIOTT From the Department of Physiology, University
More informationClass 5 the neurotransmitters (drugs)
Victoria September 7th 2017 Class 5 the neurotransmitters (drugs) psychopharmacology: study of the effects of a drug on behavior pharmacokinetics: study of the fate / movement of substances administered
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology Unit EMEA/MRL/718/99-FINAL January 2000 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS PAROMOMYCIN
More information5.17 PENTHIOPYRAD (253)
Penthiopyrad 189 5.17 PENTHIOPYRAD (253) TOXICOLOGY Penthiopyrad is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) approved name for N-[2- (1,3-dimethylbutyl)-3-thienyl]-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide
More informationMUSCULOSKELETAL PHARMACOLOGY. A story of the inflamed
MUSCULOSKELETAL PHARMACOLOGY A story of the inflamed 1 INFLAMMATION Pathophysiology Inflammation Reaction to tissue injury Caused by release of chemical mediators Leads to a vascular response Fluid and
More informationIntroduction to. Pharmacokinetics. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D
Introduction to 1 Pharmacokinetics University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 2 Learning objectives Understand compartment models and how they effects
More informationSAFETY DATA SHEET Page 1 of 6
Page 1 of 6 SECTION 01 IDENTIFICATION Dechra Veterinary Products Telephone: 1-866-933-2472 7015 College Blvd, Suite 525 Emergency Phone: 1-866-933-2472 Overland Park, KS 66211 Product Name: Synonyms: Therapeutic
More informationSTUDIES ON THE EXPERIMENTAL GASTROINTESTINAL ULCERS PRODUCED BY RESERPINE AND STRESS II. ULCEROGENIC ACTIVITIES OF RESERPINE AND ITS ANALOGUES
STUDIES ON THE EXPERIMENTAL GASTROINTESTINAL ULCERS PRODUCED BY RESERPINE AND STRESS II. ULCEROGENIC ACTIVITIES OF RESERPINE AND ITS ANALOGUES MASAMI DOTEUCHI Division of Neuropharmacology, Shionogi Research
More informationTranslated from Latvian Approved by SAM on
Translated from Latvian SAM on 29.07.2010 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT FENKAROL 10 mg Tablets FENKAROL 25 mg Tablets FENKAROL 50 mg Tablets 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/527/98-FINAL January 1999 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AZAMETHIPHOS SUMMARY REPORT
More informationExcipients with known effect: Each gramme of gel contains 1 mg methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E-218) and 0.5 mg propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E-216).
VENOSMIL 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT VENOSMIL 200 mg hard capsules VENOSMIL 20 mg/g gel 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION VENOSMIL 200 mg hard capsules Each capsule contains 200 mg hidrosmin.
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/0128/96-FINAL July 1996 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CEFAPIRIN SUMMARY REPORT (1)
More informationINDICATIONS ACULAR 0,4% ophthalmic solution is indicated for the reduction of ocular pain and burning/stinging following corneal refractive surgery.
Page 1 SCHEDULING STATUS Schedule 4 PROPRIETARY NAME (and dosage form) ACULAR 0,4% COMPOSITION ACULAR 0,4% ophthalmic solution contains: Ketorolac tromethamine: 4 mg/ml Preservative: Benzalkonium chloride
More informationProduct monograph TENOXICAM TenoxicamTablets
0 Product monograph TENOXICAM TenoxicamTablets 20 mg THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Agent INFORMATION FOR THE CONSUMER IMPORTANT INFORMATION YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT TENOXICAM TENOXICAM
More informationClick to edit Master title style
A Short Course in Pharmacokinetics Chris Town Research Pharmacokinetics Outline Pharmacokinetics - Definition Ideal Pharmacokinetic Parameters of a New Drug How do we optimize PK for new compounds Why
More informationCorrelation of Lethal Doses of Industrial Chemicals between Oral or Intraperitoneal Administration and Inhalation Exposure#
Industrial Health 1998, 36, 273-281 Correlation of Lethal Doses of Industrial Chemicals between Oral or Intraperitoneal Administration and Inhalation Exposure# Takeshi HONMA* and Megumi SUDA Division of
More informationMetabolism Paracetamol is metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine mainly as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates.
FEBRAMOL Composition Febramol 150 Suppositories Each suppository contains Paracetamol 150 mg. Suppositories, Tablets & Syrup Febramol 300 Suppositories Each suppository contains Paracetamol 300 mg. Each
More informationStudy of the main chemical components of Ganoderma lucidum
Study of the main chemical components of Ganoderma lucidum Yasuo Komota et al Tokyo Medical and Dental University [Purpose] As part of the means for exerting quality control on Ganoderma lucidum 50% ethanol
More informationPrinciples of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons
Principles of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons Elizabeth Casarez Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University it of Arizona The study of the adverse effects of a toxicant on living organisms Adverse
More informationNSAIDs: Side Effects and Guidelines
NSAIDs: Side Effects and James J Hale FY1 Department of Anaesthetics Introduction The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a diverse group of drugs that have analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory
More informationStudy of the main chemical components of Ganoderma lucidum
Study of the main chemical components of Ganoderma lucidum Yasuo Komota et al Tokyo Medical and Dental University [Purpose] As part of the means for exerting quality control on Ganoderma lucidum 50% ethanol
More informationPharmacokinetics I. Dr. M.Mothilal Assistant professor
Pharmacokinetics I Dr. M.Mothilal Assistant professor DRUG TRANSPORT For a drug to produce a therapeutic effect, it must reach to its target and it must accumulate at that site to reach to the minimum
More informationPharmacokinetics in Drug Screening
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEPROSY ^ Volume 55, Number 4 (Suppl.) Printed in the U.S.A. Pharmacokinetics in Drug Screening J. H. Grosset* The bioavailability of a drug describes the proportion of an administered
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. for. Felden, gel
Translation of approved SmPC for Felden gel SmPC dated 30 May 2017. Translated by Andreas Lyngbye Danish Medicines Agency 30 May 17 SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS for Felden, gel 0. D.SP.NR. 3945 1.
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/267/97-FINAL October 1997 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FLUBENDAZOLE SUMMARY REPORT
More informationIJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Print ISSN: 2319-2003 Online ISSN: 2279-0780 IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170940 Original Research Article An experimental
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Fexofenadine hydrochloride 180 mg film-coated tablets 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each film coated tablet contains 180mg
More informationNon-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs. ATPE 410 Chapter 6
Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs ATPE 410 Chapter 6 Inflammatory Process A normal, beneficial process that begins immediately after injury to facilitate repair and return the tissue to normal function
More informationPRODUCT MONOGRAPH. APO-IBUPROFEN 200 mg. Ibuprofen Tablets USP, 400 mg. APO-IBUPROFEN Caplet. APO-IBUPROFEN 300 mg. APO-IBUPROFEN 400 mg
0 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH APO-IBUPROFEN 200 mg Ibuprofen Tablets USP, 200 mg APO-IBUPROFEN Caplet Ibuprofen Tablets USP, 200 mg APO-IBUPROFEN 300 mg Ibuprofen Tablets USP, 300 mg APO-IBUPROFEN 400 mg Ibuprofen
More informationBrand and Generic Drugs. Educational Objectives. Absorption
Peter J. Rice, PharmD, PhD Associate Professor of Pharmacology East Tennessee State University Educational Objectives Pharmacokinetic Processes Distribution Metabolism Excretion Similarities Active ingredient(s)
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/451/98-FINAL June 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS BACITRACIN SUMMARY REPORT (1)
More informationBasic Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
Basic Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics Learning Outcomes Define biopharmaceutics Describe 4 processes of pharmacokinetics Describe factors that affect medication absorption Describe
More informationPrinciples of Drug Action. Intro to Pharmacology: Principles of Courework Drug Action Intro to Pharmacology
Principles of Drug Action Intro to Pharmacology: Principles of Courework 102.3 Drug Action Intro to Pharmacology Directions Read the PPT and complete R.E.A.D. Assignment. There are videos embedded within
More informationDefine the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability.
Pharmaceutics Reading Notes Define the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability. Biopharmaceutics: the area of study concerning the relationship between the physical, chemical, and biological sciences
More informationAnti-inflammatory drugs
Anti-inflammatory drugs 1 Inflammatory process 1. stimulus (cut) 2. Initial local vasoconstriction( blood loss) 3. vasodilation, local immune/inflammatory reaction (heat, redness) 4. swelling and pain
More informationHowida Kamal, Ph.D Ass. Prof. of Pharmaceutics, Cairo University
Pharmacy Howida Kamal, Ph.D Ass. Prof. of Pharmaceutics, Cairo University Pharmacy Pharmacy Pharmaceutics The science of dosage form design. Pharmacy 1. 2. 3. Dosage forms Information Resources Use of
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics
- 1 - Introduction to Pharmacokinetics Outline accompanies required webcast for Marie Biancuzzo s Lactation Exam Review and Marie Biancuzzo s Comprehensive Lactation Course Notes We will not cover this
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Fexofenadine Cipla 120 mg film-coated tablets 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each film-coated tablet contains 120 mg fexofenadine
More informationHelpline No:
ARTHRITIS FOUNDATION Registered Nonprofit Organisation - No. 002-847 NPO Helpline No: 0861 30 30 30 DRUGS AND ARTHRITIS This information leaflet is published by the Arthritis Foundation as part of our
More informationReview Article. Safety Profile of Nonsteroidal Antiflammatory Drugs (NSAID) Safety Profile of NSAID
Safety Profile of Nonsteroidal Antiflammatory Drugs (NSAID) R. Stoilov: University Hospital St Ivan Rilski, Clinic of Rheumatology Contact: Rumen Stoilov, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital St
More informationPACKAGE INSERT TEMPLATE FOR PARACETAMOL SUPPOSITORIES
PACKAGE INSERT TEMPLATE FOR PARACETAMOL SUPPOSITORIES Brand or Product Name [Product name] Suppositories mg Name and Strength of Active Substance(s) Eg Paracetamol 500mg Paracetamol 250mg Paracetamol 125mg
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Feldene 5mg/g Gel Summary of Product Characteristics 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each gram contains 5 mg piroxicam (0.5% w/w). Excipient with known effect:
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/175/96-FINAL December 1999 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS ALTRENOGEST SUMMARY REPORT
More informationBromelain-induced edema in the rat paw and effects of drugs Bromelain-induced edema in
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION ORIGINAL ARTICLE Bromelain-induced edema in the rat paw and effects of drugs Bromelain-induced edema in rats was studied and compared to carrageenin-induced edema. The
More information2. List routes of exposure in the order of most rapid response.
Practice Test questions: 1. What are the two areas of toxicology that a regulatory toxicologist must integrate in order to determine the "safety" of any chemical? 2. List routes of exposure in the order
More informationINDICATIONS ACULAR 0,5 % is indicated for the relief of inflammation following ocular surgery.
Page 1 of 5 SCHEDULING STATUS Schedule 3 PROPRIETARY NAME (AND DOSAGE FORM) ACULAR 0,5 % COMPOSITION ACULAR 0,5 % contains: Preservatives: Benzalkonium chloride 0,01 % m/v Disodium edetate 0,1 % m/v PHARMACOLOGICAL
More informationImmodium / loprarmide
Immodium / loprarmide IMODIUM (loperamide hydrochloride) is indicated for the control and symptomatic relief of acute nonspecific diarrhea and of chronic diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
More informationBiopharmaceutics Lecture-11 & 12. Pharmacokinetics of oral absorption
Biopharmaceutics Lecture-11 & 12 Pharmacokinetics of oral absorption The systemic drug absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or from any other extravascular site is dependent on 1. 2. 3. In the
More informationAVERTING RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH UTILISING SMALL ANIMAL NSAIDS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk AVERTING RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH UTILISING SMALL ANIMAL NSAIDS Author : Catherine F Le Bars Categories : Vets Date : April 6,
More informationDose and Response for Chemicals
Dose and Response for Chemicals 5 5 DOSE AND RESPONSE FOR CHEMICALS All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy. Paracelsus, 16th
More informationNEW ZEALAND DATASHEET
NEW ZEALAND DATASHEET COLDREX HOT REMEDY COLD & FLU HOT LEMON Powder for Oral Solution Paracetamol (BP) 1000mg/sachet Presentation Pale yellow, free flowing heterogeneous powder with and odour of lemon
More informationCROHN S DISEASE. The term "inflammatory bowel disease" includes Crohn's disease and the other related condition called ulcerative colitis.
CROHN S DISEASE What does it consist of? Crohn s disease is an inflammatory process that affects mostly to the intestinal tract, although it can affect any other part of the digestive apparatus from the
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE
European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/904/04-FINAL June 2004 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE ALTRENOGEST SUMMARY REPORT (3) 1. Altrenogest (or allyltrenbolone)
More information